github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach@v20.2.0-alpha.1+incompatible/pkg/sql/parser/parse_test.go

// Copyright 2015 The Cockroach Authors.
//
// Use of this software is governed by the Business Source License
// included in the file licenses/BSL.txt.
//
// As of the Change Date specified in that file, in accordance with
// the Business Source License, use of this software will be governed
// by the Apache License, Version 2.0, included in the file
// licenses/APL.txt.

package parser_test

import (
	"fmt"
	"go/constant"
	"reflect"
	"regexp"
	"strings"
	"testing"

	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/parser"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/pgwire/pgerror"
	_ "github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/sem/builtins"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/sem/tree"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/testutils"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/testutils/sqlutils"
	_ "github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/log" // for flags
	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)

// TestParse verifies that we can parse the supplied SQL and regenerate the SQL
// string from the syntax tree.
func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		sql string
	}{
		{``},
		{`VALUES ("")`},

		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION READ ONLY`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION READ WRITE`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION PRIORITY LOW`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION PRIORITY NORMAL`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION PRIORITY HIGH`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2018-12-18'`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2018-12-18'`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY LOW, AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2018-12-18'`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY LOW, READ ONLY, AS OF SYSTEM TIME '-1ns'`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY HIGH`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY HIGH, READ WRITE`},
		{`COMMIT TRANSACTION`},
		{`ROLLBACK TRANSACTION`},
		{`SAVEPOINT foo`},
		{`SAVEPOINT "foo bar"`},

		{`CREATE DATABASE a`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE DATABASE a`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = 'template0'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = 'invalid'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a ENCODING = 'UTF8'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a ENCODING = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a LC_COLLATE = 'C.UTF-8'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a LC_COLLATE = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a LC_CTYPE = 'C.UTF-8'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a LC_CTYPE = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = 'template0' ENCODING = 'UTF8' LC_COLLATE = 'C.UTF-8' LC_CTYPE = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a TEMPLATE = 'template0'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a TEMPLATE = 'invalid'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a ENCODING = 'UTF8'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a ENCODING = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a LC_COLLATE = 'C.UTF-8'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a LC_COLLATE = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a LC_CTYPE = 'C.UTF-8'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a LC_CTYPE = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS a TEMPLATE = 'template0' ENCODING = 'UTF8' LC_COLLATE = 'C.UTF-8' LC_CTYPE = 'INVALID'`},
		{`CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS foo`},
		{`CREATE SCHEMA foo`},

		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b (c)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY a ON b (c)`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE INDEX a ON b (c)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b.c (d)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) STORING (c)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) WHERE c > 3`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT c (d)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT c.d (e)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b ASC, c DESC)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b NULLS FIRST, c ASC NULLS FIRST, d DESC NULLS LAST)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS i ON a (b) WHERE c > 3`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b (c)`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b (c) STORING (d)`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b (c) WHERE d > 3`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b (c) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT d (e, f)`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b (c) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT d.e (f, g)`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b.c (d)`},
		{`CREATE INVERTED INDEX a ON b (c)`},
		{`CREATE INVERTED INDEX a ON b.c (d)`},
		{`CREATE INVERTED INDEX a ON b (c) STORING (d)`},
		{`CREATE INVERTED INDEX a ON b (c) WHERE d > 3`},
		{`CREATE INVERTED INDEX a ON b (c) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT d (e)`},
		{`CREATE INVERTED INDEX IF NOT EXISTS a ON b (c) WHERE d > 3`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a ()`},
		{`CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE a (b INT8)`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE TABLE a ()`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b CHAR)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b CHAR(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b VARCHAR)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b VARCHAR(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b FLOAT4)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b FLOAT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b SERIAL8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b TIME)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b TIMETZ)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b TIME(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b TIMETZ(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(POINT))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(POINT,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(LINESTRING,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(POLYGON,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(MULTIPOINT,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(MULTILINESTRING,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(MULTIPOLYGON,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(GEOMETRY,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOGRAPHY(GEOMETRYCOLLECTION,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOMETRY)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOMETRY(POINT))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b GEOMETRY(POINT,4326))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b UUID)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INET)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b "char")`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT maybe NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 NOT NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT always NOT NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 PRIMARY KEY)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 UNIQUE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 NULL PRIMARY KEY)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 DEFAULT 1)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT one DEFAULT 1)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 DEFAULT now())`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 CHECK (a > 0))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 CONSTRAINT positive CHECK (a > 0))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 DEFAULT 1 CHECK (a > 0))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 CONSTRAINT one DEFAULT 1 CHECK (a > 0))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 DEFAULT 1 CONSTRAINT positive CHECK (a > 0))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 CONSTRAINT one DEFAULT 1 CONSTRAINT positive CHECK (a > 0))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (a INT8 CONSTRAINT one CHECK (a > 0) CONSTRAINT two CHECK (a < 10))`},
		// "0" lost quotes previously.
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, PRIMARY KEY (b, c, "0"))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH FULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH FULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH FULL ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH FULL ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH FULL ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, INDEX (b, c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, INDEX d (b, c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT d UNIQUE (b, c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT d UNIQUE (b, c) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT d (e, f))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, UNIQUE (b))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, UNIQUE (b) STORING (c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, INDEX (b))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, INVERTED INDEX (b))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE CASCADE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE SET NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo (bar))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo MATCH FULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo MATCH FULL ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo MATCH FULL ON DELETE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo MATCH FULL ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo (bar) MATCH FULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, INDEX (b) STORING (c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, INDEX (b) WHERE b > 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, INVERTED INDEX (b) WHERE b > 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, INDEX (b ASC, c DESC) STORING (c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, INDEX (b) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT c (d, e))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FAMILY (b))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FAMILY foo (b), FAMILY (c))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT foo (c, d)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT foo (c) CASCADE`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a.b (b INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (b INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 AS (a + b) STORED)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE view (view INT8)`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT c PRIMARY KEY)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT c NULL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT c UNIQUE)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT c DEFAULT d)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT c CHECK (d))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 CONSTRAINT c REFERENCES d)`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8) PARTITION BY LIST (b) (PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1, DEFAULT), PARTITION p2 VALUES IN ((1, 2), (3, 4)))`},
		// This monstrosity was added on the assumption that it's more readable
		// than all on one line. Feel free to rip it out if you come across it
		// and disagree.
		{regexp.MustCompile(`\n\s*`).ReplaceAllLiteralString(
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8, d INT8) PARTITION BY LIST (b) (
				PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1) PARTITION BY LIST (c) (
					PARTITION p1_1 VALUES IN (3), PARTITION p1_2 VALUES IN (4, 5)
				), PARTITION p2 VALUES IN (6) PARTITION BY RANGE (c) (
					PARTITION p2_1 VALUES FROM (7) TO (8) PARTITION BY LIST (d) (
						PARTITION p2_1_1 VALUES IN (8)
					)
				)
			)`, ``),
		},
		{`CREATE TABLE a () INTERLEAVE IN PARENT b (c) PARTITION BY LIST (d) (PARTITION e VALUES IN (1))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a () PARTITION BY LIST (b) (PARTITION c VALUES IN (1))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (INDEX (b) PARTITION BY LIST (c) (PARTITION d VALUES IN (1)))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (UNIQUE (b) PARTITION BY LIST (c) (PARTITION d VALUES IN (1)))`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) PARTITION BY LIST (c) (PARTITION d VALUES IN (1))`},
		{`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS a ON b (c) PARTITION BY LIST (d) (PARTITION e VALUES IN (1))`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a PARTITION BY LIST (b) (PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1))`},
		{`ALTER INDEX a@idx PARTITION BY LIST (b) (PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1))`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT * FROM b ORDER BY c`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a AS SELECT * FROM b ORDER BY c`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT * FROM b LIMIT 3`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a AS SELECT * FROM b LIMIT 3`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a AS VALUES ('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a AS VALUES ('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (str, num) AS VALUES ('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (str, num) AS VALUES ('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT * FROM b UNION SELECT * FROM c`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a AS SELECT * FROM b UNION SELECT * FROM c`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT * FROM b UNION VALUES ('one', 1) ORDER BY c LIMIT 5`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a AS SELECT * FROM b UNION VALUES ('one', 1) ORDER BY c LIMIT 5`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (z PRIMARY KEY) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (z PRIMARY KEY) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (x, y, z, PRIMARY KEY (x, y, z)) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (x, y, z, PRIMARY KEY (x, y, z)) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (x, FAMILY (x)) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (x, FAMILY (x)) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (x, y FAMILY f1) AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (x, y FAMILY f1) AS SELECT * FROM b`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING COLLATE de)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING(3) COLLATE de)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING[] COLLATE de)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING(3)[] COLLATE de)`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b, c INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b EXCLUDING INDEXES INCLUDING INDEXES)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b INCLUDING ALL EXCLUDING INDEXES, c INT8)`},

