github.1485827954.workers.dev/ethereum/go-ethereum@v1.14.3/core/state_processor_test.go (about)

     1  // Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
     2  // This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
     3  //
     4  // The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     5  // it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
     6  // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     7  // (at your option) any later version.
     8  //
     9  // The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    10  // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    11  // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
    12  // GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
    13  //
    14  // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
    15  // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    16  
    17  package core
    18  
    19  import (
    20  	"crypto/ecdsa"
    21  	"math/big"
    22  	"testing"
    23  
    24  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    25  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
    26  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
    27  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/beacon"
    28  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
    29  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
    30  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
    31  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
    32  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
    33  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
    34  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
    35  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
    36  	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
    37  	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
    38  	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
    39  )
    40  
    41  func u64(val uint64) *uint64 { return &val }
    42  
    43  // TestStateProcessorErrors tests the output from the 'core' errors
    44  // as defined in core/error.go. These errors are generated when the
    45  // blockchain imports bad blocks, meaning blocks which have valid headers but
    46  // contain invalid transactions
    47  func TestStateProcessorErrors(t *testing.T) {
    48  	var (
    49  		config = &params.ChainConfig{
    50  			ChainID:                       big.NewInt(1),
    51  			HomesteadBlock:                big.NewInt(0),
    52  			EIP150Block:                   big.NewInt(0),
    53  			EIP155Block:                   big.NewInt(0),
    54  			EIP158Block:                   big.NewInt(0),
    55  			ByzantiumBlock:                big.NewInt(0),
    56  			ConstantinopleBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
    57  			PetersburgBlock:               big.NewInt(0),
    58  			IstanbulBlock:                 big.NewInt(0),
    59  			MuirGlacierBlock:              big.NewInt(0),
    60  			BerlinBlock:                   big.NewInt(0),
    61  			LondonBlock:                   big.NewInt(0),
    62  			Ethash:                        new(params.EthashConfig),
    63  			TerminalTotalDifficulty:       big.NewInt(0),
    64  			TerminalTotalDifficultyPassed: true,
    65  			ShanghaiTime:                  new(uint64),
    66  			CancunTime:                    new(uint64),
    67  		}
    68  		signer  = types.LatestSigner(config)
    69  		key1, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
    70  		key2, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202002020202020")
    71  	)
    72  	var makeTx = func(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, nonce uint64, to common.Address, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *types.Transaction {
    73  		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, to, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice, data), signer, key)
    74  		return tx
    75  	}
    76  	var mkDynamicTx = func(nonce uint64, to common.Address, gasLimit uint64, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap *big.Int) *types.Transaction {
    77  		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
    78  			Nonce:     nonce,
    79  			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
    80  			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
    81  			Gas:       gasLimit,
    82  			To:        &to,
    83  			Value:     big.NewInt(0),
    84  		}), signer, key1)
    85  		return tx
    86  	}
    87  	var mkDynamicCreationTx = func(nonce uint64, gasLimit uint64, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap *big.Int, data []byte) *types.Transaction {
    88  		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
    89  			Nonce:     nonce,
