github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego@v1.11.11/vms/platformvm/state/state.go

// Copyright (C) 2019-2024, Ava Labs, Inc. All rights reserved.
// See the file LICENSE for licensing terms.

package state

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/btree"
	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
	"go.uber.org/zap"

	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/cache"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/cache/metercacher"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/database"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/database/linkeddb"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/database/prefixdb"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/database/versiondb"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/ids"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/choices"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/uptime"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/snow/validators"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/upgrade"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/constants"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/crypto/bls"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/hashing"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/iterator"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/logging"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/timer"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/wrappers"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/components/avax"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/components/gas"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/block"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/config"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/fx"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/genesis"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/metrics"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/reward"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/status"
	"github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/vms/platformvm/txs"

	safemath "github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/utils/math"
)

const (
	defaultTreeDegree             = 2
	indexIterationLimit           = 4096
	indexIterationSleepMultiplier = 5
	indexIterationSleepCap        = 10 * time.Second
	indexLogFrequency             = 30 * time.Second
)

var (
	_ State = (*state)(nil)

	errValidatorSetAlreadyPopulated = errors.New("validator set already populated")
	errIsNotSubnet                  = errors.New("is not a subnet")

	BlockIDPrefix                 = []byte("blockID")
	BlockPrefix                   = []byte("block")
	ValidatorsPrefix              = []byte("validators")
	CurrentPrefix                 = []byte("current")
	PendingPrefix                 = []byte("pending")
	ValidatorPrefix               = []byte("validator")
	DelegatorPrefix               = []byte("delegator")
	SubnetValidatorPrefix         = []byte("subnetValidator")
	SubnetDelegatorPrefix         = []byte("subnetDelegator")
	ValidatorWeightDiffsPrefix    = []byte("flatValidatorDiffs")
	ValidatorPublicKeyDiffsPrefix = []byte("flatPublicKeyDiffs")
	TxPrefix                      = []byte("tx")
	RewardUTXOsPrefix             = []byte("rewardUTXOs")
	UTXOPrefix                    = []byte("utxo")
	SubnetPrefix                  = []byte("subnet")
	SubnetOwnerPrefix             = []byte("subnetOwner")
	SubnetManagerPrefix           = []byte("subnetManager")
	TransformedSubnetPrefix       = []byte("transformedSubnet")
	SupplyPrefix                  = []byte("supply")
	ChainPrefix                   = []byte("chain")
	SingletonPrefix               = []byte("singleton")

	TimestampKey       = []byte("timestamp")
	FeeStateKey        = []byte("fee state")
	CurrentSupplyKey   = []byte("current supply")
	LastAcceptedKey    = []byte("last accepted")
	HeightsIndexedKey  = []byte("heights indexed")
	InitializedKey     = []byte("initialized")
	BlocksReindexedKey = []byte("blocks reindexed")
)

// Chain collects all methods to manage the state of the chain for block
// execution.
type Chain interface {
	Stakers
	avax.UTXOAdder
	avax.UTXOGetter
	avax.UTXODeleter

	GetTimestamp() time.Time
	SetTimestamp(tm time.Time)

	GetFeeState() gas.State
	SetFeeState(f gas.State)

	GetCurrentSupply(subnetID ids.ID) (uint64, error)
	SetCurrentSupply(subnetID ids.ID, cs uint64)

	AddRewardUTXO(txID ids.ID, utxo *avax.UTXO)

	AddSubnet(subnetID ids.ID)

	GetSubnetOwner(subnetID ids.ID) (fx.Owner, error)
	SetSubnetOwner(subnetID ids.ID, owner fx.Owner)

	GetSubnetManager(subnetID ids.ID) (ids.ID, []byte, error)
	SetSubnetManager(subnetID ids.ID, chainID ids.ID, addr []byte)

	GetSubnetTransformation(subnetID ids.ID) (*txs.Tx, error)
	AddSubnetTransformation(transformSubnetTx *txs.Tx)

	AddChain(createChainTx *txs.Tx)

	GetTx(txID ids.ID) (*txs.Tx, status.Status, error)
	AddTx(tx *txs.Tx, status status.Status)
}

type State interface {
	Chain
	uptime.State
	avax.UTXOReader

	GetLastAccepted() ids.ID
	SetLastAccepted(blkID ids.ID)

	GetStatelessBlock(blockID ids.ID) (block.Block, error)

	// Invariant: [block] is an accepted block.
	AddStatelessBlock(block block.Block)

	GetBlockIDAtHeight(height uint64) (ids.ID, error)

	GetRewardUTXOs(txID ids.ID) ([]*avax.UTXO, error)
	GetSubnetIDs() ([]ids.ID, error)
	GetChains(subnetID ids.ID) ([]*txs.Tx, error)

	// ApplyValidatorWeightDiffs iterates from [startHeight] towards the genesis
	// block until it has applied all of the diffs up to and including
	// [endHeight]. Applying the diffs modifies [validators].
	//
	// Invariant: If attempting to generate the validator set for
	// [endHeight - 1], [validators] must initially contain the validator
	// weights for [startHeight].
	//
	// Note: Because this function iterates towards the genesis, [startHeight]
	// will typically be greater than or equal to [endHeight]. If [startHeight]
	// is less than [endHeight], no diffs will be applied.
	ApplyValidatorWeightDiffs(
		ctx context.Context,
		validators map[ids.NodeID]*validators.GetValidatorOutput,
		startHeight uint64,
		endHeight uint64,
		subnetID ids.ID,
	) error

	// ApplyValidatorPublicKeyDiffs iterates from [startHeight] towards the
	// genesis block until it has applied all of the diffs up to and including
	// [endHeight]. Applying the diffs modifies [validators].
	//
	// Invariant: If attempting to generate the validator set for
	// [endHeight - 1], [validators] must initially contain the validator
	// weights for [startHeight].
	//
	// Note: Because this function iterates towards the genesis, [startHeight]
	// will typically be greater than or equal to [endHeight]. If [startHeight]
	// is less than [endHeight], no diffs will be applied.
	ApplyValidatorPublicKeyDiffs(
		ctx context.Context,
		validators map[ids.NodeID]*validators.GetValidatorOutput,
		startHeight uint64,
		endHeight uint64,
	) error

	SetHeight(height uint64)

	// Discard uncommitted changes to the database.
	Abort()

	// ReindexBlocks converts any block indices using the legacy storage format
	// to the new format. If this database has already updated the indices,
	// this function will return immediately, without iterating over the
	// database.
	//
	// TODO: Remove after v1.12.x is activated
	ReindexBlocks(lock sync.Locker, log logging.Logger) error

	// Commit changes to the base database.
	Commit() error

	// Returns a batch of unwritten changes that, when written, will commit all
	// pending changes to the base database.
	CommitBatch() (database.Batch, error)

	Checksum() ids.ID

	Close() error
}

// Prior to https://github.com/ava-labs/avalanchego/pull/1719, blocks were
// stored as a map from blkID to stateBlk. Nodes synced prior to this PR may
// still have blocks partially stored using this legacy format.
//
// TODO: Remove after v1.12.x is activated
type stateBlk struct {
	Bytes  []byte         `serialize:"true"`
	Status choices.Status `serialize:"true"`
}

/*
 * VMDB
 * |-. validators
 * | |-. current
 * | | |-. validator
 * | | | '-. list
 * | | |   '-- txID -> uptime + potential reward + potential delegatee reward
 * | | |-. delegator
 * | | | '-. list
 * | | |   '-- txID -> potential reward
 * | | |-. subnetValidator
 * | | | '-. list
 * | | |   '-- txID -> uptime + potential reward + potential delegatee reward
 * | | '-. subnetDelegator
 * | |   '-. list
 * | |     '-- txID -> potential reward
 * | |-. pending
 * | | |-. validator
 * | | | '-. list
 * | | |   '-- txID -> nil
 * | | |-. delegator
 * | | | '-. list
 * | | |   '-- txID -> nil
 * | | |-. subnetValidator
 * | | | '-. list
 * | | |   '-- txID -> nil
 * | | '-. subnetDelegator
 * | |   '-. list
 * | |     '-- txID -> nil
 * | |-. weight diffs
 * | | '-- subnet+height+nodeID -> weightChange
 * | '-. pub key diffs
 * |   '-- subnet+height+nodeID -> uncompressed public key or nil
 * |-. blockIDs
 * | '-- height -> blockID
 * |-. blocks
 * | '-- blockID -> block bytes
 * |-. txs
 * | '-- txID -> tx bytes + tx status
 * |- rewardUTXOs
 * | '-. txID
 * |   '-. list
 * |     '-- utxoID -> utxo bytes
 * |- utxos
 * | '-- utxoDB
 * |-. subnets
 * | '-. list
 * |   '-- txID -> nil
 * |-. subnetOwners
 * | '-. subnetID -> owner
 * |-. chains
 * | '-. subnetID
 * |   '-. list
 * |     '-- txID -> nil
 * '-. singletons
 *   |-- initializedKey -> nil
 *   |-- blocksReindexedKey -> nil
 *   |-- timestampKey -> timestamp
 *   |-- feeStateKey -> feeState
 *   |-- currentSupplyKey -> currentSupply
 *   |-- lastAcceptedKey -> lastAccepted
 *   '-- heightsIndexKey -> startIndexHeight + endIndexHeight
 */
type state struct {
	validatorState

	validators validators.Manager
	ctx        *snow.Context
	upgrades   upgrade.Config
	metrics    metrics.Metrics
	rewards    reward.Calculator

	baseDB *versiondb.Database

	currentStakers *baseStakers
	pendingStakers *baseStakers

	currentHeight uint64

	addedBlockIDs map[uint64]ids.ID            // map of height -> blockID
	blockIDCache  cache.Cacher[uint64, ids.ID] // cache of height -> blockID; if the entry is ids.Empty, it is not in the database
	blockIDDB     database.Database