		{`CREATE VIEW a AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW a AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE VIEW a AS SELECT * FROM b`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a AS SELECT b.* FROM b LIMIT 5`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a AS (SELECT c, d FROM b WHERE c > 0 ORDER BY c)`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a (x, y) AS SELECT c, d FROM b`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a AS VALUES (1, 'one'), (2, 'two')`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a (x, y) AS VALUES (1, 'one'), (2, 'two')`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a AS TABLE b`},
		{`CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW a AS SELECT b`},

		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE SEQUENCE a`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE IF NOT EXISTS a`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a CYCLE`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a NO CYCLE`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a CACHE 0`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a CACHE 1`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a CACHE 2`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a INCREMENT 5`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a INCREMENT BY 5`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a NO MAXVALUE`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a MAXVALUE 1000`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a NO MINVALUE`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a MINVALUE 1000`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a START 1000`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a START WITH 1000`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a INCREMENT 5 NO MAXVALUE MINVALUE 1 START 3`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a INCREMENT 5 NO CYCLE NO MAXVALUE MINVALUE 1 START 3 CACHE 1`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a VIRTUAL`},
		{`CREATE TEMPORARY SEQUENCE a`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a OWNED BY b`},
		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a OWNED BY NONE`},

		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t`},
		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1, col2 FROM t`},
		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM d.t`},
		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t`},
		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS THROTTLING 0.9`},
		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`},
		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS THROTTLING 0.1 AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`},

		{`CREATE TYPE a AS ENUM ()`},
		{`CREATE TYPE a AS ENUM ('a')`},
		{`CREATE TYPE a AS ENUM ('a', 'b', 'c')`},
		{`CREATE TYPE a.b AS ENUM ('a', 'b', 'c')`},
		{`CREATE TYPE a.b.c AS ENUM ('a', 'b', 'c')`},

		{`DROP TYPE a`},
		{`DROP TYPE a, b, c`},
		{`DROP TYPE db.sc.a, sc.a`},
		{`DROP TYPE IF EXISTS db.sc.a, sc.a`},
		{`DROP TYPE db.sc.a, sc.a CASCADE`},
		{`DROP TYPE IF EXISTS db.sc.a, sc.a CASCADE`},
		{`DROP TYPE IF EXISTS db.sc.a, sc.a RESTRICT`},

		{`DELETE FROM a`},
		{`EXPLAIN DELETE FROM a`},
		{`DELETE FROM a.b`},
		{`DELETE FROM a.b@c`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b LIMIT c`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b ORDER BY c`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b ORDER BY c LIMIT d`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b RETURNING a, b`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b RETURNING 1, 2`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b RETURNING a + b`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b RETURNING NOTHING`},
		{`DELETE FROM a WHERE a = b ORDER BY c LIMIT d RETURNING e`},

		{`DISCARD ALL`},

		{`DROP DATABASE a`},
		{`EXPLAIN DROP DATABASE a`},
		{`DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS a`},
		{`DROP DATABASE a CASCADE`},
		{`DROP DATABASE a RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP TABLE a`},
		{`EXPLAIN DROP TABLE a`},
		{`DROP TABLE a.b`},
		{`DROP TABLE a, b`},
		{`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS a`},
		{`DROP TABLE a RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP TABLE a.b RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP TABLE a, b RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS a RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP TABLE a CASCADE`},
		{`DROP TABLE a.b CASCADE`},
		{`DROP TABLE a, b CASCADE`},
		{`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS a CASCADE`},
		{`DROP INDEX a.b@c`},
		{`DROP INDEX a`},
		{`DROP INDEX a.b`},
		{`DROP INDEX IF EXISTS a.b@c`},
		{`DROP INDEX a.b@c, d@f`},
		{`DROP INDEX IF EXISTS a.b@c, d@f`},
		{`DROP INDEX a.b@c CASCADE`},
		{`DROP INDEX IF EXISTS a.b@c RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP VIEW a`},
		{`DROP VIEW a.b`},
		{`DROP VIEW a, b`},
		{`DROP VIEW IF EXISTS a`},
		{`DROP VIEW a RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP VIEW IF EXISTS a, b RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP VIEW a.b CASCADE`},
		{`DROP VIEW a, b CASCADE`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE a`},
		{`EXPLAIN DROP SEQUENCE a`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE a.b`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE a, b`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE IF EXISTS a`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE a RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE IF EXISTS a, b RESTRICT`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE a.b CASCADE`},
		{`DROP SEQUENCE a, b CASCADE`},

		{`CANCEL JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN CANCEL JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`CANCEL QUERIES SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN CANCEL QUERIES SELECT a`},
		{`CANCEL SESSIONS SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN CANCEL SESSIONS SELECT a`},
		{`CANCEL QUERIES IF EXISTS SELECT a`},
		{`CANCEL SESSIONS IF EXISTS SELECT a`},
		{`RESUME JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN RESUME JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`PAUSE JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN PAUSE JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`SHOW JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW JOBS SELECT a`},
		{`SHOW JOBS WHEN COMPLETE SELECT a`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW JOBS WHEN COMPLETE SELECT a`},

		{`EXPLAIN SELECT 1`},
		{`EXPLAIN EXPLAIN SELECT 1`},
		{`EXPLAIN (OPT, VERBOSE) SELECT 1`},
		{`EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DISTSQL) SELECT 1`},
		{`EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) SELECT 1`},
		{`SELECT * FROM [EXPLAIN SELECT 1]`},
		{`SELECT * FROM [SHOW TRANSACTION STATUS]`},

		{`SHOW barfoo`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW barfoo`},
		{`SHOW database`},
		{`SHOW timezone`},
		{`SHOW "BLAH"`},

		{`SHOW CLUSTER SETTING a`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW CLUSTER SETTING a`},
		{`SHOW ALL CLUSTER SETTINGS`},
		{`SHOW PUBLIC CLUSTER SETTINGS`},