    90  			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
    91  			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
    92  			Gas:       gasLimit,
    93  			Value:     big.NewInt(0),
    94  			Data:      data,
    95  		}), signer, key1)
    96  		return tx
    97  	}
    98  	var mkBlobTx = func(nonce uint64, to common.Address, gasLimit uint64, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, blobGasFeeCap *big.Int, hashes []common.Hash) *types.Transaction {
    99  		tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.BlobTx{
   100  			Nonce:      nonce,
   101  			GasTipCap:  uint256.MustFromBig(gasTipCap),
   102  			GasFeeCap:  uint256.MustFromBig(gasFeeCap),
   103  			Gas:        gasLimit,
   104  			To:         to,
   105  			BlobHashes: hashes,
   106  			BlobFeeCap: uint256.MustFromBig(blobGasFeeCap),
   107  			Value:      new(uint256.Int),
   108  		}), signer, key1)
   109  		if err != nil {
   110  			t.Fatal(err)
   111  		}
   112  		return tx
   113  	}
   114  
   115  	{ // Tests against a 'recent' chain definition
   116  		var (
   117  			db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
   118  			gspec = &Genesis{
   119  				Config: config,
   120  				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
   121  					common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7"): types.Account{
   122  						Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
   123  						Nonce:   0,
   124  					},
   125  					common.HexToAddress("0xfd0810DD14796680f72adf1a371963d0745BCc64"): types.Account{
   126  						Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
   127  						Nonce:   math.MaxUint64,
   128  					},
   129  				},
   130  			}
   131  			blockchain, _  = NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec, nil, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
   132  			tooBigInitCode = [params.MaxInitCodeSize + 1]byte{}
   133  		)
   134  
   135  		defer blockchain.Stop()
   136  		bigNumber := new(big.Int).SetBytes(common.MaxHash.Bytes())
   137  		tooBigNumber := new(big.Int).Set(bigNumber)
   138  		tooBigNumber.Add(tooBigNumber, common.Big1)
   139  		for i, tt := range []struct {
   140  			txs  []*types.Transaction
   141  			want string
   142  		}{
   143  			{ // ErrNonceTooLow
   144  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   145  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   146  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   147  				},
   148  				want: "could not apply tx 1 [0x0026256b3939ed97e2c4a6f3fce8ecf83bdcfa6d507c47838c308a1fb0436f62]: nonce too low: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, tx: 0 state: 1",
   149  			},
   150  			{ // ErrNonceTooHigh
   151  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   152  					makeTx(key1, 100, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   153  				},
   154  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xdebad714ca7f363bd0d8121c4518ad48fa469ca81b0a081be3d10c17460f751b]: nonce too high: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, tx: 100 state: 0",
   155  			},
   156  			{ // ErrNonceMax
   157  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   158  					makeTx(key2, math.MaxUint64, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   159  				},
   160  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x84ea18d60eb2bb3b040e3add0eb72f757727122cc257dd858c67cb6591a85986]: nonce has max value: address 0xfd0810DD14796680f72adf1a371963d0745BCc64, nonce: 18446744073709551615",
   161  			},
   162  			{ // ErrGasLimitReached
   163  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   164  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), 21000000, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   165  				},
   166  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xbd49d8dadfd47fb846986695f7d4da3f7b2c48c8da82dbc211a26eb124883de9]: gas limit reached",
   167  			},
   168  			{ // ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer
   169  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   170  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   171  				},
   172  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x98c796b470f7fcab40aaef5c965a602b0238e1034cce6fb73823042dd0638d74]: insufficient funds for gas * price + value: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7 have 1000000000000000000 want 1000018375000000000",
   173  			},
   174  			{ // ErrInsufficientFunds
   175  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   176  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(900000000000000000), nil),
   177  				},
   178  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x4a69690c4b0cd85e64d0d9ea06302455b01e10a83db964d60281739752003440]: insufficient funds for gas * price + value: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7 have 1000000000000000000 want 18900000000000000000000",