	addedBlocks map[ids.ID]block.Block            // map of blockID -> Block
	blockCache  cache.Cacher[ids.ID, block.Block] // cache of blockID -> Block; if the entry is nil, it is not in the database
	blockDB     database.Database

	validatorsDB                 database.Database
	currentValidatorsDB          database.Database
	currentValidatorBaseDB       database.Database
	currentValidatorList         linkeddb.LinkedDB
	currentDelegatorBaseDB       database.Database
	currentDelegatorList         linkeddb.LinkedDB
	currentSubnetValidatorBaseDB database.Database
	currentSubnetValidatorList   linkeddb.LinkedDB
	currentSubnetDelegatorBaseDB database.Database
	currentSubnetDelegatorList   linkeddb.LinkedDB
	pendingValidatorsDB          database.Database
	pendingValidatorBaseDB       database.Database
	pendingValidatorList         linkeddb.LinkedDB
	pendingDelegatorBaseDB       database.Database
	pendingDelegatorList         linkeddb.LinkedDB
	pendingSubnetValidatorBaseDB database.Database
	pendingSubnetValidatorList   linkeddb.LinkedDB
	pendingSubnetDelegatorBaseDB database.Database
	pendingSubnetDelegatorList   linkeddb.LinkedDB

	validatorWeightDiffsDB    database.Database
	validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB database.Database

	addedTxs map[ids.ID]*txAndStatus            // map of txID -> {*txs.Tx, Status}
	txCache  cache.Cacher[ids.ID, *txAndStatus] // txID -> {*txs.Tx, Status}; if the entry is nil, it is not in the database
	txDB     database.Database

	addedRewardUTXOs map[ids.ID][]*avax.UTXO            // map of txID -> []*UTXO
	rewardUTXOsCache cache.Cacher[ids.ID, []*avax.UTXO] // txID -> []*UTXO
	rewardUTXODB     database.Database

	modifiedUTXOs map[ids.ID]*avax.UTXO // map of modified UTXOID -> *UTXO; if the UTXO is nil, it has been removed
	utxoDB        database.Database
	utxoState     avax.UTXOState

	cachedSubnetIDs []ids.ID // nil if the subnets haven't been loaded
	addedSubnetIDs  []ids.ID
	subnetBaseDB    database.Database
	subnetDB        linkeddb.LinkedDB

	subnetOwners     map[ids.ID]fx.Owner                  // map of subnetID -> owner
	subnetOwnerCache cache.Cacher[ids.ID, fxOwnerAndSize] // cache of subnetID -> owner; if the entry is nil, it is not in the database
	subnetOwnerDB    database.Database

	subnetManagers     map[ids.ID]chainIDAndAddr            // map of subnetID -> manager of the subnet
	subnetManagerCache cache.Cacher[ids.ID, chainIDAndAddr] // cache of subnetID -> manager
	subnetManagerDB    database.Database

	transformedSubnets     map[ids.ID]*txs.Tx            // map of subnetID -> transformSubnetTx
	transformedSubnetCache cache.Cacher[ids.ID, *txs.Tx] // cache of subnetID -> transformSubnetTx; if the entry is nil, it is not in the database
	transformedSubnetDB    database.Database

	modifiedSupplies map[ids.ID]uint64             // map of subnetID -> current supply
	supplyCache      cache.Cacher[ids.ID, *uint64] // cache of subnetID -> current supply; if the entry is nil, it is not in the database
	supplyDB         database.Database

	addedChains  map[ids.ID][]*txs.Tx                    // maps subnetID -> the newly added chains to the subnet
	chainCache   cache.Cacher[ids.ID, []*txs.Tx]         // cache of subnetID -> the chains after all local modifications []*txs.Tx
	chainDBCache cache.Cacher[ids.ID, linkeddb.LinkedDB] // cache of subnetID -> linkedDB
	chainDB      database.Database

	// The persisted fields represent the current database value
	timestamp, persistedTimestamp         time.Time
	feeState, persistedFeeState           gas.State
	currentSupply, persistedCurrentSupply uint64
	// [lastAccepted] is the most recently accepted block.
	lastAccepted, persistedLastAccepted ids.ID
	// TODO: Remove indexedHeights once v1.11.3 has been released.
	indexedHeights *heightRange
	singletonDB    database.Database
}

// heightRange is used to track which heights are safe to use the native DB
// iterator for querying validator diffs.
//
// TODO: Remove once we are guaranteed nodes can not rollback to not support the
// new indexing mechanism.
type heightRange struct {
	LowerBound uint64 `serialize:"true"`
	UpperBound uint64 `serialize:"true"`
}

type ValidatorWeightDiff struct {
	Decrease bool   `serialize:"true"`
	Amount   uint64 `serialize:"true"`
}

func (v *ValidatorWeightDiff) Add(negative bool, amount uint64) error {
	if v.Decrease == negative {
		var err error
		v.Amount, err = safemath.Add(v.Amount, amount)
		return err
	}

	if v.Amount > amount {
		v.Amount -= amount
	} else {
		v.Amount = safemath.AbsDiff(v.Amount, amount)
		v.Decrease = negative
	}
	return nil
}

type txBytesAndStatus struct {
	Tx     []byte        `serialize:"true"`
	Status status.Status `serialize:"true"`
}

type txAndStatus struct {
	tx     *txs.Tx
	status status.Status
}

type fxOwnerAndSize struct {
	owner fx.Owner
	size  int
}

type chainIDAndAddr struct {
	ChainID ids.ID `serialize:"true"`
	Addr    []byte `serialize:"true"`
}

func txSize(_ ids.ID, tx *txs.Tx) int {
	if tx == nil {
		return ids.IDLen + constants.PointerOverhead
	}
	return ids.IDLen + len(tx.Bytes()) + constants.PointerOverhead
}

func txAndStatusSize(_ ids.ID, t *txAndStatus) int {
	if t == nil {
		return ids.IDLen + constants.PointerOverhead
	}
	return ids.IDLen + len(t.tx.Bytes()) + wrappers.IntLen + 2*constants.PointerOverhead
}

func blockSize(_ ids.ID, blk block.Block) int {
	if blk == nil {
		return ids.IDLen + constants.PointerOverhead
	}
	return ids.IDLen + len(blk.Bytes()) + constants.PointerOverhead
}

func New(
	db database.Database,
	genesisBytes []byte,
	metricsReg prometheus.Registerer,
	validators validators.Manager,
	upgrades upgrade.Config,
	execCfg *config.ExecutionConfig,
	ctx *snow.Context,
	metrics metrics.Metrics,
	rewards reward.Calculator,
) (State, error) {
	blockIDCache, err := metercacher.New[uint64, ids.ID](
		"block_id_cache",
		metricsReg,
		&cache.LRU[uint64, ids.ID]{Size: execCfg.BlockIDCacheSize},
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	blockCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, block.Block](
		"block_cache",
		metricsReg,
		cache.NewSizedLRU[ids.ID, block.Block](execCfg.BlockCacheSize, blockSize),
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	baseDB := versiondb.New(db)

	validatorsDB := prefixdb.New(ValidatorsPrefix, baseDB)

	currentValidatorsDB := prefixdb.New(CurrentPrefix, validatorsDB)
	currentValidatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(ValidatorPrefix, currentValidatorsDB)
	currentDelegatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(DelegatorPrefix, currentValidatorsDB)
	currentSubnetValidatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetValidatorPrefix, currentValidatorsDB)
	currentSubnetDelegatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetDelegatorPrefix, currentValidatorsDB)

	pendingValidatorsDB := prefixdb.New(PendingPrefix, validatorsDB)
	pendingValidatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(ValidatorPrefix, pendingValidatorsDB)
	pendingDelegatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(DelegatorPrefix, pendingValidatorsDB)
	pendingSubnetValidatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetValidatorPrefix, pendingValidatorsDB)
	pendingSubnetDelegatorBaseDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetDelegatorPrefix, pendingValidatorsDB)

	validatorWeightDiffsDB := prefixdb.New(ValidatorWeightDiffsPrefix, validatorsDB)
	validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB := prefixdb.New(ValidatorPublicKeyDiffsPrefix, validatorsDB)

	txCache, err := metercacher.New(
		"tx_cache",
		metricsReg,
		cache.NewSizedLRU[ids.ID, *txAndStatus](execCfg.TxCacheSize, txAndStatusSize),
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	rewardUTXODB := prefixdb.New(RewardUTXOsPrefix, baseDB)
	rewardUTXOsCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, []*avax.UTXO](
		"reward_utxos_cache",
		metricsReg,
		&cache.LRU[ids.ID, []*avax.UTXO]{Size: execCfg.RewardUTXOsCacheSize},
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	utxoDB := prefixdb.New(UTXOPrefix, baseDB)
	utxoState, err := avax.NewMeteredUTXOState(utxoDB, txs.GenesisCodec, metricsReg, execCfg.ChecksumsEnabled)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	subnetBaseDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetPrefix, baseDB)

	subnetOwnerDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetOwnerPrefix, baseDB)
	subnetOwnerCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, fxOwnerAndSize](
		"subnet_owner_cache",
		metricsReg,
		cache.NewSizedLRU[ids.ID, fxOwnerAndSize](execCfg.FxOwnerCacheSize, func(_ ids.ID, f fxOwnerAndSize) int {
			return ids.IDLen + f.size
		}),
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	subnetManagerDB := prefixdb.New(SubnetManagerPrefix, baseDB)
	subnetManagerCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, chainIDAndAddr](
		"subnet_manager_cache",
		metricsReg,
		cache.NewSizedLRU[ids.ID, chainIDAndAddr](execCfg.SubnetManagerCacheSize, func(_ ids.ID, f chainIDAndAddr) int {
			return 2*ids.IDLen + len(f.Addr)
		}),
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	transformedSubnetCache, err := metercacher.New(
		"transformed_subnet_cache",
		metricsReg,
		cache.NewSizedLRU[ids.ID, *txs.Tx](execCfg.TransformedSubnetTxCacheSize, txSize),
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	supplyCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, *uint64](
		"supply_cache",
		metricsReg,
		&cache.LRU[ids.ID, *uint64]{Size: execCfg.ChainCacheSize},
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	chainCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, []*txs.Tx](
		"chain_cache",
		metricsReg,
		&cache.LRU[ids.ID, []*txs.Tx]{Size: execCfg.ChainCacheSize},
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	chainDBCache, err := metercacher.New[ids.ID, linkeddb.LinkedDB](
		"chain_db_cache",
		metricsReg,
		&cache.LRU[ids.ID, linkeddb.LinkedDB]{Size: execCfg.ChainDBCacheSize},
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	s := &state{
		validatorState: newValidatorState(),

		validators: validators,
		ctx:        ctx,
		upgrades:   upgrades,
		metrics:    metrics,
		rewards:    rewards,
		baseDB:     baseDB,

		addedBlockIDs: make(map[uint64]ids.ID),
		blockIDCache:  blockIDCache,
		blockIDDB:     prefixdb.New(BlockIDPrefix, baseDB),

		addedBlocks: make(map[ids.ID]block.Block),
		blockCache:  blockCache,
		blockDB:     prefixdb.New(BlockPrefix, baseDB),

		currentStakers: newBaseStakers(),
		pendingStakers: newBaseStakers(),

		validatorsDB:                 validatorsDB,
		currentValidatorsDB:          currentValidatorsDB,
		currentValidatorBaseDB:       currentValidatorBaseDB,
		currentValidatorList:         linkeddb.NewDefault(currentValidatorBaseDB),
		currentDelegatorBaseDB:       currentDelegatorBaseDB,
		currentDelegatorList:         linkeddb.NewDefault(currentDelegatorBaseDB),
		currentSubnetValidatorBaseDB: currentSubnetValidatorBaseDB,
		currentSubnetValidatorList:   linkeddb.NewDefault(currentSubnetValidatorBaseDB),
		currentSubnetDelegatorBaseDB: currentSubnetDelegatorBaseDB,
		currentSubnetDelegatorList:   linkeddb.NewDefault(currentSubnetDelegatorBaseDB),
		pendingValidatorsDB:          pendingValidatorsDB,
		pendingValidatorBaseDB:       pendingValidatorBaseDB,
		pendingValidatorList:         linkeddb.NewDefault(pendingValidatorBaseDB),
		pendingDelegatorBaseDB:       pendingDelegatorBaseDB,
		pendingDelegatorList:         linkeddb.NewDefault(pendingDelegatorBaseDB),
		pendingSubnetValidatorBaseDB: pendingSubnetValidatorBaseDB,
		pendingSubnetValidatorList:   linkeddb.NewDefault(pendingSubnetValidatorBaseDB),
		pendingSubnetDelegatorBaseDB: pendingSubnetDelegatorBaseDB,
		pendingSubnetDelegatorList:   linkeddb.NewDefault(pendingSubnetDelegatorBaseDB),
		validatorWeightDiffsDB:       validatorWeightDiffsDB,
		validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB:    validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB,

		addedTxs: make(map[ids.ID]*txAndStatus),
		txDB:     prefixdb.New(TxPrefix, baseDB),
		txCache:  txCache,

		addedRewardUTXOs: make(map[ids.ID][]*avax.UTXO),
		rewardUTXODB:     rewardUTXODB,
		rewardUTXOsCache: rewardUTXOsCache,

		modifiedUTXOs: make(map[ids.ID]*avax.UTXO),
		utxoDB:        utxoDB,
		utxoState:     utxoState,

		subnetBaseDB: subnetBaseDB,
		subnetDB:     linkeddb.NewDefault(subnetBaseDB),

		subnetOwners:     make(map[ids.ID]fx.Owner),
		subnetOwnerDB:    subnetOwnerDB,
		subnetOwnerCache: subnetOwnerCache,

		subnetManagers:     make(map[ids.ID]chainIDAndAddr),
		subnetManagerDB:    subnetManagerDB,
		subnetManagerCache: subnetManagerCache,

		transformedSubnets:     make(map[ids.ID]*txs.Tx),
		transformedSubnetCache: transformedSubnetCache,
		transformedSubnetDB:    prefixdb.New(TransformedSubnetPrefix, baseDB),

		modifiedSupplies: make(map[ids.ID]uint64),
		supplyCache:      supplyCache,
		supplyDB:         prefixdb.New(SupplyPrefix, baseDB),

		addedChains:  make(map[ids.ID][]*txs.Tx),
		chainDB:      prefixdb.New(ChainPrefix, baseDB),
		chainCache:   chainCache,
		chainDBCache: chainDBCache,

		singletonDB: prefixdb.New(SingletonPrefix, baseDB),
	}

	if err := s.sync(genesisBytes); err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Join(
			err,
			s.Close(),
		)
	}

	return s, nil
}

func (s *state) GetCurrentValidator(subnetID ids.ID, nodeID ids.NodeID) (*Staker, error) {
	return s.currentStakers.GetValidator(subnetID, nodeID)
}

func (s *state) PutCurrentValidator(staker *Staker) error {
	s.currentStakers.PutValidator(staker)
	return nil
}

func (s *state) DeleteCurrentValidator(staker *Staker) {
	s.currentStakers.DeleteValidator(staker)
}

func (s *state) GetCurrentDelegatorIterator(subnetID ids.ID, nodeID ids.NodeID) (iterator.Iterator[*Staker], error) {
	return s.currentStakers.GetDelegatorIterator(subnetID, nodeID), nil
}

func (s *state) PutCurrentDelegator(staker *Staker) {
	s.currentStakers.PutDelegator(staker)
}

func (s *state) DeleteCurrentDelegator(staker *Staker) {
	s.currentStakers.DeleteDelegator(staker)
}

func (s *state) GetCurrentStakerIterator() (iterator.Iterator[*Staker], error) {
	return s.currentStakers.GetStakerIterator(), nil
}

func (s *state) GetPendingValidator(subnetID ids.ID, nodeID ids.NodeID) (*Staker, error) {
	return s.pendingStakers.GetValidator(subnetID, nodeID)
}

func (s *state) PutPendingValidator(staker *Staker) error {
	s.pendingStakers.PutValidator(staker)
	return nil
}

func (s *state) DeletePendingValidator(staker *Staker) {
	s.pendingStakers.DeleteValidator(staker)
}

func (s *state) GetPendingDelegatorIterator(subnetID ids.ID, nodeID ids.NodeID) (iterator.Iterator[*Staker], error) {
	return s.pendingStakers.GetDelegatorIterator(subnetID, nodeID), nil
}

func (s *state) PutPendingDelegator(staker *Staker) {
	s.pendingStakers.PutDelegator(staker)
}

func (s *state) DeletePendingDelegator(staker *Staker) {
	s.pendingStakers.DeleteDelegator(staker)
}

func (s *state) GetPendingStakerIterator() (iterator.Iterator[*Staker], error) {
	return s.pendingStakers.GetStakerIterator(), nil
}

func (s *state) GetSubnetIDs() ([]ids.ID, error) {
	if s.cachedSubnetIDs != nil {
		return s.cachedSubnetIDs, nil
	}

	subnetDBIt := s.subnetDB.NewIterator()
	defer subnetDBIt.Release()

	subnetIDs := []ids.ID{}
	for subnetDBIt.Next() {
		subnetIDBytes := subnetDBIt.Key()
		subnetID, err := ids.ToID(subnetIDBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		subnetIDs = append(subnetIDs, subnetID)
	}
	if err := subnetDBIt.Error(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	subnetIDs = append(subnetIDs, s.addedSubnetIDs...)
	s.cachedSubnetIDs = subnetIDs
	return subnetIDs, nil
}

func (s *state) AddSubnet(subnetID ids.ID) {
	s.addedSubnetIDs = append(s.addedSubnetIDs, subnetID)
	if s.cachedSubnetIDs != nil {
		s.cachedSubnetIDs = append(s.cachedSubnetIDs, subnetID)
	}
}

func (s *state) GetSubnetOwner(subnetID ids.ID) (fx.Owner, error) {
	if owner, exists := s.subnetOwners[subnetID]; exists {
		return owner, nil
	}

	if ownerAndSize, cached := s.subnetOwnerCache.Get(subnetID); cached {
		if ownerAndSize.owner == nil {
			return nil, database.ErrNotFound
		}
		return ownerAndSize.owner, nil
	}

	ownerBytes, err := s.subnetOwnerDB.Get(subnetID[:])
	if err == nil {
		var owner fx.Owner
		if _, err := block.GenesisCodec.Unmarshal(ownerBytes, &owner); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		s.subnetOwnerCache.Put(subnetID, fxOwnerAndSize{
			owner: owner,
			size:  len(ownerBytes),
		})
		return owner, nil
	}
	if err != database.ErrNotFound {
		return nil, err
	}

	subnetIntf, _, err := s.GetTx(subnetID)
	if err != nil {
		if err == database.ErrNotFound {
			s.subnetOwnerCache.Put(subnetID, fxOwnerAndSize{})
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	subnet, ok := subnetIntf.Unsigned.(*txs.CreateSubnetTx)
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%q %w", subnetID, errIsNotSubnet)
	}