		{`SHOW DATABASES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW DATABASES`},
		{`SHOW SCHEMAS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW SCHEMAS`},
		{`SHOW SCHEMAS FROM a`},
		{`SHOW SEQUENCES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW SEQUENCES`},
		{`SHOW SEQUENCES FROM a`},
		{`SHOW TABLES`},
		{`SHOW TABLES WITH COMMENT`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW TABLES`},
		{`SHOW TABLES FROM a`},
		{`SHOW TABLES FROM a WITH COMMENT`},
		{`SHOW TABLES FROM a.b`},
		{`SHOW TABLES FROM a.b WITH COMMENT`},
		{`SHOW COLUMNS FROM a`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW COLUMNS FROM a`},
		{`SHOW COLUMNS FROM a.b.c`},
		{`SHOW INDEXES FROM a`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW INDEXES FROM a`},
		{`SHOW INDEXES FROM a WITH COMMENT`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW INDEXES FROM a WITH COMMENT`},
		{`SHOW INDEXES FROM a.b.c`},
		{`SHOW INDEXES FROM a.b.c WITH COMMENT`},
		{`SHOW INDEXES FROM DATABASE a`},
		{`SHOW INDEXES FROM DATABASE a WITH COMMENT`},
		{`SHOW CONSTRAINTS FROM a`},
		{`SHOW CONSTRAINTS FROM a.b.c`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW CONSTRAINTS FROM a.b.c`},
		{`SHOW TABLES FROM a.b; SHOW COLUMNS FROM b`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW TABLES FROM a`},
		{`SHOW ROLES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW ROLES`},
		{`SHOW USERS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW USERS`},
		{`SHOW JOBS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW JOBS`},
		{`SHOW AUTOMATIC JOBS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW AUTOMATIC JOBS`},
		{`SHOW CLUSTER QUERIES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW CLUSTER QUERIES`},
		{`SHOW ALL CLUSTER QUERIES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW ALL CLUSTER QUERIES`},
		{`SHOW LOCAL QUERIES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW LOCAL QUERIES`},
		{`SHOW ALL LOCAL QUERIES`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW ALL LOCAL QUERIES`},
		{`SHOW CLUSTER SESSIONS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW CLUSTER SESSIONS`},
		{`SHOW ALL CLUSTER SESSIONS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW ALL CLUSTER SESSIONS`},
		{`SHOW LOCAL SESSIONS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW LOCAL SESSIONS`},
		{`SHOW ALL LOCAL SESSIONS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW ALL LOCAL SESSIONS`},
		{`SHOW TRACE FOR SESSION`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW TRACE FOR SESSION`},
		{`SHOW KV TRACE FOR SESSION`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW KV TRACE FOR SESSION`},
		{`SHOW EXPERIMENTAL_REPLICA TRACE FOR SESSION`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW EXPERIMENTAL_REPLICA TRACE FOR SESSION`},
		{`SHOW STATISTICS FOR TABLE t`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW STATISTICS FOR TABLE t`},
		{`SHOW STATISTICS FOR TABLE d.t`},
		{`SHOW HISTOGRAM 123`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW HISTOGRAM 123`},
		{`SHOW RANGE FROM TABLE t FOR ROW (1, 2)`},
		{`SHOW RANGE FROM TABLE d.t FOR ROW (1, 2)`},
		{`SHOW RANGE FROM INDEX d.t@i FOR ROW (1, 2)`},
		{`SHOW RANGE FROM INDEX t@i FOR ROW (1, 2)`},
		{`SHOW RANGE FROM INDEX i FOR ROW (1, 2)`},
		{`SHOW RANGES FROM TABLE d.t`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW RANGES FROM TABLE d.t`},
		{`SHOW RANGES FROM TABLE t`},
		{`SHOW RANGES FROM INDEX d.t@i`},
		{`SHOW RANGES FROM INDEX t@i`},
		{`SHOW RANGES FROM INDEX d.i`},
		{`SHOW RANGES FROM INDEX i`},
		{`SHOW EXPERIMENTAL_FINGERPRINTS FROM TABLE d.t`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATIONS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATIONS`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR RANGE default`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR RANGE meta`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR DATABASE db`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR TABLE db.t`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR TABLE t`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR PARTITION p OF TABLE t`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR INDEX db.t@i`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR INDEX t@i`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR INDEX i`},

		// Tables are the default, but can also be specified with
		// GRANT x ON TABLE y. However, the stringer does not output TABLE.
		{`SHOW GRANTS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW GRANTS`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE foo, db.foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON DATABASE foo, bar`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON DATABASE foo FOR bar`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS FOR bar, baz`},

		{`SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE foo, bar`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE foo FOR bar`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE FOR bar, baz`},

		{`SHOW TRANSACTION STATUS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW TRANSACTION STATUS`},
		{`SHOW SAVEPOINT STATUS`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW SAVEPOINT STATUS`},

		{`SHOW SYNTAX 'select 1'`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW SYNTAX 'select 1'`},

		{`PREPARE a AS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS EXPLAIN SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING, STRING) AS SELECT $1, $2`},
		{`PREPARE a AS INSERT INTO a VALUES (1)`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS INSERT INTO a VALUES ($1)`},
		{`PREPARE a AS UPDATE a SET b = 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS UPDATE a SET b = $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS UPSERT INTO a VALUES (1)`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS UPSERT INTO a VALUES ($1)`},
		{`PREPARE a AS DELETE FROM a`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS DELETE FROM a WHERE b = $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS BACKUP DATABASE a TO 'b'`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING) AS BACKUP DATABASE a TO $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS RESTORE DATABASE a FROM 'b'`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING) AS RESTORE DATABASE a FROM $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS CANCEL QUERIES SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING) AS CANCEL QUERIES SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS CANCEL QUERIES IF EXISTS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING) AS CANCEL QUERIES IF EXISTS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS CANCEL SESSIONS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING) AS CANCEL SESSIONS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS CANCEL SESSIONS IF EXISTS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING) AS CANCEL SESSIONS IF EXISTS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS CANCEL JOBS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS CANCEL JOBS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS PAUSE JOBS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS PAUSE JOBS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS RESUME JOBS SELECT 1`},
		{`PREPARE a (INT8) AS RESUME JOBS SELECT $1`},
		{`PREPARE a AS IMPORT TABLE a CREATE USING 'b' CSV DATA ('c') WITH temp = 'd'`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING, STRING, STRING) AS IMPORT TABLE a CREATE USING $1 CSV DATA ($2) WITH temp = $3`},

		{`PREPARE a AS OPT PLAN 'some-string'`},
		{`PREPARE a (STRING, INT8) AS OPT PLAN 'some-string'`},

		{`EXECUTE a`},
		{`EXECUTE a DISCARD ROWS`},
		{`EXECUTE a (1)`},
		{`EXECUTE a (1, 1)`},
		{`EXECUTE a (1, 1) DISCARD ROWS`},
		{`EXECUTE a (1 + 1)`},

		{`DEALLOCATE a`},
		{`DEALLOCATE ALL`},

		// Tables are the default, but can also be specified with
		// GRANT x ON TABLE y. However, the stringer does not output TABLE.
		{`GRANT SELECT ON TABLE foo TO root`},
		{`GRANT SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE ON TABLE foo, db.foo TO root, bar`},
		{`GRANT DROP ON DATABASE foo TO root`},
		{`GRANT ALL ON DATABASE foo TO root, test`},
		{`GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON DATABASE bar TO foo, bar, baz`},
		{`GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON DATABASE db1, db2 TO foo, bar, baz`},
		{`GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON DATABASE db1, db2 TO "test-user"`},
		{`GRANT rolea, roleb TO usera, userb`},
		{`GRANT rolea, roleb TO usera, userb WITH ADMIN OPTION`},

		// Tables are the default, but can also be specified with
		// REVOKE x ON TABLE y. However, the stringer does not output TABLE.
		{`REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE foo FROM root`},
		{`REVOKE UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE foo, db.foo FROM root, bar`},
		{`REVOKE INSERT ON DATABASE foo FROM root`},
		{`REVOKE ALL ON DATABASE foo FROM root, test`},
		{`REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON DATABASE bar FROM foo, bar, baz`},
		{`REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON DATABASE db1, db2 FROM foo, bar, baz`},
		{`REVOKE rolea, roleb FROM usera, userb`},
		{`REVOKE ADMIN OPTION FOR rolea, roleb FROM usera, userb`},