   179  			},
   180  			// ErrGasUintOverflow
   181  			// One missing 'core' error is ErrGasUintOverflow: "gas uint64 overflow",
   182  			// In order to trigger that one, we'd have to allocate a _huge_ chunk of data, such that the
   183  			// multiplication len(data) +gas_per_byte overflows uint64. Not testable at the moment
   184  			{ // ErrIntrinsicGas
   185  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   186  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas-1000, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   187  				},
   188  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xcf3b049a0b516cb4f9274b3e2a264359e2ba53b2fb64b7bda2c634d5c9d01fca]: intrinsic gas too low: have 20000, want 21000",
   189  			},
   190  			{ // ErrGasLimitReached
   191  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   192  					makeTx(key1, 0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), params.TxGas*1000, big.NewInt(875000000), nil),
   193  				},
   194  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xbd49d8dadfd47fb846986695f7d4da3f7b2c48c8da82dbc211a26eb124883de9]: gas limit reached",
   195  			},
   196  			{ // ErrFeeCapTooLow
   197  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   198  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)),
   199  				},
   200  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xc4ab868fef0c82ae0387b742aee87907f2d0fc528fc6ea0a021459fb0fc4a4a8]: max fee per gas less than block base fee: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, maxFeePerGas: 0, baseFee: 875000000",
   201  			},
   202  			{ // ErrTipVeryHigh
   203  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   204  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, tooBigNumber, big.NewInt(1)),
   205  				},
   206  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x15b8391b9981f266b32f3ab7da564bbeb3d6c21628364ea9b32a21139f89f712]: max priority fee per gas higher than 2^256-1: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, maxPriorityFeePerGas bit length: 257",
   207  			},
   208  			{ // ErrFeeCapVeryHigh
   209  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   210  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, big.NewInt(1), tooBigNumber),
   211  				},
   212  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x48bc299b83fdb345c57478f239e89814bb3063eb4e4b49f3b6057a69255c16bd]: max fee per gas higher than 2^256-1: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, maxFeePerGas bit length: 257",
   213  			},
   214  			{ // ErrTipAboveFeeCap
   215  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   216  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(1)),
   217  				},
   218  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xf987a31ff0c71895780a7612f965a0c8b056deb54e020bb44fa478092f14c9b4]: max priority fee per gas higher than max fee per gas: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, maxPriorityFeePerGas: 2, maxFeePerGas: 1",
   219  			},
   220  			{ // ErrInsufficientFunds
   221  				// Available balance:           1000000000000000000
   222  				// Effective cost:                   18375000021000
   223  				// FeeCap * gas:                1050000000000000000
   224  				// This test is designed to have the effective cost be covered by the balance, but
   225  				// the extended requirement on FeeCap*gas < balance to fail
   226  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   227  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(50000000000000)),
   228  				},
   229  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x413603cd096a87f41b1660d3ed3e27d62e1da78eac138961c0a1314ed43bd129]: insufficient funds for gas * price + value: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7 have 1000000000000000000 want 1050000000000000000",
   230  			},
   231  			{ // Another ErrInsufficientFunds, this one to ensure that feecap/tip of max u256 is allowed
   232  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   233  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, bigNumber, bigNumber),
   234  				},
   235  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xd82a0c2519acfeac9a948258c47e784acd20651d9d80f9a1c67b4137651c3a24]: insufficient funds for gas * price + value: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7 required balance exceeds 256 bits",
   236  			},
   237  			{ // ErrMaxInitCodeSizeExceeded
   238  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   239  					mkDynamicCreationTx(0, 500000, common.Big0, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), tooBigInitCode[:]),
   240  				},