	s.SetSubnetOwner(subnetID, subnet.Owner)
	return subnet.Owner, nil
}

func (s *state) SetSubnetOwner(subnetID ids.ID, owner fx.Owner) {
	s.subnetOwners[subnetID] = owner
}

func (s *state) GetSubnetManager(subnetID ids.ID) (ids.ID, []byte, error) {
	if chainIDAndAddr, exists := s.subnetManagers[subnetID]; exists {
		return chainIDAndAddr.ChainID, chainIDAndAddr.Addr, nil
	}

	if chainIDAndAddr, cached := s.subnetManagerCache.Get(subnetID); cached {
		return chainIDAndAddr.ChainID, chainIDAndAddr.Addr, nil
	}

	chainIDAndAddrBytes, err := s.subnetManagerDB.Get(subnetID[:])
	if err != nil {
		return ids.Empty, nil, err
	}

	var manager chainIDAndAddr
	if _, err := block.GenesisCodec.Unmarshal(chainIDAndAddrBytes, &manager); err != nil {
		return ids.Empty, nil, err
	}
	s.subnetManagerCache.Put(subnetID, manager)
	return manager.ChainID, manager.Addr, nil
}

func (s *state) SetSubnetManager(subnetID ids.ID, chainID ids.ID, addr []byte) {
	s.subnetManagers[subnetID] = chainIDAndAddr{
		ChainID: chainID,
		Addr:    addr,
	}
}

func (s *state) GetSubnetTransformation(subnetID ids.ID) (*txs.Tx, error) {
	if tx, exists := s.transformedSubnets[subnetID]; exists {
		return tx, nil
	}

	if tx, cached := s.transformedSubnetCache.Get(subnetID); cached {
		if tx == nil {
			return nil, database.ErrNotFound
		}
		return tx, nil
	}

	transformSubnetTxID, err := database.GetID(s.transformedSubnetDB, subnetID[:])
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		s.transformedSubnetCache.Put(subnetID, nil)
		return nil, database.ErrNotFound
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	transformSubnetTx, _, err := s.GetTx(transformSubnetTxID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	s.transformedSubnetCache.Put(subnetID, transformSubnetTx)
	return transformSubnetTx, nil
}

func (s *state) AddSubnetTransformation(transformSubnetTxIntf *txs.Tx) {
	transformSubnetTx := transformSubnetTxIntf.Unsigned.(*txs.TransformSubnetTx)
	s.transformedSubnets[transformSubnetTx.Subnet] = transformSubnetTxIntf
}

func (s *state) GetChains(subnetID ids.ID) ([]*txs.Tx, error) {
	if chains, cached := s.chainCache.Get(subnetID); cached {
		return chains, nil
	}
	chainDB := s.getChainDB(subnetID)
	chainDBIt := chainDB.NewIterator()
	defer chainDBIt.Release()

	txs := []*txs.Tx(nil)
	for chainDBIt.Next() {
		chainIDBytes := chainDBIt.Key()
		chainID, err := ids.ToID(chainIDBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		chainTx, _, err := s.GetTx(chainID)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		txs = append(txs, chainTx)
	}
	if err := chainDBIt.Error(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	txs = append(txs, s.addedChains[subnetID]...)
	s.chainCache.Put(subnetID, txs)
	return txs, nil
}

func (s *state) AddChain(createChainTxIntf *txs.Tx) {
	createChainTx := createChainTxIntf.Unsigned.(*txs.CreateChainTx)
	subnetID := createChainTx.SubnetID
	s.addedChains[subnetID] = append(s.addedChains[subnetID], createChainTxIntf)
	if chains, cached := s.chainCache.Get(subnetID); cached {
		chains = append(chains, createChainTxIntf)
		s.chainCache.Put(subnetID, chains)
	}
}

func (s *state) getChainDB(subnetID ids.ID) linkeddb.LinkedDB {
	if chainDB, cached := s.chainDBCache.Get(subnetID); cached {
		return chainDB
	}
	rawChainDB := prefixdb.New(subnetID[:], s.chainDB)
	chainDB := linkeddb.NewDefault(rawChainDB)
	s.chainDBCache.Put(subnetID, chainDB)
	return chainDB
}

func (s *state) GetTx(txID ids.ID) (*txs.Tx, status.Status, error) {
	if tx, exists := s.addedTxs[txID]; exists {
		return tx.tx, tx.status, nil
	}
	if tx, cached := s.txCache.Get(txID); cached {
		if tx == nil {
			return nil, status.Unknown, database.ErrNotFound
		}
		return tx.tx, tx.status, nil
	}
	txBytes, err := s.txDB.Get(txID[:])
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		s.txCache.Put(txID, nil)
		return nil, status.Unknown, database.ErrNotFound
	} else if err != nil {
		return nil, status.Unknown, err
	}

	stx := txBytesAndStatus{}
	if _, err := txs.GenesisCodec.Unmarshal(txBytes, &stx); err != nil {
		return nil, status.Unknown, err
	}

	tx, err := txs.Parse(txs.GenesisCodec, stx.Tx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, status.Unknown, err
	}

	ptx := &txAndStatus{
		tx:     tx,
		status: stx.Status,
	}

	s.txCache.Put(txID, ptx)
	return ptx.tx, ptx.status, nil
}

func (s *state) AddTx(tx *txs.Tx, status status.Status) {
	s.addedTxs[tx.ID()] = &txAndStatus{
		tx:     tx,
		status: status,
	}
}

func (s *state) GetRewardUTXOs(txID ids.ID) ([]*avax.UTXO, error) {
	if utxos, exists := s.addedRewardUTXOs[txID]; exists {
		return utxos, nil
	}
	if utxos, exists := s.rewardUTXOsCache.Get(txID); exists {
		return utxos, nil
	}

	rawTxDB := prefixdb.New(txID[:], s.rewardUTXODB)
	txDB := linkeddb.NewDefault(rawTxDB)
	it := txDB.NewIterator()
	defer it.Release()

	utxos := []*avax.UTXO(nil)
	for it.Next() {
		utxo := &avax.UTXO{}
		if _, err := txs.Codec.Unmarshal(it.Value(), utxo); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		utxos = append(utxos, utxo)
	}
	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	s.rewardUTXOsCache.Put(txID, utxos)
	return utxos, nil
}

func (s *state) AddRewardUTXO(txID ids.ID, utxo *avax.UTXO) {
	s.addedRewardUTXOs[txID] = append(s.addedRewardUTXOs[txID], utxo)
}

func (s *state) GetUTXO(utxoID ids.ID) (*avax.UTXO, error) {
	if utxo, exists := s.modifiedUTXOs[utxoID]; exists {
		if utxo == nil {
			return nil, database.ErrNotFound
		}
		return utxo, nil
	}
	return s.utxoState.GetUTXO(utxoID)
}

func (s *state) UTXOIDs(addr []byte, start ids.ID, limit int) ([]ids.ID, error) {
	return s.utxoState.UTXOIDs(addr, start, limit)
}

func (s *state) AddUTXO(utxo *avax.UTXO) {
	s.modifiedUTXOs[utxo.InputID()] = utxo
}

func (s *state) DeleteUTXO(utxoID ids.ID) {
	s.modifiedUTXOs[utxoID] = nil
}

func (s *state) GetStartTime(nodeID ids.NodeID, subnetID ids.ID) (time.Time, error) {
	staker, err := s.currentStakers.GetValidator(subnetID, nodeID)
	if err != nil {
		return time.Time{}, err
	}
	return staker.StartTime, nil
}

func (s *state) GetTimestamp() time.Time {
	return s.timestamp
}

func (s *state) SetTimestamp(tm time.Time) {
	s.timestamp = tm
}

func (s *state) GetFeeState() gas.State {
	return s.feeState
}

func (s *state) SetFeeState(feeState gas.State) {
	s.feeState = feeState
}

func (s *state) GetLastAccepted() ids.ID {
	return s.lastAccepted
}

func (s *state) SetLastAccepted(lastAccepted ids.ID) {
	s.lastAccepted = lastAccepted
}

func (s *state) GetCurrentSupply(subnetID ids.ID) (uint64, error) {
	if subnetID == constants.PrimaryNetworkID {
		return s.currentSupply, nil
	}

	supply, ok := s.modifiedSupplies[subnetID]
	if ok {
		return supply, nil
	}

	cachedSupply, ok := s.supplyCache.Get(subnetID)
	if ok {
		if cachedSupply == nil {
			return 0, database.ErrNotFound
		}
		return *cachedSupply, nil
	}

	supply, err := database.GetUInt64(s.supplyDB, subnetID[:])
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		s.supplyCache.Put(subnetID, nil)
		return 0, database.ErrNotFound
	}
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	s.supplyCache.Put(subnetID, &supply)
	return supply, nil
}

func (s *state) SetCurrentSupply(subnetID ids.ID, cs uint64) {
	if subnetID == constants.PrimaryNetworkID {
		s.currentSupply = cs
	} else {
		s.modifiedSupplies[subnetID] = cs
	}
}

func (s *state) ApplyValidatorWeightDiffs(
	ctx context.Context,
	validators map[ids.NodeID]*validators.GetValidatorOutput,
	startHeight uint64,
	endHeight uint64,
	subnetID ids.ID,
) error {
	diffIter := s.validatorWeightDiffsDB.NewIteratorWithStartAndPrefix(
		marshalStartDiffKey(subnetID, startHeight),
		subnetID[:],
	)
	defer diffIter.Release()

	prevHeight := startHeight + 1
	for diffIter.Next() {
		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		_, parsedHeight, nodeID, err := unmarshalDiffKey(diffIter.Key())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if parsedHeight > prevHeight {
			s.ctx.Log.Error("unexpected parsed height",
				zap.Stringer("subnetID", subnetID),
				zap.Uint64("parsedHeight", parsedHeight),
				zap.Stringer("nodeID", nodeID),
				zap.Uint64("prevHeight", prevHeight),
				zap.Uint64("startHeight", startHeight),
				zap.Uint64("endHeight", endHeight),
			)
		}