		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1)`},
		{`EXPLAIN INSERT INTO a VALUES (1)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a.b VALUES (1)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1, DEFAULT)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (a + 1, 2 * 3)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a(a, b) VALUES (1, 2)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a SELECT b, c FROM d`},
		{`INSERT INTO a DEFAULT VALUES`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) RETURNING a, b`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2) RETURNING 1, 2`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2) RETURNING a + b, c`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2) RETURNING NOTHING`},

		{`UPSERT INTO a VALUES (1)`},
		{`EXPLAIN UPSERT INTO a VALUES (1)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a.b VALUES (1)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a VALUES (1, DEFAULT)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a VALUES (a + 1, 2 * 3)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a(a, b) VALUES (1, 2)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a SELECT b, c FROM d`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a DEFAULT VALUES`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a DEFAULT VALUES RETURNING a, b`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a DEFAULT VALUES RETURNING 1, 2`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a DEFAULT VALUES RETURNING a + b`},
		{`UPSERT INTO a DEFAULT VALUES RETURNING NOTHING`},

		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO NOTHING`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE SET a = 1`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET a = 1`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a, b) DO UPDATE SET a = 1`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET a = 1, b = excluded.a`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET a = 1 WHERE b > 2`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET a = DEFAULT`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET (a, b) = (SELECT 1, 2)`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET (a, b) = (SELECT 1, 2) RETURNING a, b`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET (a, b) = (SELECT 1, 2) RETURNING 1, 2`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET (a, b) = (SELECT 1, 2) RETURNING a + b`},
		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET (a, b) = (SELECT 1, 2) RETURNING NOTHING`},

		{`SELECT 1 + 1`},
		{`SELECT -1`},
		{`SELECT .1`},
		{`SELECT 1.2e1`},
		{`SELECT 1.2e+1`},
		{`SELECT 1.2e-1`},
		{`SELECT true AND false`},
		{`SELECT true AND NULL`},
		{`SELECT true = false`},
		{`SELECT (true = false)`},
		{`SELECT (ARRAY['a', 'b'])[2]`},
		{`SELECT (ARRAY (VALUES (1), (2)))[1]`},
		{`SELECT (SELECT 1)`},
		{`SELECT ((SELECT 1))`},
		{`SELECT (SELECT ARRAY['a', 'b'])[2]`},
		{`SELECT ((SELECT ARRAY['a', 'b']))[2]`},
		{`SELECT ((((VALUES (1)))))`},
		{`SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1)`},
		{`SELECT (VALUES (1))`},
		{`SELECT (1, 2, 3)`},
		{`SELECT ((1, 2, 3) AS a, b, c)`},
		{`SELECT ((1, 2, 3))`},
		{`SELECT ((1, 2, 3) AS a, b, c)`},
		{`SELECT (((1, 2, 3) AS a, b, c)).a`},
		{`SELECT (((1, 2, 3) AS a, b, c)).*`},
		{`SELECT ()`},
		{`SELECT (() AS a)`},
		{`SELECT ((() AS a)).a`},
		{`SELECT ((() AS a)).*`},
		{`SELECT ((() AS a)).@1`},
		{`SELECT (TABLE a)`},
		{`SELECT 0x1`},
		{`SELECT 'Deutsch' COLLATE de`},
		{`SELECT a @> b`},
		{`SELECT a <@ b`},
		{`SELECT a ? b`},
		{`SELECT a ?| b`},
		{`SELECT a ?& b`},
		{`SELECT a->'x'`},
		{`SELECT a#>'{x}'`},
		{`SELECT a#>>'{x}'`},
		{`SELECT (a->'x')->'y'`},
		{`SELECT (a->'x')->>'y'`},
		{`SELECT b && c`},
		{`SELECT |/a`},
		{`SELECT ||/a`},

		{`SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT 1, 2 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT * FROM t`},
		{`SELECT "*" FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a, b FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a AS b FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.* FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a = b FROM t`},
		{`SELECT $1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT $1, $2 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT NULL FROM t`},
		{`SELECT 0.1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b.* FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b[1] FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b[1 + 1:4][3] FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b[:4][3] FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b[1 + 1:][3] FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a.b[:][3] FROM t`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@bar`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@primary`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@like`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{NO_INDEX_JOIN}`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS}`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{FORCE_INDEX=idx,ASC}`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{FORCE_INDEX=idx,DESC,IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS}`},
		{`SELECT * FROM t AS "of" AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`},

		{`SELECT BOOL 'foo', 'foo'::BOOL`},
		{`SELECT BIT '10', '10'::BIT`},
		{`SELECT VARBIT '1', '1'::VARBIT`},
		{`SELECT INT2 'foo', 'foo'::INT2`},
		{`SELECT INT4 'foo', 'foo'::INT4`},
		{`SELECT INT8 'foo', 'foo'::INT8`},
		{`SELECT FLOAT4 'foo', 'foo'::FLOAT4`},
		{`SELECT DECIMAL 'foo', 'foo'::DECIMAL`},
		{`SELECT CHAR 'foo', 'foo'::CHAR`},
		{`SELECT VARCHAR 'foo', 'foo'::VARCHAR`},
		{`SELECT STRING 'foo', 'foo'::STRING`},
		{`SELECT BYTES 'foo', 'foo'::BYTES`},
		{`SELECT DATE 'foo', 'foo'::DATE`},
		{`SELECT TIME 'foo', 'foo'::TIME`},
		{`SELECT TIMESTAMP 'foo', 'foo'::TIMESTAMP`},
		{`SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ 'foo', 'foo'::TIMESTAMPTZ`},
		{`SELECT JSONB 'foo', 'foo'::JSONB`},

		{`SELECT 'foo'::DECIMAL(1)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::DECIMAL(2,1)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::BIT(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::VARBIT(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::CHAR(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::VARCHAR(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::STRING(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::TIMESTAMP(6)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::TIMESTAMPTZ(6)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::TIME(6)`},
		{`SELECT '0'::INTERVAL`},

		{`SELECT 'foo'::GEOGRAPHY`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::GEOGRAPHY(POINT,4326)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::GEOGRAPHY(POINT)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::GEOMETRY`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::GEOMETRY(POINT)`},
		{`SELECT 'foo'::GEOMETRY(POINT,4326)`},

		{`SELECT '192.168.0.1'::INET`},
		{`SELECT '192.168.0.1':::INET`},
		{`SELECT INET '192.168.0.1'`},

		{`SELECT 1:::REGTYPE`},
		{`SELECT 1:::REGPROC`},
		{`SELECT 1:::REGPROCEDURE`},
		{`SELECT 1:::REGCLASS`},
		{`SELECT 1:::REGNAMESPACE`},

		{`SELECT 'a' AS "12345"`},
		{`SELECT 'a' AS clnm`},
		{`SELECT 'a' AS primary`},
		{`SELECT 'a' AS like`},

		{`SELECT 0xf0 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT 0xF0 FROM t`},

		// Test various cases of qualified and not statically known types.
		{`SELECT 1::notatype`},
		{`SELECT 1::schem.typ`},
		{`SELECT 1::int4.typ`},
		{`SELECT 1::db.schem.typ`},
		{`SELECT 1::db.int4.typ[]`},
		{`CREATE TABLE t (x special.type)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE t (x int4.type)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE t (x notatype)`},
		{`SELECT 1 IS OF (my.type, int4.type)`},
		{`SELECT my.type ''`},
		{`SELECT int4.type ''`},
		{`SELECT foo ''`},
		{`SELECT CAST(1.2 + 2.3 AS notatype)`},
		{`SELECT ANNOTATE_TYPE(1.2 + 2.3, notatype)`},
		{`SELECT 'f'::blah`},