   241  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xd491405f06c92d118dd3208376fcee18a57c54bc52063ee4a26b1cf296857c25]: max initcode size exceeded: code size 49153 limit 49152",
   242  			},
   243  			{ // ErrIntrinsicGas: Not enough gas to cover init code
   244  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   245  					mkDynamicCreationTx(0, 54299, common.Big0, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), make([]byte, 320)),
   246  				},
   247  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xfd49536a9b323769d8472fcb3ebb3689b707a349379baee3e2ee3fe7baae06a1]: intrinsic gas too low: have 54299, want 54300",
   248  			},
   249  			{ // ErrBlobFeeCapTooLow
   250  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   251  					mkBlobTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas, big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(1), big.NewInt(0), []common.Hash{(common.Hash{1})}),
   252  				},
   253  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x6c11015985ce82db691d7b2d017acda296db88b811c3c60dc71449c76256c716]: max fee per gas less than block base fee: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, maxFeePerGas: 1, baseFee: 875000000",
   254  			},
   255  		} {
   256  			block := GenerateBadBlock(gspec.ToBlock(), beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), tt.txs, gspec.Config)
   257  			_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{block})
   258  			if err == nil {
   259  				t.Fatal("block imported without errors")
   260  			}
   261  			if have, want := err.Error(), tt.want; have != want {
   262  				t.Errorf("test %d:\nhave \"%v\"\nwant \"%v\"\n", i, have, want)
   263  			}
   264  		}
   265  	}
   266  
   267  	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported, For this, we need an older chain
   268  	{
   269  		var (
   270  			db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
   271  			gspec = &Genesis{
   272  				Config: &params.ChainConfig{
   273  					ChainID:             big.NewInt(1),
   274  					HomesteadBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
   275  					EIP150Block:         big.NewInt(0),
   276  					EIP155Block:         big.NewInt(0),
   277  					EIP158Block:         big.NewInt(0),
   278  					ByzantiumBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
   279  					ConstantinopleBlock: big.NewInt(0),
   280  					PetersburgBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
   281  					IstanbulBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
   282  					MuirGlacierBlock:    big.NewInt(0),
   283  				},
   284  				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
   285  					common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7"): types.Account{
   286  						Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
   287  						Nonce:   0,
   288  					},
   289  				},
   290  			}
   291  			blockchain, _ = NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
   292  		)
   293  		defer blockchain.Stop()
   294  		for i, tt := range []struct {
   295  			txs  []*types.Transaction
   296  			want string
   297  		}{
   298  			{ // ErrTxTypeNotSupported
   299  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   300  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas-1000, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)),
   301  				},
   302  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x88626ac0d53cb65308f2416103c62bb1f18b805573d4f96a3640bbbfff13c14f]: transaction type not supported",
   303  			},
   304  		} {
   305  			block := GenerateBadBlock(gspec.ToBlock(), ethash.NewFaker(), tt.txs, gspec.Config)
   306  			_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{block})
   307  			if err == nil {
   308  				t.Fatal("block imported without errors")
   309  			}
   310  			if have, want := err.Error(), tt.want; have != want {
   311  				t.Errorf("test %d:\nhave \"%v\"\nwant \"%v\"\n", i, have, want)
   312  			}
   313  		}
   314  	}
   315  
   316  	// ErrSenderNoEOA, for this we need the sender to have contract code
   317  	{
   318  		var (
   319  			db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
   320  			gspec = &Genesis{
   321  				Config: config,
   322  				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
   323  					common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7"): types.Account{
   324  						Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
   325  						Nonce:   0,
   326  						Code:    common.FromHex("0xB0B0FACE"),
   327  					},
   328  				},
   329  			}
   330  			blockchain, _ = NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec, nil, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
   331  		)
   332  		defer blockchain.Stop()
   333  		for i, tt := range []struct {
   334  			txs  []*types.Transaction
   335  			want string