		// If the parsedHeight is less than our target endHeight, then we have
		// fully processed the diffs from startHeight through endHeight.
		if parsedHeight < endHeight {
			return diffIter.Error()
		}

		prevHeight = parsedHeight

		weightDiff, err := unmarshalWeightDiff(diffIter.Value())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if err := applyWeightDiff(validators, nodeID, weightDiff); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return diffIter.Error()
}

func applyWeightDiff(
	vdrs map[ids.NodeID]*validators.GetValidatorOutput,
	nodeID ids.NodeID,
	weightDiff *ValidatorWeightDiff,
) error {
	vdr, ok := vdrs[nodeID]
	if !ok {
		// This node isn't in the current validator set.
		vdr = &validators.GetValidatorOutput{
			NodeID: nodeID,
		}
		vdrs[nodeID] = vdr
	}

	// The weight of this node changed at this block.
	var err error
	if weightDiff.Decrease {
		// The validator's weight was decreased at this block, so in the
		// prior block it was higher.
		vdr.Weight, err = safemath.Add(vdr.Weight, weightDiff.Amount)
	} else {
		// The validator's weight was increased at this block, so in the
		// prior block it was lower.
		vdr.Weight, err = safemath.Sub(vdr.Weight, weightDiff.Amount)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if vdr.Weight == 0 {
		// The validator's weight was 0 before this block so they weren't in the
		// validator set.
		delete(vdrs, nodeID)
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) ApplyValidatorPublicKeyDiffs(
	ctx context.Context,
	validators map[ids.NodeID]*validators.GetValidatorOutput,
	startHeight uint64,
	endHeight uint64,
) error {
	diffIter := s.validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB.NewIteratorWithStartAndPrefix(
		marshalStartDiffKey(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, startHeight),
		constants.PrimaryNetworkID[:],
	)
	defer diffIter.Release()

	for diffIter.Next() {
		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		_, parsedHeight, nodeID, err := unmarshalDiffKey(diffIter.Key())
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// If the parsedHeight is less than our target endHeight, then we have
		// fully processed the diffs from startHeight through endHeight.
		if parsedHeight < endHeight {
			break
		}

		vdr, ok := validators[nodeID]
		if !ok {
			continue
		}

		pkBytes := diffIter.Value()
		if len(pkBytes) == 0 {
			vdr.PublicKey = nil
			continue
		}

		vdr.PublicKey = bls.PublicKeyFromValidUncompressedBytes(pkBytes)
	}

	// Note: this does not fallback to the linkeddb index because the linkeddb
	// index does not contain entries for when to remove the public key.
	//
	// Nodes may see inconsistent public keys for heights before the new public
	// key index was populated.
	return diffIter.Error()
}

func (s *state) syncGenesis(genesisBlk block.Block, genesis *genesis.Genesis) error {
	genesisBlkID := genesisBlk.ID()
	s.SetLastAccepted(genesisBlkID)
	s.SetTimestamp(time.Unix(int64(genesis.Timestamp), 0))
	s.SetCurrentSupply(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, genesis.InitialSupply)
	s.AddStatelessBlock(genesisBlk)

	// Persist UTXOs that exist at genesis
	for _, utxo := range genesis.UTXOs {
		avaxUTXO := utxo.UTXO
		s.AddUTXO(&avaxUTXO)
	}

	// Persist primary network validator set at genesis
	for _, vdrTx := range genesis.Validators {
		// We expect genesis validator txs to be either AddValidatorTx or
		// AddPermissionlessValidatorTx.
		//
		// TODO: Enforce stricter type check
		validatorTx, ok := vdrTx.Unsigned.(txs.ScheduledStaker)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected a scheduled staker but got %T", vdrTx.Unsigned)
		}

		stakeAmount := validatorTx.Weight()
		// Note: We use [StartTime()] here because genesis transactions are
		// guaranteed to be pre-Durango activation.
		startTime := validatorTx.StartTime()
		stakeDuration := validatorTx.EndTime().Sub(startTime)
		currentSupply, err := s.GetCurrentSupply(constants.PrimaryNetworkID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		potentialReward := s.rewards.Calculate(
			stakeDuration,
			stakeAmount,
			currentSupply,
		)
		newCurrentSupply, err := safemath.Add(currentSupply, potentialReward)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		staker, err := NewCurrentStaker(vdrTx.ID(), validatorTx, startTime, potentialReward)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if err := s.PutCurrentValidator(staker); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		s.AddTx(vdrTx, status.Committed)
		s.SetCurrentSupply(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, newCurrentSupply)
	}

	for _, chain := range genesis.Chains {
		unsignedChain, ok := chain.Unsigned.(*txs.CreateChainTx)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected tx type *txs.CreateChainTx but got %T", chain.Unsigned)
		}

		// Ensure all chains that the genesis bytes say to create have the right
		// network ID
		if unsignedChain.NetworkID != s.ctx.NetworkID {
			return avax.ErrWrongNetworkID
		}

		s.AddChain(chain)
		s.AddTx(chain, status.Committed)
	}

	// updateValidators is set to false here to maintain the invariant that the
	// primary network's validator set is empty before the validator sets are
	// initialized.
	return s.write(false /*=updateValidators*/, 0)
}

// Load pulls data previously stored on disk that is expected to be in memory.
func (s *state) load() error {
	return errors.Join(
		s.loadMetadata(),
		s.loadCurrentValidators(),
		s.loadPendingValidators(),
		s.initValidatorSets(),
	)
}

func (s *state) loadMetadata() error {
	timestamp, err := database.GetTimestamp(s.singletonDB, TimestampKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.persistedTimestamp = timestamp
	s.SetTimestamp(timestamp)

	feeState, err := getFeeState(s.singletonDB)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.persistedFeeState = feeState
	s.SetFeeState(feeState)

	currentSupply, err := database.GetUInt64(s.singletonDB, CurrentSupplyKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.persistedCurrentSupply = currentSupply
	s.SetCurrentSupply(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, currentSupply)

	lastAccepted, err := database.GetID(s.singletonDB, LastAcceptedKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.persistedLastAccepted = lastAccepted
	s.lastAccepted = lastAccepted

	// Lookup the most recently indexed range on disk. If we haven't started
	// indexing the weights, then we keep the indexed heights as nil.
	indexedHeightsBytes, err := s.singletonDB.Get(HeightsIndexedKey)
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		return nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	indexedHeights := &heightRange{}
	_, err = block.GenesisCodec.Unmarshal(indexedHeightsBytes, indexedHeights)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// If the indexed range is not up to date, then we will act as if the range
	// doesn't exist.
	lastAcceptedBlock, err := s.GetStatelessBlock(lastAccepted)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if indexedHeights.UpperBound != lastAcceptedBlock.Height() {
		return nil
	}
	s.indexedHeights = indexedHeights
	return nil
}

func (s *state) loadCurrentValidators() error {
	s.currentStakers = newBaseStakers()

	validatorIt := s.currentValidatorList.NewIterator()
	defer validatorIt.Release()
	for validatorIt.Next() {
		txIDBytes := validatorIt.Key()
		txID, err := ids.ToID(txIDBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		tx, _, err := s.GetTx(txID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed loading validator transaction txID %s, %w", txID, err)
		}

		stakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.Staker)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected tx type txs.Staker but got %T", tx.Unsigned)
		}

		metadataBytes := validatorIt.Value()
		metadata := &validatorMetadata{
			txID: txID,
		}
		if scheduledStakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.ScheduledStaker); ok {
			// Populate [StakerStartTime] using the tx as a default in the event
			// it was added pre-durango and is not stored in the database.
			//
			// Note: We do not populate [LastUpdated] since it is expected to
			// always be present on disk.
			metadata.StakerStartTime = uint64(scheduledStakerTx.StartTime().Unix())
		}
		if err := parseValidatorMetadata(metadataBytes, metadata); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		staker, err := NewCurrentStaker(
			txID,
			stakerTx,
			time.Unix(int64(metadata.StakerStartTime), 0),
			metadata.PotentialReward)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		validator := s.currentStakers.getOrCreateValidator(staker.SubnetID, staker.NodeID)
		validator.validator = staker

		s.currentStakers.stakers.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)

		s.validatorState.LoadValidatorMetadata(staker.NodeID, staker.SubnetID, metadata)
	}

	subnetValidatorIt := s.currentSubnetValidatorList.NewIterator()
	defer subnetValidatorIt.Release()
	for subnetValidatorIt.Next() {
		txIDBytes := subnetValidatorIt.Key()
		txID, err := ids.ToID(txIDBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		tx, _, err := s.GetTx(txID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		stakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.Staker)
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected tx type txs.Staker but got %T", tx.Unsigned)
		}

		metadataBytes := subnetValidatorIt.Value()
		metadata := &validatorMetadata{
			txID: txID,
		}
		if scheduledStakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.ScheduledStaker); ok {
			// Populate [StakerStartTime] and [LastUpdated] using the tx as a
			// default in the event they are not stored in the database.
			startTime := uint64(scheduledStakerTx.StartTime().Unix())
			metadata.StakerStartTime = startTime
			metadata.LastUpdated = startTime
		}
		if err := parseValidatorMetadata(metadataBytes, metadata); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		staker, err := NewCurrentStaker(
			txID,
			stakerTx,
			time.Unix(int64(metadata.StakerStartTime), 0),
			metadata.PotentialReward,
		)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		validator := s.currentStakers.getOrCreateValidator(staker.SubnetID, staker.NodeID)
		validator.validator = staker

		s.currentStakers.stakers.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)