		// Escaping may change since the scanning process loses information
		// (you can write e'\'' or ''''), but these are the idempotent cases.
		// Generally, anything that needs to escape plus \ and ' leads to an
		// escaped string.
		{`SELECT e'a\'a' FROM t`},
		{`SELECT e'a\\\\na' FROM t`},
		{`SELECT e'\\\\n' FROM t`},
		{`SELECT "a""a" FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM "t\n"`},  // no escaping in sql identifiers
		{`SELECT a FROM "t"""`},  // no escaping in sql identifiers
		{`SELECT "full" FROM t`}, // must quote column name keyword

		{`SELECT "FROM" FROM t`},
		{`SELECT CAST(1 AS STRING)`},
		{`SELECT ANNOTATE_TYPE(1, STRING)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t AS bar`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t AS bar (bar1)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t AS bar (bar1, bar2, bar3)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WITH ORDINALITY`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WITH ORDINALITY AS bar`},
		{`SELECT a FROM (SELECT 1 FROM t)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM (SELECT 1 FROM t) AS bar`},
		{`SELECT a FROM (SELECT 1 FROM t) AS bar (bar1)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM (SELECT 1 FROM t) AS bar (bar1, bar2, bar3)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM (SELECT 1 FROM t) WITH ORDINALITY`},
		{`SELECT a FROM (SELECT 1 FROM t) WITH ORDINALITY AS bar`},
		{`SELECT a FROM ROWS FROM (a(x), b(y), c(z))`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1, t2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE a = b)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1, LATERAL ROWS FROM (generate_series(1, t1.x))`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t AS t1`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t AS t1 (c1)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t AS t1 (c1, c2, c3, c4)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM s.t`},

		{`SELECT count(DISTINCT a) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT count(ALL a) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE NOT (a = b)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE NOT true`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE NOT false`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IN (b,)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IN (b, c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM t)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOT IN (b, c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = ANY (ARRAY[b, c])`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = ANY ARRAY[b, c]`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a != SOME (ARRAY[b, c])`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a != SOME ARRAY[b, c]`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = ANY (SELECT 1)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a LIKE ALL (ARRAY[b, c])`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a LIKE ALL ARRAY[b, c]`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a LIKE b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOT LIKE b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a ILIKE b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOT ILIKE b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a SIMILAR TO b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOT SIMILAR TO b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a ~ b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a !~ b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a ~* c`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a !~* c`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a BETWEEN b AND c`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a BETWEEN SYMMETRIC b AND c`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOT BETWEEN b AND c`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC b AND c`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE (a, b) IS NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE (a, b) IS NOT NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS true`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT true`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS false`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT false`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS OF (INT8)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT OF (FLOAT8, STRING)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS DISTINCT FROM b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE (a, b) IS NOT DISTINCT FROM NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE (a, b) IS DISTINCT FROM NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a < b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a <= b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a >= b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a != b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (SELECT a FROM t)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE CASE WHEN a = b THEN c END`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE CASE WHEN a = b THEN c ELSE d END`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE CASE WHEN a = b THEN c WHEN b = d THEN d ELSE d END`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE CASE aa WHEN a = b THEN c END`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b()`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b(c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b(c, d)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = count(*)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = IF(b, c, d)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = IFERROR(b, c, d)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = IFERROR(b, c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = ISERROR(b)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = ISERROR(b, c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = IFNULL(b, c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = NULLIF(b, c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = COALESCE(a, b, c, d, e)`},
		{`SELECT (a.b) FROM t WHERE (b.c) = 2`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a ASC`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a DESC`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY t ASC`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY t DESC`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY INDEX t@foo`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY INDEX t@foo ASC`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY INDEX t@foo DESC`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY INDEX t@primary`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY INDEX t@like`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a NULLS FIRST`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a ASC NULLS FIRST`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a DESC NULLS LAST`},

		{`SELECT 1 FROM t GROUP BY a`},
		{`SELECT 1 FROM t GROUP BY a, b`},
		{`SELECT sum(x ORDER BY y) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT sum(x ORDER BY y, z) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t HAVING a = b`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS ()`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS (w2)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY b)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY b, 1 + 2)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY c, 1 + 2)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c)`},

		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER w FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER () FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ORDER BY c) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ORDER BY c ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (RANGE BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ORDER BY c RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (GROUPS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w GROUPS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b GROUPS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ORDER BY c GROUPS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c GROUPS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (w PARTITION BY b ORDER BY c GROUPS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING EXCLUDE GROUP) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING EXCLUDE TIES) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT percentile_disc(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT percentile_disc(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c DESC) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT percentile_cont(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT percentile_disc(ARRAY[0.95, 0.90]) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c) FROM t`},
		{`SELECT percentile_cont(ARRAY[0.95, 0.90]) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY c) FROM t`},

		{`SELECT avg(1) FILTER (WHERE a > b)`},
		{`SELECT avg(1) FILTER (WHERE a > b) OVER (ORDER BY c)`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t UNION SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t UNION SELECT 1 FROM t UNION SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t UNION ALL SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t EXCEPT SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t EXCEPT ALL SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t INTERSECT SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t INTERSECT ALL SELECT 1 FROM t`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 JOIN t2 USING (a)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 INNER MERGE JOIN t2 USING (a)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 LEFT LOOKUP JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 RIGHT JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 INNER JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 INNER HASH JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 CROSS JOIN t2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 CROSS LOOKUP JOIN t2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 NATURAL JOIN t2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 NATURAL INNER MERGE JOIN t2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 INNER JOIN t2 USING (a)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 FULL JOIN t2 USING (a)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 FULL MERGE JOIN t2 USING (a)`},
		{`SELECT * FROM (t1 WITH ORDINALITY AS o1 CROSS JOIN t2 WITH ORDINALITY AS o2) WITH ORDINALITY AS o3`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t1 AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1, t2 AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 AS OF SYSTEM TIME -('a' || 'b')::INTERVAL`},

		{`SELECT * FROM t LIMIT ALL`},
		{`SELECT EXISTS ((((TABLE error FOR KEY SHARE)) LIMIT ALL FOR KEY SHARE)) AS is FROM ident`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT a`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t OFFSET b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT a OFFSET b`},
		{`SELECT DISTINCT * FROM t`},
		{`SELECT DISTINCT a, b FROM t`},
		{`SELECT DISTINCT ON (a, b) c FROM t`},

		{`SET a = 3`},
		{`EXPLAIN SET a = 3`},
		{`SET a = 3, 4`},
		{`SET a = '3'`},
		{`SET a = 3.0`},
		{`SET a = $1`},
		{`SET a = off`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION READ WRITE`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION PRIORITY LOW`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION PRIORITY NORMAL`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION PRIORITY HIGH`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY HIGH`},

		{`SET TRACING = off`},
		{`EXPLAIN SET TRACING = off`},
		{`SET TRACING = 'cluster', 'kv'`},

		{`SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE`},

		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = 3`},
		{`EXPLAIN SET CLUSTER SETTING a = 3`},
		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = '3s'`},
		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = '3'`},
		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = 3.0`},
		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = $1`},
		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = off`},

		{`SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 2)) AS foo`},
		{`SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 2)) AS foo (a, b)`},

		{`SELECT * FROM [123 AS t]`},
		{`SELECT * FROM [123(1, 2, 3) AS t]`},
		{`SELECT * FROM [123() AS t]`},
		{`SELECT * FROM t@[123]`},
		{`SELECT * FROM [123 AS t]@[456]`},