   336  		}{
   337  			{ // ErrSenderNoEOA
   338  				txs: []*types.Transaction{
   339  					mkDynamicTx(0, common.Address{}, params.TxGas-1000, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0)),
   340  				},
   341  				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x88626ac0d53cb65308f2416103c62bb1f18b805573d4f96a3640bbbfff13c14f]: sender not an eoa: address 0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7, codehash: 0x9280914443471259d4570a8661015ae4a5b80186dbc619658fb494bebc3da3d1",
   342  			},
   343  		} {
   344  			block := GenerateBadBlock(gspec.ToBlock(), beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), tt.txs, gspec.Config)
   345  			_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{block})
   346  			if err == nil {
   347  				t.Fatal("block imported without errors")
   348  			}
   349  			if have, want := err.Error(), tt.want; have != want {
   350  				t.Errorf("test %d:\nhave \"%v\"\nwant \"%v\"\n", i, have, want)
   351  			}
   352  		}
   353  	}
   354  }
   355  
   356  // GenerateBadBlock constructs a "block" which contains the transactions. The transactions are not expected to be
   357  // valid, and no proper post-state can be made. But from the perspective of the blockchain, the block is sufficiently
   358  // valid to be considered for import:
   359  // - valid pow (fake), ancestry, difficulty, gaslimit etc
   360  func GenerateBadBlock(parent *types.Block, engine consensus.Engine, txs types.Transactions, config *params.ChainConfig) *types.Block {
   361  	difficulty := big.NewInt(0)
   362  	if !config.TerminalTotalDifficultyPassed {
   363  		fakeChainReader := newChainMaker(nil, config, engine)
   364  		difficulty = engine.CalcDifficulty(fakeChainReader, parent.Time()+10, &types.Header{
   365  			Number:     parent.Number(),
   366  			Time:       parent.Time(),
   367  			Difficulty: parent.Difficulty(),
   368  			UncleHash:  parent.UncleHash(),
   369  		})
   370  	}
   371  
   372  	header := &types.Header{
   373  		ParentHash: parent.Hash(),
   374  		Coinbase:   parent.Coinbase(),
   375  		Difficulty: difficulty,
   376  		GasLimit:   parent.GasLimit(),
   377  		Number:     new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number(), common.Big1),
   378  		Time:       parent.Time() + 10,
   379  		UncleHash:  types.EmptyUncleHash,
   380  	}
   381  	if config.IsLondon(header.Number) {
   382  		header.BaseFee = eip1559.CalcBaseFee(config, parent.Header())
   383  	}
   384  	if config.IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time) {
   385  		header.WithdrawalsHash = &types.EmptyWithdrawalsHash
   386  	}
   387  	var receipts []*types.Receipt
   388  	// The post-state result doesn't need to be correct (this is a bad block), but we do need something there
   389  	// Preferably something unique. So let's use a combo of blocknum + txhash
   390  	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
   391  	hasher.Write(header.Number.Bytes())
   392  	var cumulativeGas uint64
   393  	var nBlobs int
   394  	for _, tx := range txs {
   395  		txh := tx.Hash()
   396  		hasher.Write(txh[:])
   397  		receipt := types.NewReceipt(nil, false, cumulativeGas+tx.Gas())
   398  		receipt.TxHash = tx.Hash()
   399  		receipt.GasUsed = tx.Gas()
   400  		receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
   401  		cumulativeGas += tx.Gas()
   402  		nBlobs += len(tx.BlobHashes())
   403  	}
   404  	header.Root = common.BytesToHash(hasher.Sum(nil))
   405  	if config.IsCancun(header.Number, header.Time) {
   406  		var pExcess, pUsed = uint64(0), uint64(0)
   407  		if parent.ExcessBlobGas() != nil {
   408  			pExcess = *parent.ExcessBlobGas()
   409  			pUsed = *parent.BlobGasUsed()
   410  		}
   411  		excess := eip4844.CalcExcessBlobGas(pExcess, pUsed)
   412  		used := uint64(nBlobs * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
   413  		header.ExcessBlobGas = &excess
   414  		header.BlobGasUsed = &used
   415  
   416  		beaconRoot := common.HexToHash("0xbeac00")
   417  		header.ParentBeaconRoot = &beaconRoot
   418  	}
   419  	// Assemble and return the final block for sealing
   420  	body := &types.Body{Transactions: txs}
   421  	if config.IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time) {
   422  		body.Withdrawals = []*types.Withdrawal{}
   423  	}
   424  	return types.NewBlock(header, body, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
   425  }
   426  
   427  var (
   428  	code                            = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
   429  	intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, true, true, true, true)
   430  	// A contract creation that calls EXTCODECOPY in the constructor. Used to ensure that the witness
   431  	// will not contain that copied data.