		s.validatorState.LoadValidatorMetadata(staker.NodeID, staker.SubnetID, metadata)
	}

	delegatorIt := s.currentDelegatorList.NewIterator()
	defer delegatorIt.Release()

	subnetDelegatorIt := s.currentSubnetDelegatorList.NewIterator()
	defer subnetDelegatorIt.Release()

	for _, delegatorIt := range []database.Iterator{delegatorIt, subnetDelegatorIt} {
		for delegatorIt.Next() {
			txIDBytes := delegatorIt.Key()
			txID, err := ids.ToID(txIDBytes)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			tx, _, err := s.GetTx(txID)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			stakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.Staker)
			if !ok {
				return fmt.Errorf("expected tx type txs.Staker but got %T", tx.Unsigned)
			}

			metadataBytes := delegatorIt.Value()
			metadata := &delegatorMetadata{
				txID: txID,
			}
			if scheduledStakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.ScheduledStaker); ok {
				// Populate [StakerStartTime] using the tx as a default in the
				// event it was added pre-durango and is not stored in the
				// database.
				metadata.StakerStartTime = uint64(scheduledStakerTx.StartTime().Unix())
			}
			err = parseDelegatorMetadata(metadataBytes, metadata)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			staker, err := NewCurrentStaker(
				txID,
				stakerTx,
				time.Unix(int64(metadata.StakerStartTime), 0),
				metadata.PotentialReward,
			)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			validator := s.currentStakers.getOrCreateValidator(staker.SubnetID, staker.NodeID)
			if validator.delegators == nil {
				validator.delegators = btree.NewG(defaultTreeDegree, (*Staker).Less)
			}
			validator.delegators.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)

			s.currentStakers.stakers.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)
		}
	}

	return errors.Join(
		validatorIt.Error(),
		subnetValidatorIt.Error(),
		delegatorIt.Error(),
		subnetDelegatorIt.Error(),
	)
}

func (s *state) loadPendingValidators() error {
	s.pendingStakers = newBaseStakers()

	validatorIt := s.pendingValidatorList.NewIterator()
	defer validatorIt.Release()

	subnetValidatorIt := s.pendingSubnetValidatorList.NewIterator()
	defer subnetValidatorIt.Release()

	for _, validatorIt := range []database.Iterator{validatorIt, subnetValidatorIt} {
		for validatorIt.Next() {
			txIDBytes := validatorIt.Key()
			txID, err := ids.ToID(txIDBytes)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			tx, _, err := s.GetTx(txID)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			stakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.ScheduledStaker)
			if !ok {
				return fmt.Errorf("expected tx type txs.Staker but got %T", tx.Unsigned)
			}

			staker, err := NewPendingStaker(txID, stakerTx)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			validator := s.pendingStakers.getOrCreateValidator(staker.SubnetID, staker.NodeID)
			validator.validator = staker

			s.pendingStakers.stakers.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)
		}
	}

	delegatorIt := s.pendingDelegatorList.NewIterator()
	defer delegatorIt.Release()

	subnetDelegatorIt := s.pendingSubnetDelegatorList.NewIterator()
	defer subnetDelegatorIt.Release()

	for _, delegatorIt := range []database.Iterator{delegatorIt, subnetDelegatorIt} {
		for delegatorIt.Next() {
			txIDBytes := delegatorIt.Key()
			txID, err := ids.ToID(txIDBytes)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			tx, _, err := s.GetTx(txID)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			stakerTx, ok := tx.Unsigned.(txs.ScheduledStaker)
			if !ok {
				return fmt.Errorf("expected tx type txs.Staker but got %T", tx.Unsigned)
			}

			staker, err := NewPendingStaker(txID, stakerTx)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			validator := s.pendingStakers.getOrCreateValidator(staker.SubnetID, staker.NodeID)
			if validator.delegators == nil {
				validator.delegators = btree.NewG(defaultTreeDegree, (*Staker).Less)
			}
			validator.delegators.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)

			s.pendingStakers.stakers.ReplaceOrInsert(staker)
		}
	}

	return errors.Join(
		validatorIt.Error(),
		subnetValidatorIt.Error(),
		delegatorIt.Error(),
		subnetDelegatorIt.Error(),
	)
}

// Invariant: initValidatorSets requires loadCurrentValidators to have already
// been called.
func (s *state) initValidatorSets() error {
	for subnetID, validators := range s.currentStakers.validators {
		if s.validators.Count(subnetID) != 0 {
			// Enforce the invariant that the validator set is empty here.
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errValidatorSetAlreadyPopulated, subnetID)
		}

		for nodeID, validator := range validators {
			validatorStaker := validator.validator
			if err := s.validators.AddStaker(subnetID, nodeID, validatorStaker.PublicKey, validatorStaker.TxID, validatorStaker.Weight); err != nil {
				return err
			}

			delegatorIterator := iterator.FromTree(validator.delegators)
			for delegatorIterator.Next() {
				delegatorStaker := delegatorIterator.Value()
				if err := s.validators.AddWeight(subnetID, nodeID, delegatorStaker.Weight); err != nil {
					delegatorIterator.Release()
					return err
				}
			}
			delegatorIterator.Release()
		}
	}

	s.metrics.SetLocalStake(s.validators.GetWeight(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, s.ctx.NodeID))
	totalWeight, err := s.validators.TotalWeight(constants.PrimaryNetworkID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get total weight of primary network validators: %w", err)
	}
	s.metrics.SetTotalStake(totalWeight)
	return nil
}

func (s *state) write(updateValidators bool, height uint64) error {
	codecVersion := CodecVersion1
	if !s.upgrades.IsDurangoActivated(s.GetTimestamp()) {
		codecVersion = CodecVersion0
	}

	return errors.Join(
		s.writeBlocks(),
		s.writeCurrentStakers(updateValidators, height, codecVersion),
		s.writePendingStakers(),
		s.WriteValidatorMetadata(s.currentValidatorList, s.currentSubnetValidatorList, codecVersion), // Must be called after writeCurrentStakers
		s.writeTXs(),
		s.writeRewardUTXOs(),
		s.writeUTXOs(),
		s.writeSubnets(),
		s.writeSubnetOwners(),
		s.writeSubnetManagers(),
		s.writeTransformedSubnets(),
		s.writeSubnetSupplies(),
		s.writeChains(),
		s.writeMetadata(),
	)
}

func (s *state) Close() error {
	return errors.Join(
		s.pendingSubnetValidatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.pendingSubnetDelegatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.pendingDelegatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.pendingValidatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.pendingValidatorsDB.Close(),
		s.currentSubnetValidatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.currentSubnetDelegatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.currentDelegatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.currentValidatorBaseDB.Close(),
		s.currentValidatorsDB.Close(),
		s.validatorsDB.Close(),
		s.txDB.Close(),
		s.rewardUTXODB.Close(),
		s.utxoDB.Close(),
		s.subnetBaseDB.Close(),
		s.transformedSubnetDB.Close(),
		s.supplyDB.Close(),
		s.chainDB.Close(),
		s.singletonDB.Close(),
		s.blockDB.Close(),
		s.blockIDDB.Close(),
	)
}

func (s *state) sync(genesis []byte) error {
	wasInitialized, err := isInitialized(s.singletonDB)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"failed to check if the database is initialized: %w",
			err,
		)
	}

	// If the database wasn't previously initialized, create the platform chain
	// anew using the provided genesis state.
	if !wasInitialized {
		if err := s.init(genesis); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf(
				"failed to initialize the database: %w",
				err,
			)
		}
	}

	if err := s.load(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"failed to load the database state: %w",
			err,
		)
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) init(genesisBytes []byte) error {
	// Create the genesis block and save it as being accepted (We don't do
	// genesisBlock.Accept() because then it'd look for genesisBlock's
	// non-existent parent)
	genesisID := hashing.ComputeHash256Array(genesisBytes)
	genesisBlock, err := block.NewApricotCommitBlock(genesisID, 0 /*height*/)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	genesis, err := genesis.Parse(genesisBytes)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := s.syncGenesis(genesisBlock, genesis); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := markInitialized(s.singletonDB); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return s.Commit()
}

func (s *state) AddStatelessBlock(block block.Block) {
	blkID := block.ID()
	s.addedBlockIDs[block.Height()] = blkID
	s.addedBlocks[blkID] = block
}

func (s *state) SetHeight(height uint64) {
	if s.indexedHeights == nil {
		// If indexedHeights hasn't been created yet, then we are newly tracking
		// the range. This means we should initialize the LowerBound to the
		// current height.
		s.indexedHeights = &heightRange{
			LowerBound: height,
		}
	}

	s.indexedHeights.UpperBound = height
	s.currentHeight = height
}

func (s *state) Commit() error {
	defer s.Abort()
	batch, err := s.CommitBatch()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return batch.Write()
}

func (s *state) Abort() {
	s.baseDB.Abort()
}

func (s *state) Checksum() ids.ID {
	return s.utxoState.Checksum()
}

func (s *state) CommitBatch() (database.Batch, error) {
	// updateValidators is set to true here so that the validator manager is
	// kept up to date with the last accepted state.
	if err := s.write(true /*=updateValidators*/, s.currentHeight); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return s.baseDB.CommitBatch()
}

func (s *state) writeBlocks() error {
	for blkID, blk := range s.addedBlocks {
		blkID := blkID
		blkBytes := blk.Bytes()
		blkHeight := blk.Height()
		heightKey := database.PackUInt64(blkHeight)

		delete(s.addedBlockIDs, blkHeight)
		s.blockIDCache.Put(blkHeight, blkID)
		if err := database.PutID(s.blockIDDB, heightKey, blkID); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add blockID: %w", err)
		}

