github.com/andrewsun2898/u-root@v6.0.1-0.20200616011413-4b2895c1b815+incompatible/README.md

# u-root

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# Description

u-root embodies four different projects.

*   Go versions of many standard Linux tools, such as [ls](cmds/core/ls/ls.go),
    [cp](cmds/core/cp/cp.go), or [shutdown](cmds/core/shutdown/shutdown.go). See
    [cmds/core](cmds/core) for most of these.

*   A way to compile many Go programs into a single binary with
    [busybox mode](pkg/bb/README.md).

*   A way to create initramfs (an archive of files) to use with Linux kernels.

*   Go bootloaders that use `kexec` to boot Linux or multiboot kernels such as
    ESXi, Xen, or tboot. They are meant to be used with
    [LinuxBoot](https://www.linuxboot.org). With that, parsers for
    [GRUB config files](pkg/boot/grub) or
    [syslinux config files](pkg/boot/syslinux) are to make transition to
    LinuxBoot easier.

# Usage

Make sure your Go version is 1.13. Make sure your `GOPATH` is set up correctly.

Download and install u-root:

```shell
go get github.com/u-root/u-root
```

You can now use the u-root command to build an initramfs. Here are some
examples:

```shell
# Build an initramfs of all the Go cmds in ./cmds/core/... (default)
u-root

# Generate an archive with bootloaders
#
# core and boot are templates that expand to sets of commands
u-root core boot

# Generate an archive with only these given commands
u-root ./cmds/core/{init,ls,ip,dhclient,wget,cat,elvish}

# Generate an archive with a tool outside of u-root
u-root ./cmds/core/{init,ls,elvish} github.com/u-root/cpu/cmds/cpud
```

The default set of packages included is all packages in
`github.com/u-root/u-root/cmds/core/...`.

In addition to using paths to specify Go source packages to include, you may
also use Go package import paths (e.g. `golang.org/x/tools/imports`) to include
commands. Only the `main` package and its dependencies in those source
directories will be included. For example:

You can build the initramfs built by u-root into the kernel via the
`CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE` config variable or you can load it separately via an
option in for example Grub or the QEMU command line or coreboot config variable.

## Extra Files

You may also include additional files in the initramfs using the `-files` flag.
If you add binaries with `-files` are listed, their ldd dependencies will be
included as well. As example for Debian, you want to add two kernel modules for
testing, executing your currently booted kernel:

> NOTE: these files will be placed in the `$HOME` dir in the initramfs.

```shell
u-root -files "$HOME/hello.ko $HOME/hello2.ko"
qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel /boot/vmlinuz-$(uname -r) -initrd /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio
```

To specify the location in the initramfs, use `<sourcefile>:<destinationfile>`.
For example:

```shell
u-root -files "root-fs/usr/bin/runc:usr/bin/run"
```

## Init and Uinit

u-root has a very simple (exchangable) init system controlled by the `-initcmd`
and `-uinitcmd` command-line flags.

*   `-initcmd` determines what `/init` is symlinked to. `-initcmd` may be a
    u-root command name or a symlink target.
*   `-uinitcmd` is run by the default u-root [init](cmds/core/init) after some
    basic file system setup. There is no default, users should optionally supply
    their own. `-uinitcmd` may be a u-root command name with arguments or a
    symlink target with arguments.
*   After running a uinit (if there is one), [init](cmds/core/init) will start a
    shell determined by the `-defaultsh` argument.

We expect most users to keep their `-initcmd` as [init](cmds/core/init), but to
supply their own uinit for additional initialization or to immediately load
another operating system.

All three command-line args accept both a u-root command name or a target
symlink path. **Only `-uinitcmd` accepts command-line arguments, however.** For
example,

```bash
u-root -uinitcmd="echo Go Gopher" ./cmds/core/{init,echo,elvish}

cpio -ivt < /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio
# ...
# lrwxrwxrwx   0 root     root           12 Dec 31  1969 bin/uinit -> ../bbin/echo
# lrwxrwxrwx   0 root     root            9 Dec 31  1969 init -> bbin/init

qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel $KERNEL -initramfs /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio -nographic -append "console=ttyS0"
# ...
# [    0.848021] Freeing unused kernel memory: 896K
# 2020/05/01 04:04:39 Welcome to u-root!
#                              _
#   _   _      _ __ ___   ___ | |_
#  | | | |____| '__/ _ \ / _ \| __|
#  | |_| |____| | | (_) | (_) | |_
#   \__,_|    |_|  \___/ \___/ \__|
#
# Go Gopher
# ~/>
```

The command you name must be present in the command set. The following will *not
work*:

```bash
u-root -uinitcmd="echo Go Gopher" ./cmds/core/{init,elvish}
# 2020/04/30 21:05:57 could not create symlink from "bin/uinit" to "echo": command or path "echo" not included in u-root build: specify -uinitcmd="" to ignore this error and build without a uinit
```

You can also refer to non-u-root-commands; they will be added as symlinks. We
don't presume to know whether your symlink target is correct or not.