   432  	// Source: https://gist.github.com/gballet/a23db1e1cb4ed105616b5920feb75985
   433  	codeWithExtCodeCopy                = common.FromHex(`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`)
   434  	intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, true, true, true, true)
   435  )
   436  
   437  func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
   438  	var (
   439  		config = &params.ChainConfig{
   440  			ChainID:                       big.NewInt(1),
   441  			HomesteadBlock:                big.NewInt(0),
   442  			EIP150Block:                   big.NewInt(0),
   443  			EIP155Block:                   big.NewInt(0),
   444  			EIP158Block:                   big.NewInt(0),
   445  			ByzantiumBlock:                big.NewInt(0),
   446  			ConstantinopleBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
   447  			PetersburgBlock:               big.NewInt(0),
   448  			IstanbulBlock:                 big.NewInt(0),
   449  			MuirGlacierBlock:              big.NewInt(0),
   450  			BerlinBlock:                   big.NewInt(0),
   451  			LondonBlock:                   big.NewInt(0),
   452  			Ethash:                        new(params.EthashConfig),
   453  			ShanghaiTime:                  u64(0),
   454  			VerkleTime:                    u64(0),
   455  			TerminalTotalDifficulty:       common.Big0,
   456  			TerminalTotalDifficultyPassed: true,
   457  			// TODO uncomment when proof generation is merged
   458  			// ProofInBlocks:                 true,
   459  		}
   460  		signer     = types.LatestSigner(config)
   461  		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
   462  		bcdb       = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
   463  		coinbase   = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
   464  		gspec      = &Genesis{
   465  			Config: config,
   466  			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
   467  				coinbase: GenesisAccount{
   468  					Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
   469  					Nonce:   0,
   470  				},
   471  			},
   472  		}
   473  	)
   474  	// Verkle trees use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
   475  	// data is saved into the tree+database.
   476  	// genesis := gspec.MustCommit(bcdb, triedb)
   477  	cacheConfig := DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme("path")
   478  	cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
   479  	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(bcdb, cacheConfig, gspec, nil, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
   480  	defer blockchain.Stop()
   481  
   482  	txCost1 := params.TxGas
   483  	txCost2 := params.TxGas
   484  	contractCreationCost := intrinsicContractCreationGas + uint64(2039 /* execution costs */)
   485  	codeWithExtCodeCopyGas := intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas + uint64(293644 /* execution costs */)
   486  	blockGasUsagesExpected := []uint64{
   487  		txCost1*2 + txCost2,
   488  		txCost1*2 + txCost2 + contractCreationCost + codeWithExtCodeCopyGas,
   489  	}
   490  	_, chain, _, _, _ := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
   491  		gen.SetPoS()
   492  
   493  		// TODO need to check that the tx cost provided is the exact amount used (no remaining left-over)
   494  		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3, common.Address{byte(i), 2, 3}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
   495  		gen.AddTx(tx)
   496  		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+1, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
   497  		gen.AddTx(tx)
   498  		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+2, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), txCost2, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
   499  		gen.AddTx(tx)
   500  
   501  		// Add two contract creations in block #2
   502  		if i == 1 {
   503  			tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(6, big.NewInt(16), 3000000, big.NewInt(875000000), code), signer, testKey)
   504  			gen.AddTx(tx)
   505  
   506  			tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(7, big.NewInt(0), 3000000, big.NewInt(875000000), codeWithExtCodeCopy), signer, testKey)
   507  			gen.AddTx(tx)
   508  		}
   509  	})
   510  
   511  	t.Log("inserting blocks into the chain")
   512  
   513  	endnum, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain)
   514  	if err != nil {
   515  		t.Fatalf("block %d imported with error: %v", endnum, err)
   516  	}
   517  
   518  	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
   519  		b := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i) + 1)
   520  		if b == nil {
   521  			t.Fatalf("expected block %d to be present in chain", i+1)
   522  		}
   523  		if b.Hash() != chain[i].Hash() {
   524  			t.Fatalf("block #%d not found at expected height", b.NumberU64())
   525  		}
   526  		if b.GasUsed() != blockGasUsagesExpected[i] {
   527  			t.Fatalf("expected block #%d txs to use %d, got %d\n", b.NumberU64(), blockGasUsagesExpected[i], b.GasUsed())
   528  		}
   529  	}
   530  }