		delete(s.addedBlocks, blkID)
		// Note: Evict is used rather than Put here because blk may end up
		// referencing additional data (because of shared byte slices) that
		// would not be properly accounted for in the cache sizing.
		s.blockCache.Evict(blkID)
		if err := s.blockDB.Put(blkID[:], blkBytes); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write block %s: %w", blkID, err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) GetStatelessBlock(blockID ids.ID) (block.Block, error) {
	if blk, exists := s.addedBlocks[blockID]; exists {
		return blk, nil
	}
	if blk, cached := s.blockCache.Get(blockID); cached {
		if blk == nil {
			return nil, database.ErrNotFound
		}

		return blk, nil
	}

	blkBytes, err := s.blockDB.Get(blockID[:])
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		s.blockCache.Put(blockID, nil)
		return nil, database.ErrNotFound
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	blk, _, err := parseStoredBlock(blkBytes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	s.blockCache.Put(blockID, blk)
	return blk, nil
}

func (s *state) GetBlockIDAtHeight(height uint64) (ids.ID, error) {
	if blkID, exists := s.addedBlockIDs[height]; exists {
		return blkID, nil
	}
	if blkID, cached := s.blockIDCache.Get(height); cached {
		if blkID == ids.Empty {
			return ids.Empty, database.ErrNotFound
		}

		return blkID, nil
	}

	heightKey := database.PackUInt64(height)

	blkID, err := database.GetID(s.blockIDDB, heightKey)
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		s.blockIDCache.Put(height, ids.Empty)
		return ids.Empty, database.ErrNotFound
	}
	if err != nil {
		return ids.Empty, err
	}

	s.blockIDCache.Put(height, blkID)
	return blkID, nil
}

func (s *state) writeCurrentStakers(updateValidators bool, height uint64, codecVersion uint16) error {
	for subnetID, validatorDiffs := range s.currentStakers.validatorDiffs {
		delete(s.currentStakers.validatorDiffs, subnetID)

		// Select db to write to
		validatorDB := s.currentSubnetValidatorList
		delegatorDB := s.currentSubnetDelegatorList
		if subnetID == constants.PrimaryNetworkID {
			validatorDB = s.currentValidatorList
			delegatorDB = s.currentDelegatorList
		}

		// Record the change in weight and/or public key for each validator.
		for nodeID, validatorDiff := range validatorDiffs {
			// Copy [nodeID] so it doesn't get overwritten next iteration.
			nodeID := nodeID

			weightDiff := &ValidatorWeightDiff{
				Decrease: validatorDiff.validatorStatus == deleted,
			}
			switch validatorDiff.validatorStatus {
			case added:
				staker := validatorDiff.validator
				weightDiff.Amount = staker.Weight

				// Invariant: Only the Primary Network contains non-nil public
				// keys.
				if staker.PublicKey != nil {
					// Record that the public key for the validator is being
					// added. This means the prior value for the public key was
					// nil.
					err := s.validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB.Put(
						marshalDiffKey(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, height, nodeID),
						nil,
					)
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}

				// The validator is being added.
				//
				// Invariant: It's impossible for a delegator to have been
				// rewarded in the same block that the validator was added.
				startTime := uint64(staker.StartTime.Unix())
				metadata := &validatorMetadata{
					txID:        staker.TxID,
					lastUpdated: staker.StartTime,

					UpDuration:               0,
					LastUpdated:              startTime,
					StakerStartTime:          startTime,
					PotentialReward:          staker.PotentialReward,
					PotentialDelegateeReward: 0,
				}

				metadataBytes, err := MetadataCodec.Marshal(codecVersion, metadata)
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize current validator: %w", err)
				}

				if err = validatorDB.Put(staker.TxID[:], metadataBytes); err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to write current validator to list: %w", err)
				}

				s.validatorState.LoadValidatorMetadata(nodeID, subnetID, metadata)
			case deleted:
				staker := validatorDiff.validator
				weightDiff.Amount = staker.Weight

				// Invariant: Only the Primary Network contains non-nil public
				// keys.
				if staker.PublicKey != nil {
					// Record that the public key for the validator is being
					// removed. This means we must record the prior value of the
					// public key.
					//
					// Note: We store the uncompressed public key here as it is
					// significantly more efficient to parse when applying
					// diffs.
					err := s.validatorPublicKeyDiffsDB.Put(
						marshalDiffKey(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, height, nodeID),
						bls.PublicKeyToUncompressedBytes(staker.PublicKey),
					)
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}

				if err := validatorDB.Delete(staker.TxID[:]); err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete current staker: %w", err)
				}

				s.validatorState.DeleteValidatorMetadata(nodeID, subnetID)
			}

			err := writeCurrentDelegatorDiff(
				delegatorDB,
				weightDiff,
				validatorDiff,
				codecVersion,
			)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			if weightDiff.Amount == 0 {
				// No weight change to record; go to next validator.
				continue
			}

			err = s.validatorWeightDiffsDB.Put(
				marshalDiffKey(subnetID, height, nodeID),
				marshalWeightDiff(weightDiff),
			)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			// TODO: Move the validator set management out of the state package
			if !updateValidators {
				continue
			}

			if weightDiff.Decrease {
				err = s.validators.RemoveWeight(subnetID, nodeID, weightDiff.Amount)
			} else {
				if validatorDiff.validatorStatus == added {
					staker := validatorDiff.validator
					err = s.validators.AddStaker(
						subnetID,
						nodeID,
						staker.PublicKey,
						staker.TxID,
						weightDiff.Amount,
					)
				} else {
					err = s.validators.AddWeight(subnetID, nodeID, weightDiff.Amount)
				}
			}
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to update validator weight: %w", err)
			}
		}
	}

	// TODO: Move validator set management out of the state package
	//
	// Attempt to update the stake metrics
	if !updateValidators {
		return nil
	}

	totalWeight, err := s.validators.TotalWeight(constants.PrimaryNetworkID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get total weight of primary network: %w", err)
	}

	s.metrics.SetLocalStake(s.validators.GetWeight(constants.PrimaryNetworkID, s.ctx.NodeID))
	s.metrics.SetTotalStake(totalWeight)
	return nil
}

func writeCurrentDelegatorDiff(
	currentDelegatorList linkeddb.LinkedDB,
	weightDiff *ValidatorWeightDiff,
	validatorDiff *diffValidator,
	codecVersion uint16,
) error {
	addedDelegatorIterator := iterator.FromTree(validatorDiff.addedDelegators)
	defer addedDelegatorIterator.Release()
	for addedDelegatorIterator.Next() {
		staker := addedDelegatorIterator.Value()

		if err := weightDiff.Add(false, staker.Weight); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to increase node weight diff: %w", err)
		}

		metadata := &delegatorMetadata{
			txID:            staker.TxID,
			PotentialReward: staker.PotentialReward,
			StakerStartTime: uint64(staker.StartTime.Unix()),
		}
		if err := writeDelegatorMetadata(currentDelegatorList, metadata, codecVersion); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write current delegator to list: %w", err)
		}
	}

	for _, staker := range validatorDiff.deletedDelegators {
		if err := weightDiff.Add(true, staker.Weight); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to decrease node weight diff: %w", err)
		}

		if err := currentDelegatorList.Delete(staker.TxID[:]); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete current staker: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writePendingStakers() error {
	for subnetID, subnetValidatorDiffs := range s.pendingStakers.validatorDiffs {
		delete(s.pendingStakers.validatorDiffs, subnetID)

		validatorDB := s.pendingSubnetValidatorList
		delegatorDB := s.pendingSubnetDelegatorList
		if subnetID == constants.PrimaryNetworkID {
			validatorDB = s.pendingValidatorList
			delegatorDB = s.pendingDelegatorList
		}

		for _, validatorDiff := range subnetValidatorDiffs {
			err := writePendingDiff(
				validatorDB,
				delegatorDB,
				validatorDiff,
			)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func writePendingDiff(
	pendingValidatorList linkeddb.LinkedDB,
	pendingDelegatorList linkeddb.LinkedDB,
	validatorDiff *diffValidator,
) error {
	switch validatorDiff.validatorStatus {
	case added:
		err := pendingValidatorList.Put(validatorDiff.validator.TxID[:], nil)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add pending validator: %w", err)
		}
	case deleted:
		err := pendingValidatorList.Delete(validatorDiff.validator.TxID[:])
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete pending validator: %w", err)
		}
	}

	addedDelegatorIterator := iterator.FromTree(validatorDiff.addedDelegators)
	defer addedDelegatorIterator.Release()
	for addedDelegatorIterator.Next() {
		staker := addedDelegatorIterator.Value()

		if err := pendingDelegatorList.Put(staker.TxID[:], nil); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write pending delegator to list: %w", err)
		}
	}

	for _, staker := range validatorDiff.deletedDelegators {
		if err := pendingDelegatorList.Delete(staker.TxID[:]); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete pending delegator: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeTXs() error {
	for txID, txStatus := range s.addedTxs {
		txID := txID

		stx := txBytesAndStatus{
			Tx:     txStatus.tx.Bytes(),
			Status: txStatus.status,
		}