This will build, but not work unless you add a /bin/foobar to the initramfs.

```bash
u-root -uinitcmd="/bin/foobar Go Gopher" ./cmds/core/{init,elvish}
```

This will boot the same as the above.

```bash
u-root -uinitcmd="/bin/foobar Go Gopher" -files /bin/echo:bin/foobar ./cmds/core/{init,elvish}
```

This will bypass the regular u-root init and just launch a shell:

```bash
u-root -initcmd=elvish ./cmds/core/{elvish,ls}

cpio -ivt < /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio
# ...
# lrwxrwxrwx   0 root     root            9 Dec 31  1969 init -> bbin/elvish

qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel $KERNEL -initramfs /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio -nographic -append "console=ttyS0"
# ...
# [    0.848021] Freeing unused kernel memory: 896K
# failed to put myself in foreground: ioctl: inappropriate ioctl for device
# ~/>
```

(It fails to do that because some initialization is missing when the shell is
started without a proper init.)

## Cross Compilation (targeting different architectures and OSes)

Cross-OS and -architecture compilation comes for free with Go. In fact, every PR
to the u-root repo is built against the following architectures: amd64, x86
(i.e. 32bit), mipsle, armv7, arm64, and ppc64le.

Further, we run integration tests on linux/amd64, freebsd/amd64 and linux/arm64,
using several CI systems. If you need to add another CI system, processor or OS,
please let us know.

To cross compile for an ARM, on Linux:

```shell
GOARCH=arm u-root
```

If you are on OSX, and wish to build for Linux on AMD64:

```shell
GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 u-root
```

## Testing in QEMU

A good way to test the initramfs generated by u-root is with qemu:

```shell
qemu-system-x86_64 -nographic -kernel path/to/kernel -initrd /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio
```

Note that you do not have to build a special kernel on your own, it is
sufficient to use an existing one. Usually you can find one in `/boot`.

If you quickly need to obtain a kernel, for example, when you are on a non-Linux
system, you can assemble a URL to download one through Arch Linux's
[iPXE menu file](https://www.archlinux.org/releng/netboot/archlinux.ipxe). It
would download from `${mirrorurl}iso/${release}/arch/boot/x86_64/vmlinuz`, so
just search for a mirror URL you prefer and a release version, for example,
`http://mirror.rackspace.com/archlinux/iso/2019.10.01/arch/boot/x86_64/vmlinuz`.

### Framebuffer

For framebuffer support, append a VESA mode via the `vga` kernel parameter:

```shell
qemu-system-x86_64 \
  -kernel path/to/kernel \
  -initrd /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio \
  -append "vga=786"
```

For a list of modes, refer to the
[Linux kernel documentation](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/Documentation/fb/vesafb.rst#how-to-use-it).

### Entropy / Random Number Generator

Some utilities, e.g., `dhclient`, require entropy to be present. For a speedy
virtualized random number generator, the kernel should have the following:

```
CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI=y
CONFIG_HW_RANDOM_VIRTIO=y
CONFIG_CRYPTO_DEV_VIRTIO=y
```

Then you can run your kernel in QEMU with a `virtio-rng-pci` device:

```sh
qemu-system-x86_64 \
    -device virtio-rng-pci \
    -kernel vmlinuz \
    -initrd /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio
```

In addition, you can pass your host's RNG:

```sh
qemu-system-x86_64 \
    -object rng-random,filename=/dev/urandom,id=rng0 \
    -device virtio-rng-pci,rng=rng0 \
    -kernel vmlinuz \
    -initrd /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio
```

## SystemBoot

SystemBoot is a set of bootloaders written in Go. It is meant to be a
distribution for LinuxBoot to create a system firmware + bootloader. All of
these use `kexec` to boot. The commands are in [cmds/boot](cmds/boot).