		{`INSERT INTO [123 AS t] VALUES (1)`},
		{`INSERT INTO [123(1, 2) AS t] VALUES (1, 2)`},
		{`INSERT INTO [123 AS t](col1, col2) VALUES (1, 2)`},
		{`UPSERT INTO [123 AS t] VALUES (1)`},
		{`UPDATE [123 AS t] SET b = 3`},
		{`UPDATE [123 AS t]@idx SET b = 3`},
		{`DELETE FROM [123 AS t]`},
		{`DELETE FROM [123 AS t]@idx`},

		{`SELECT (1 + 2).*`},
		{`SELECT (1 + 2).@1`},
		{`SELECT (1 + 2).col`},
		{`SELECT (abc.def).col`},
		{`SELECT (i.keys).col`},
		{`SELECT (i.keys).*`},
		{`SELECT (i.keys).@1`},
		{`SELECT (ARRAY['a', 'b', 'c']).name`},

		{`SELECT 1 FOR UPDATE`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR NO KEY UPDATE`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR SHARE`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR KEY SHARE`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR UPDATE OF a`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR NO KEY UPDATE OF a, b`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR NO KEY UPDATE OF a, b NOWAIT`},
		{`SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1 FOR UPDATE`},
		{`SELECT 1 LIMIT 1 FOR UPDATE`},
		{`SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1 FOR UPDATE`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR UPDATE FOR UPDATE`},
		{`SELECT 1 FOR SHARE OF a FOR KEY SHARE SKIP LOCKED`},

		{`TABLE a`}, // Shorthand for: SELECT * FROM a; used e.g. in CREATE VIEW v AS TABLE t
		{`EXPLAIN TABLE a`},
		{`TABLE [123 AS a]`},

		{`TRUNCATE TABLE a`},
		{`EXPLAIN TRUNCATE TABLE a`},
		{`TRUNCATE TABLE a, b.c`},
		{`TRUNCATE TABLE a CASCADE`},

		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3`},
		{`EXPLAIN UPDATE a SET b = 3`},
		{`UPDATE a.b SET b = 3`},
		{`UPDATE a.b@c SET b = 3`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3, c = DEFAULT`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3, c = DEFAULT FROM b`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3, c = DEFAULT FROM a AS other`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3, c = DEFAULT FROM a AS other, b`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 + 4`},
		{`UPDATE a SET (b, c) = (3, DEFAULT)`},
		{`UPDATE a SET (b, c) = (SELECT 3, 4)`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b LIMIT c`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b ORDER BY c`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b ORDER BY c LIMIT d`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b RETURNING a`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b RETURNING 1, 2`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b RETURNING a, a + b`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b RETURNING NOTHING`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 WHERE a = b ORDER BY c LIMIT d RETURNING e`},
		{`UPDATE a SET b = 3 FROM other WHERE a = b ORDER BY c LIMIT d RETURNING e`},

		{`UPDATE t AS "0" SET k = ''`},                 // "0" lost its quotes
		{`SELECT * FROM "0" JOIN "0" USING (id, "0")`}, // last "0" lost its quotes.

		{`ALTER DATABASE a RENAME TO b`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER DATABASE a RENAME TO b`},

		{`ALTER INDEX b RENAME TO b`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER INDEX b RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER INDEX a@b RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER INDEX a@primary RENAME TO like`},
		{`ALTER INDEX IF EXISTS b RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER INDEX IF EXISTS a@b RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER INDEX IF EXISTS a@primary RENAME TO like`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a RENAME TO b`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE a RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a RENAME COLUMN c1 TO c2`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a RENAME COLUMN c1 TO c2`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a RENAME CONSTRAINT c1 TO c2`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a RENAME CONSTRAINT c1 TO c2`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a RENAME CONSTRAINT c TO d, RENAME COLUMN e TO f`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a ADD COLUMN b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a) NOT VALID`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a ADD COLUMN b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS b INT8, ADD CONSTRAINT a_idx UNIQUE (a)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8 FAMILY fam_a`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8 CREATE FAMILY`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8 CREATE FAMILY fam_b`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8 CREATE IF NOT EXISTS FAMILY fam_b`},

		{`ALTER TABLE t ALTER PRIMARY KEY USING COLUMNS (a, b, c)`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a DROP COLUMN b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a DROP COLUMN b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS a DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS b, DROP CONSTRAINT a_idx`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN b CASCADE`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN b RESTRICT`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP CONSTRAINT b CASCADE`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP CONSTRAINT IF EXISTS b RESTRICT`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a VALIDATE CONSTRAINT a`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD PRIMARY KEY (x, y, z)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD PRIMARY KEY (x, y, z) USING HASH WITH BUCKET_COUNT = 10 INTERLEAVE IN PARENT b (x, y)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (x, y, z)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (x, y, z) USING HASH WITH BUCKET_COUNT = 10 INTERLEAVE IN PARENT b (x, y)`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b SET DEFAULT 42`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b SET DEFAULT NULL`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b DROP DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b DROP NOT NULL`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b DROP STORED`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE INT8`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE STRING COLLATE en USING b::STRING`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE DECIMAL(10)[]`},

		{`COPY t FROM STDIN`},
		{`COPY t (a, b, c) FROM STDIN`},
		{`COPY crdb_internal.file_upload FROM STDIN WITH destination = 'filename'`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT SELECT * FROM t`},
		{`ALTER TABLE d.a SPLIT AT VALUES ('b', 2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX a@i SPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.a@i SPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i SPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.i SPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX "primary" SPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX public.public."primary" SPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION '1 day'`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION '1 day':::INTERVAL`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION '7258118400000000.0'`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION '2200-01-01 00:00:00.0'`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION TIMESTAMP '2200-01-01 00:00:00.0'`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION '2200-01-01 00:00:00.0':::TIMESTAMP`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SPLIT AT VALUES (1) WITH EXPIRATION TIMESTAMPTZ '2200-01-01 00:00:00.0'`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a UNSPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE a UNSPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a UNSPLIT AT SELECT * FROM t`},
		{`ALTER TABLE d.a UNSPLIT AT VALUES ('b', 2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX a@i UNSPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.a@i UNSPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i UNSPLIT AT VALUES (1)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.i UNSPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX "primary" UNSPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX public.public."primary" UNSPLIT AT VALUES (2)`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE VALUES (ARRAY[1], 1)`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE TABLE b`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE SELECT * FROM t`},
		{`ALTER TABLE d.a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE VALUES (ARRAY[1, 2, 3], 'b', 2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.i EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE VALUES (ARRAY[1], 2)`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE LEASE VALUES (1, 1)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE LEASE SELECT * FROM t`},
		{`ALTER TABLE d.a EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE LEASE VALUES (1, 'b', 2)`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.i EXPERIMENTAL_RELOCATE LEASE VALUES (1, 2)`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a SCATTER`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE a SCATTER`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a SCATTER FROM (1, 2, 3) TO (4, 5, 6)`},
		{`ALTER TABLE d.a SCATTER`},
		{`ALTER INDEX d.i SCATTER FROM (1) TO (2)`},

		{`ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`ALTER RANGE meta CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`ALTER INDEX db.t@i CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`ALTER INDEX t@i CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF INDEX db.t@idx CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER PARTITION p OF INDEX db.t@idx CONFIGURE ZONE = 'foo'`},

		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE = b'foo'`},
		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE = a || b`},

		{`ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER RANGE meta CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX db.t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = COPY FROM PARENT`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, baz = COPY FROM PARENT`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = COPY FROM PARENT, baz = COPY FROM PARENT`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = bar, other = COPY FROM PARENT, baz = yay`},