		// Note that we're serializing a [txBytesAndStatus] here, not a
		// *txs.Tx, so we don't use [txs.Codec].
		txBytes, err := txs.GenesisCodec.Marshal(txs.CodecVersion, &stx)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize tx: %w", err)
		}

		delete(s.addedTxs, txID)
		// Note: Evict is used rather than Put here because stx may end up
		// referencing additional data (because of shared byte slices) that
		// would not be properly accounted for in the cache sizing.
		s.txCache.Evict(txID)
		if err := s.txDB.Put(txID[:], txBytes); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add tx: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeRewardUTXOs() error {
	for txID, utxos := range s.addedRewardUTXOs {
		delete(s.addedRewardUTXOs, txID)
		s.rewardUTXOsCache.Put(txID, utxos)
		rawTxDB := prefixdb.New(txID[:], s.rewardUTXODB)
		txDB := linkeddb.NewDefault(rawTxDB)

		for _, utxo := range utxos {
			utxoBytes, err := txs.GenesisCodec.Marshal(txs.CodecVersion, utxo)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize reward UTXO: %w", err)
			}
			utxoID := utxo.InputID()
			if err := txDB.Put(utxoID[:], utxoBytes); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to add reward UTXO: %w", err)
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeUTXOs() error {
	for utxoID, utxo := range s.modifiedUTXOs {
		delete(s.modifiedUTXOs, utxoID)

		if utxo == nil {
			if err := s.utxoState.DeleteUTXO(utxoID); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete UTXO: %w", err)
			}
			continue
		}
		if err := s.utxoState.PutUTXO(utxo); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add UTXO: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeSubnets() error {
	for _, subnetID := range s.addedSubnetIDs {
		if err := s.subnetDB.Put(subnetID[:], nil); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write subnet: %w", err)
		}
	}
	s.addedSubnetIDs = nil
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeSubnetOwners() error {
	for subnetID, owner := range s.subnetOwners {
		subnetID := subnetID
		owner := owner
		delete(s.subnetOwners, subnetID)

		ownerBytes, err := block.GenesisCodec.Marshal(block.CodecVersion, &owner)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal subnet owner: %w", err)
		}

		s.subnetOwnerCache.Put(subnetID, fxOwnerAndSize{
			owner: owner,
			size:  len(ownerBytes),
		})

		if err := s.subnetOwnerDB.Put(subnetID[:], ownerBytes); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write subnet owner: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeSubnetManagers() error {
	for subnetID, manager := range s.subnetManagers {
		subnetID := subnetID
		manager := manager
		delete(s.subnetManagers, subnetID)

		managerBytes, err := block.GenesisCodec.Marshal(block.CodecVersion, &manager)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal subnet manager: %w", err)
		}

		s.subnetManagerCache.Put(subnetID, manager)

		if err := s.subnetManagerDB.Put(subnetID[:], managerBytes); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write subnet manager: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeTransformedSubnets() error {
	for subnetID, tx := range s.transformedSubnets {
		txID := tx.ID()

		delete(s.transformedSubnets, subnetID)
		// Note: Evict is used rather than Put here because tx may end up
		// referencing additional data (because of shared byte slices) that
		// would not be properly accounted for in the cache sizing.
		s.transformedSubnetCache.Evict(subnetID)
		if err := database.PutID(s.transformedSubnetDB, subnetID[:], txID); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write transformed subnet: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeSubnetSupplies() error {
	for subnetID, supply := range s.modifiedSupplies {
		supply := supply
		delete(s.modifiedSupplies, subnetID)
		s.supplyCache.Put(subnetID, &supply)
		if err := database.PutUInt64(s.supplyDB, subnetID[:], supply); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write subnet supply: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeChains() error {
	for subnetID, chains := range s.addedChains {
		for _, chain := range chains {
			chainDB := s.getChainDB(subnetID)

			chainID := chain.ID()
			if err := chainDB.Put(chainID[:], nil); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to write chain: %w", err)
			}
		}
		delete(s.addedChains, subnetID)
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *state) writeMetadata() error {
	if !s.persistedTimestamp.Equal(s.timestamp) {
		if err := database.PutTimestamp(s.singletonDB, TimestampKey, s.timestamp); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write timestamp: %w", err)
		}
		s.persistedTimestamp = s.timestamp
	}
	if s.feeState != s.persistedFeeState {
		if err := putFeeState(s.singletonDB, s.feeState); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write fee state: %w", err)
		}
		s.persistedFeeState = s.feeState
	}
	if s.persistedCurrentSupply != s.currentSupply {
		if err := database.PutUInt64(s.singletonDB, CurrentSupplyKey, s.currentSupply); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write current supply: %w", err)
		}
		s.persistedCurrentSupply = s.currentSupply
	}
	if s.persistedLastAccepted != s.lastAccepted {
		if err := database.PutID(s.singletonDB, LastAcceptedKey, s.lastAccepted); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write last accepted: %w", err)
		}
		s.persistedLastAccepted = s.lastAccepted
	}
	if s.indexedHeights != nil {
		indexedHeightsBytes, err := block.GenesisCodec.Marshal(block.CodecVersion, s.indexedHeights)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := s.singletonDB.Put(HeightsIndexedKey, indexedHeightsBytes); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write indexed range: %w", err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Returns the block and whether it is a [stateBlk].
// Invariant: blkBytes is safe to parse with blocks.GenesisCodec
//
// TODO: Remove after v1.12.x is activated
func parseStoredBlock(blkBytes []byte) (block.Block, bool, error) {
	// Attempt to parse as blocks.Block
	blk, err := block.Parse(block.GenesisCodec, blkBytes)
	if err == nil {
		return blk, false, nil
	}

	// Fallback to [stateBlk]
	blkState := stateBlk{}
	if _, err := block.GenesisCodec.Unmarshal(blkBytes, &blkState); err != nil {
		return nil, false, err
	}

	blk, err = block.Parse(block.GenesisCodec, blkState.Bytes)
	return blk, true, err
}

func (s *state) ReindexBlocks(lock sync.Locker, log logging.Logger) error {
	has, err := s.singletonDB.Has(BlocksReindexedKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if has {
		log.Info("blocks already reindexed")
		return nil
	}

	// It is possible that new blocks are added after grabbing this iterator.
	// New blocks are guaranteed to be persisted in the new format, so we don't
	// need to check them.
	blockIterator := s.blockDB.NewIterator()
	// Releasing is done using a closure to ensure that updating blockIterator
	// will result in having the most recent iterator released when executing
	// the deferred function.
	defer func() {
		blockIterator.Release()
	}()

	log.Info("starting block reindexing")

	var (
		startTime         = time.Now()
		lastCommit        = startTime
		nextUpdate        = startTime.Add(indexLogFrequency)
		numIndicesChecked = 0
		numIndicesUpdated = 0
	)

	for blockIterator.Next() {
		valueBytes := blockIterator.Value()
		blk, isStateBlk, err := parseStoredBlock(valueBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse block: %w", err)
		}

		blkID := blk.ID()

		// This block was previously stored using the legacy format, update the
		// index to remove the usage of stateBlk.
		if isStateBlk {
			blkBytes := blk.Bytes()
			if err := s.blockDB.Put(blkID[:], blkBytes); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to write block: %w", err)
			}

			numIndicesUpdated++
		}

		numIndicesChecked++

		now := time.Now()
		if now.After(nextUpdate) {
			nextUpdate = now.Add(indexLogFrequency)

			progress := timer.ProgressFromHash(blkID[:])
			eta := timer.EstimateETA(
				startTime,
				progress,
				math.MaxUint64,
			)

			log.Info("reindexing blocks",
				zap.Int("numIndicesUpdated", numIndicesUpdated),
				zap.Int("numIndicesChecked", numIndicesChecked),
				zap.Duration("eta", eta),
			)
		}

		if numIndicesChecked%indexIterationLimit == 0 {
			// We must hold the lock during committing to make sure we don't
			// attempt to commit to disk while a block is concurrently being
			// accepted.
			lock.Lock()
			err := errors.Join(
				s.Commit(),
				blockIterator.Error(),
			)
			lock.Unlock()
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			// We release the iterator here to allow the underlying database to
			// clean up deleted state.
			blockIterator.Release()

			// We take the minimum here because it's possible that the node is
			// currently bootstrapping. This would mean that grabbing the lock
			// could take an extremely long period of time; which we should not
			// delay processing for.
			indexDuration := now.Sub(lastCommit)
			sleepDuration := min(
				indexIterationSleepMultiplier*indexDuration,
				indexIterationSleepCap,
			)
			time.Sleep(sleepDuration)

			// Make sure not to include the sleep duration into the next index
			// duration.
			lastCommit = time.Now()

			blockIterator = s.blockDB.NewIteratorWithStart(blkID[:])
		}
	}

	// Ensure we fully iterated over all blocks before writing that indexing has
	// finished.
	//
	// Note: This is needed because a transient read error could cause the
	// iterator to stop early.
	if err := blockIterator.Error(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to iterate over historical blocks: %w", err)
	}

	if err := s.singletonDB.Put(BlocksReindexedKey, nil); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put marked blocks as reindexed: %w", err)
	}

	// We must hold the lock during committing to make sure we don't attempt to
	// commit to disk while a block is concurrently being accepted.
	lock.Lock()
	defer lock.Unlock()

	log.Info("finished block reindexing",
		zap.Int("numIndicesUpdated", numIndicesUpdated),
		zap.Int("numIndicesChecked", numIndicesChecked),
		zap.Duration("duration", time.Since(startTime)),
	)

	return s.Commit()
}

func markInitialized(db database.KeyValueWriter) error {
	return db.Put(InitializedKey, nil)
}

func isInitialized(db database.KeyValueReader) (bool, error) {
	return db.Has(InitializedKey)
}

func putFeeState(db database.KeyValueWriter, feeState gas.State) error {
	feeStateBytes, err := block.GenesisCodec.Marshal(block.CodecVersion, feeState)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return db.Put(FeeStateKey, feeStateBytes)
}

func getFeeState(db database.KeyValueReader) (gas.State, error) {
	feeStateBytes, err := db.Get(FeeStateKey)
	if err == database.ErrNotFound {
		return gas.State{}, nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return gas.State{}, err
	}

	var feeState gas.State
	if _, err := block.GenesisCodec.Unmarshal(feeStateBytes, &feeState); err != nil {
		return gas.State{}, err
	}
	return feeState, nil
}