*   `pxeboot`: a network boot client that uses DHCP and HTTP or TFTP to get a
    boot configuration which can be parsed as PXELinux or iPXE configuration
    files to get a boot program.

*   `fbnetboot`: a network boot client that uses DHCP and HTTP to get a boot
    program based on Linux, and boots it. To be merged with `pxeboot`.

*   `localboot`: a tool that finds bootable kernel configurations on the local
    disks and boots them.

*   `boot2`: similar to `localboot`, finds a bootable kernel configuration on
    disk (GRUB or syslinux) and boots it. To be merged into `localboot`.

*   `systemboot`: a wrapper around `fbnetboot` and `localboot` that just mimicks
    a BIOS/UEFI BDS behaviour, by looping between network booting and local
    booting. Use `-uinitcmd` argument to the u-root build tool to make it the
    boot program.

This project started as a loose collection of programs in u-root by various
LinuxBoot contributors, as well as a personal experiment by
[Andrea Barberio](https://github.com/insomniacslk) that has since been merged
in. It is now an effort of a broader community and graduated to a real project
for system firmwares.

More detailed information about the build process for a full LinuxBoot firmware
image using u-root/systemboot and coreboot can be found in the
[LinuxBoot book](https://github.com/linuxboot/book) chapter about
[LinuxBoot using coreboot, u-root and systemboot](https://github.com/linuxboot/book/blob/master/coreboot.u-root.systemboot/README.md).

You can build systemboot like this:

```sh
u-root -build=bb -uinitcmd=systemboot core github.com/u-root/u-root/cmds/boot/{systemboot,localboot,fbnetboot}
```

## Compression

You can compress the initramfs. However, for xz compression, the kernel has some
restrictions on the compression options and it is suggested to align the file to
512 byte boundaries:

```shell
xz --check=crc32 -9 --lzma2=dict=1MiB \
   --stdout /tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio \
   | dd conv=sync bs=512 \
   of=/tmp/initramfs.linux_amd64.cpio.xz
```

## Getting Packages of TinyCore

Using the `tcz` command included in u-root, you can install tinycore linux
packages for things you want.

You can use QEMU NAT to allow you to fetch packages. Let's suppose, for example,
you want bash. Once u-root is running, you can do this:

```shell
% tcz bash
```

The tcz command computes and fetches all dependencies. If you can't get to
tinycorelinux.net, or you want package fetching to be faster, you can run your
own server for tinycore packages.

You can do this to get a local server using the u-root srvfiles command:

```shell
% srvfiles -p 80 -d path-to-local-tinycore-packages
```

Of course you have to fetch all those packages first somehow :-)

## Build an Embeddable U-root

You can build this environment into a kernel as an initramfs, and further embed
that into firmware as a coreboot payload.

In the kernel and coreboot case, you need to configure ethernet. We have a
`dhclient` command that works for both ipv4 and ipv6. Since v6 does not yet work
that well for most people, a typical invocation looks like this:

```shell
% dhclient -ipv4 -ipv6=false
```

Or, on newer linux kernels (> 4.x) boot with ip=dhcp in the command line,
assuming your kernel is configured to work that way.

## Build Modes

u-root can create an initramfs in two different modes:

*   source mode includes Go toolchain binaries + simple shell + Go source files
    in the initramfs archive. Tools are compiled from source on the fly by the
    shell.

    When you try to run a command that is not built, it is compiled first and
    stored in tmpfs. From that point on, when you run the command, you get the
    one in tmpfs. Don't worry: the Go compiler is pretty fast.

*   bb mode: One busybox-like binary comprising all the Go tools you ask to
    include. See [here for how it works](pkg/bb/README.md).

    In this mode, u-root copies and rewrites the source of the tools you asked
    to include to be able to compile everything into one busybox-like binary.

## Updating Dependencies

```shell
# The latest released version of dep is required:
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golang/dep/master/install.sh | sh
dep ensure
```

# Hardware

If you want to see u-root on real hardware, this
[board](https://www.pcengines.ch/apu2.htm) is a good start.

# Contributions

For information about contributing, including how we sign off commits, please
see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md).

Improving existing commands (e.g., additional currently unsupported flags) is
very welcome. In this case it is not even required to build an initramfs, just
enter the `cmds/` directory and start coding. A list of commands that are on the
roadmap can be found [here](roadmap.md).