		{`ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER RANGE meta CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER INDEX db.t@i CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER INDEX t@i CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},

		{`ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER RANGE meta CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER INDEX db.t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER INDEX t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING DEFAULT`},

		{`ALTER TABLE t EXPERIMENTAL_AUDIT SET READ WRITE`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER TABLE t EXPERIMENTAL_AUDIT SET READ WRITE`},
		{`ALTER TABLE t EXPERIMENTAL_AUDIT SET OFF`},

		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ADD VALUE 'hi'`},
		{`ALTER TYPE s.t ADD VALUE 'hi' BEFORE 'hello'`},
		{`ALTER TYPE t ADD VALUE 'hi' AFTER 'howdy'`},
		{`ALTER TYPE s.t ADD VALUE IF NOT EXISTS 'hi' BEFORE 'hello'`},
		{`ALTER TYPE t RENAME VALUE 'value1' TO 'value2'`},
		{`ALTER TYPE t RENAME TO t2`},
		{`ALTER TYPE t SET SCHEMA newschema`},

		{`COMMENT ON COLUMN a.b IS 'a'`},
		{`COMMENT ON COLUMN a.b IS NULL`},
		{`COMMENT ON COLUMN a.b.c IS 'a'`},
		{`COMMENT ON COLUMN a.b.c.d IS 'a'`},
		{`COMMENT ON DATABASE foo IS 'a'`},
		{`COMMENT ON DATABASE foo IS NULL`},
		{`COMMENT ON INDEX foo IS 'a'`},
		{`COMMENT ON INDEX foo IS NULL`},
		{`COMMENT ON TABLE foo IS 'a'`},
		{`COMMENT ON TABLE foo IS NULL`},

		{`ALTER SEQUENCE a RENAME TO b`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER SEQUENCE a RENAME TO b`},
		{`ALTER SEQUENCE IF EXISTS a RENAME TO b`},

		{`ALTER SEQUENCE a INCREMENT BY 5 START WITH 1000`},
		{`EXPLAIN ALTER SEQUENCE a INCREMENT BY 5 START WITH 1000`},
		{`ALTER SEQUENCE IF EXISTS a INCREMENT BY 5 START WITH 1000`},
		{`ALTER SEQUENCE IF EXISTS a NO CYCLE CACHE 1`},
		{`ALTER SEQUENCE a OWNED BY b`},
		{`ALTER SEQUENCE a OWNED BY NONE`},

		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB DATABASE x`},
		{`EXPLAIN EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB DATABASE x`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB DATABASE x AS OF SYSTEM TIME 1`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x`},
		{`EXPLAIN EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x AS OF SYSTEM TIME 1`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x AS OF SYSTEM TIME 1 WITH OPTIONS INDEX ALL`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x WITH OPTIONS INDEX (index_name)`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x WITH OPTIONS PHYSICAL`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x WITH OPTIONS CONSTRAINT ALL`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x WITH OPTIONS CONSTRAINT (cst_name)`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x WITH OPTIONS PHYSICAL, INDEX (index_name), CONSTRAINT (cst_name)`},
		{`EXPERIMENTAL SCRUB TABLE x WITH OPTIONS PHYSICAL, INDEX ALL, CONSTRAINT ALL`},

		{`BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar'`},
		{`EXPLAIN BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP TABLE foo.foo, baz.baz TO 'bar'`},

		{`SHOW BACKUP 'bar'`},
		{`SHOW BACKUP 'bar' WITH foo = 'bar'`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW BACKUP 'bar'`},
		{`SHOW BACKUP RANGES 'bar'`},
		{`SHOW BACKUP FILES 'bar'`},
		{`SHOW BACKUP FILES 'bar' WITH foo = 'bar'`},

		{`BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1' INCREMENTAL FROM 'baz'`},
		{`BACKUP TABLE foo TO $1 INCREMENTAL FROM 'bar', $2, 'baz'`},

		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO 'bar'`},
		{`EXPLAIN BACKUP DATABASE foo TO 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo, baz TO 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1' INCREMENTAL FROM 'baz'`},

		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO ($1, $2)`},
		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO ($1, $2) INCREMENTAL FROM 'baz'`},

		{`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM 'bar'`},
		{`EXPLAIN RESTORE TABLE foo FROM 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM $1`},
		{`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM $1, $2, 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE TABLE foo, baz FROM 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE TABLE foo, baz FROM 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1'`},

		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM 'bar'`},
		{`EXPLAIN RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo, baz FROM 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo, baz FROM 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1'`},

		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1, $2)`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1, $2), $3`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM $1, ($2, $3)`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1, $2), ($3, $4)`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1, $2), ($3, $4) AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1'`},

		{`BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar' WITH key1, key2 = 'value'`},
		{`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM 'bar' WITH key1, key2 = 'value'`},

		{`IMPORT TABLE foo CREATE USING 'nodelocal://0/some/file' CSV DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1) WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},
		{`EXPLAIN IMPORT TABLE foo CREATE USING 'nodelocal://0/some/file' CSV DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1) WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},
		{`IMPORT TABLE foo CREATE USING 'nodelocal://0/some/file' DELIMITED DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1)`},
		{`IMPORT TABLE foo (id INT8 PRIMARY KEY, email STRING, age INT8) CSV DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1) WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},
		{`IMPORT TABLE foo (id INT8, email STRING, age INT8) CSV DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1) WITH comma = ',', "nullif" = 'n/a', temp = $2`},
		{`IMPORT TABLE foo FROM PGDUMPCREATE 'nodelocal://0/foo/bar' WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},
		{`IMPORT INTO foo(id, email) CSV DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1) WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},
		{`IMPORT INTO foo CSV DATA ('path/to/some/file', $1) WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},

		{`IMPORT PGDUMP 'nodelocal://0/foo/bar' WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},
		{`EXPLAIN IMPORT PGDUMP 'nodelocal://0/foo/bar' WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`},

		{`EXPORT INTO CSV 'a' FROM TABLE a`}, // TODO(knz): Make this explainable.
		{`EXPORT INTO CSV 'a' FROM SELECT * FROM a`},
		{`EXPORT INTO CSV 's3://my/path/%part%.csv' WITH delimiter = '|' FROM TABLE a`},
		{`EXPORT INTO CSV 's3://my/path/%part%.csv' WITH delimiter = '|' FROM SELECT a, sum(b) FROM c WHERE d = 1 ORDER BY sum(b) DESC LIMIT 10`},

		{`SET ROW (1, true, NULL)`},

		{`EXPERIMENTAL CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo`},
		{`EXPLAIN CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo INTO 'sink'`},
		{`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo, db.bar, schema.db.foo INTO 'sink'`},
		{`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo INTO 'sink'`},
		// TODO(dan): Implement.
		// {`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo VALUES FROM (1) TO (2) INTO 'sink'`},
		// {`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo PARTITION bar, baz INTO 'sink'`},
		// {`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR DATABASE foo INTO 'sink'`},
		{`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo INTO 'sink' WITH bar = 'baz'`},

		// Regression for #15926
		{`SELECT * FROM ((t1 NATURAL JOIN t2 WITH ORDINALITY AS o1)) WITH ORDINALITY AS o2`},

		{`WITH cte AS (SELECT 1) SELECT * FROM cte`},
		{`WITH cte (x) AS (INSERT INTO abc VALUES (1, 2)), cte2 (y) AS (SELECT x + 1 FROM cte) SELECT * FROM cte, cte2`},
		{`WITH RECURSIVE cte (x) AS (SELECT 1), cte2 (y) AS (SELECT x + 1 FROM cte) SELECT 1`},
		{`WITH cte AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT 1) SELECT * FROM cte`},
		{`WITH RECURSIVE cte AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT 1) SELECT * FROM cte`},
		{`WITH cte AS NOT MATERIALIZED (SELECT 1) SELECT * FROM cte`},
		{`WITH cte (x) AS MATERIALIZED (INSERT INTO abc VALUES (1, 2)), cte2 (y) AS NOT MATERIALIZED (SELECT x + 1 FROM cte) SELECT * FROM cte, cte2`},
		{`WITH RECURSIVE cte (x) AS MATERIALIZED (INSERT INTO abc VALUES (1, 2)), cte2 (y) AS NOT MATERIALIZED (SELECT x + 1 FROM cte) SELECT * FROM cte, cte2`},
	}
	var p parser.Parser // Verify that the same parser can be reused.
	for _, d := range testData {
		stmts, err := p.Parse(d.sql)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("%s: expected success, but found %s", d.sql, err)
		}
		s := stmts.String()
		if d.sql != s {
			t.Errorf("expected \n%q\n, but found \n%q", d.sql, s)
		}
		sqlutils.VerifyStatementPrettyRoundtrip(t, d.sql)
	}
}

// TestParse2 verifies that we can parse the supplied SQL and regenerate the
// expected SQL string from the syntax tree. Note that if the input and output
// SQL strings are the same, the test case should go in TestParse instead.
func TestParse2(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		sql      string
		expected string
	}{
		{`CREATE DATABASE a WITH ENCODING = 'foo'`,
			`CREATE DATABASE a ENCODING = 'foo'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = template0`,
			`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = 'template0'`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = invalid`,
			`CREATE DATABASE a TEMPLATE = 'invalid'`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT) WITH (fillfactor=100)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT, UNIQUE INDEX foo (b))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, CONSTRAINT foo UNIQUE (b))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT, UNIQUE INDEX foo (b) WHERE c > 3)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, CONSTRAINT foo UNIQUE (b) WHERE c > 3)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT, UNIQUE INDEX foo (b) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT c (d))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, CONSTRAINT foo UNIQUE (b) INTERLEAVE IN PARENT c (d))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (UNIQUE INDEX (b) PARTITION BY LIST (c) (PARTITION d VALUES IN (1)))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (UNIQUE (b) PARTITION BY LIST (c) (PARTITION d VALUES IN (1)))`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) COVERING (c)`, `CREATE INDEX ON a (b) STORING (c)`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) INCLUDE (c)`, `CREATE INDEX ON a (b) STORING (c)`},

		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b USING GIN (c)`,
			`CREATE INVERTED INDEX a ON b (c)`},
		{`CREATE UNIQUE INDEX a ON b USING GIN (c)`,
			`CREATE UNIQUE INVERTED INDEX a ON b (c)`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (b BIGSERIAL, c SMALLSERIAL, d SERIAL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b SERIAL8, c SERIAL2, d SERIAL8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b BIGINT, c SMALLINT, d INTEGER, e INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT2, d INT8, e INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b FLOAT, c FLOAT(10), d FLOAT(40), e REAL, f DOUBLE PRECISION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b FLOAT8, c FLOAT4, d FLOAT8, e FLOAT4, f FLOAT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b NUMERIC, c NUMERIC(10), d DEC)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b DECIMAL, c DECIMAL(10), d DECIMAL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b BOOLEAN)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b BOOL)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b TEXT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b STRING)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b JSON)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b JSONB)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b TIMESTAMPTZ)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b BYTES, c BYTEA, d BLOB)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b BYTES, c BYTES, d BYTES)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b CHAR(1), c CHARACTER(1), d CHARACTER(3))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b CHAR, c CHAR, d CHAR(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b CHAR VARYING, c CHARACTER VARYING(3))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b VARCHAR, c VARCHAR(3))`},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b BIT VARYING(2), c BIT(1))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b VARBIT(2), c BIT)`},

		{`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`,
			`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS AS OF SYSTEM TIME '2016-01-01'`},

		{`SELECT TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE 'foo'`, `SELECT TIMESTAMP 'foo'`},
		{`SELECT CAST('foo' AS TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE)`, `SELECT CAST('foo' AS TIMESTAMP)`},
		{`SELECT CAST(1 AS "timestamp")`, `SELECT CAST(1 AS TIMESTAMP)`},
		{`SELECT CAST(1 AS _int8)`, `SELECT CAST(1 AS INT8[])`},
		{`SELECT CAST(1 AS "_int8")`, `SELECT CAST(1 AS INT8[])`},
		{`SELECT SERIAL8 'foo', 'foo'::SERIAL8`, `SELECT INT8 'foo', 'foo'::INT8`},

		{`SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMP(3)`, `SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMP(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMP(3) WITHOUT TIME ZONE`, `SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMP(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMPTZ(3)`, `SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMPTZ(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMP(3) WITH TIME ZONE`, `SELECT 'a'::TIMESTAMPTZ(3)`},
		{`SELECT TIMESTAMP(3) 'a'`, `SELECT TIMESTAMP(3) 'a'`},
		{`SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ(3) 'a'`, `SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ(3) 'a'`},

		{`SELECT 'a'::TIME(3)`, `SELECT 'a'::TIME(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'a'::TIME(3) WITHOUT TIME ZONE`, `SELECT 'a'::TIME(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'a'::TIMETZ(3)`, `SELECT 'a'::TIMETZ(3)`},
		{`SELECT 'a'::TIME(3) WITH TIME ZONE`, `SELECT 'a'::TIMETZ(3)`},
		{`SELECT TIME(3) 'a'`, `SELECT TIME(3) 'a'`},
		{`SELECT TIMETZ(3) 'a'`, `SELECT TIMETZ(3) 'a'`},

		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{FORCE_INDEX=bar}`, `SELECT 'a' FROM t@bar`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{ASC,FORCE_INDEX=idx}`, `SELECT 'a' FROM t@{FORCE_INDEX=idx,ASC}`},

		{`SELECT 'a' FROM t@{FORCE_INDEX=[123]}`, `SELECT 'a' FROM t@[123]`},
		{`SELECT 'a' FROM [123 AS t]@{FORCE_INDEX=[456]}`, `SELECT 'a' FROM [123 AS t]@[456]`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a ISNULL`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a NOTNULL`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS UNKNOWN`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM NULL`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS NOT UNKNOWN`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a IS DISTINCT FROM NULL`},

		{`SELECT +1`, `SELECT 1`},
		{`SELECT - - 5`, `SELECT 5`},
		{`SELECT - + 5`, `SELECT -5`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE b = - 2`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE b = -2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b AND a = c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE (a = b) AND (a = c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b OR a = c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE (a = b) OR (a = c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE NOT a = b`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE NOT (a = b)`},

		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b & c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b & c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b | c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b | c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b # c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b # c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b ^ c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b ^ c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b + c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b + c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b - c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b - c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b * c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b * c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b / c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b / c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b % c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b % c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b || c`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (b || c)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = + b`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = - b`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (-b)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = ~ b`, `SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = (~b)`},

		{`SELECT b <<= c`, `SELECT inet_contained_by_or_equals(b, c)`},
		{`SELECT b >>= c`, `SELECT inet_contains_or_equals(b, c)`},

		{`SELECT NUMERIC 'foo'`, `SELECT DECIMAL 'foo'`},
		{`SELECT REAL 'foo'`, `SELECT FLOAT4 'foo'`},
		{`SELECT DOUBLE PRECISION 'foo'`, `SELECT FLOAT8 'foo'`},

		// Escaped string literals are not always escaped the same because
		// '''' and e'\'' scan to the same token. It's more convenient to
		// prefer escaping ' and \, so we do that.
		{`SELECT 'a''a'`,
			`SELECT e'a\'a'`},
		{`SELECT 'a\a'`,
			`SELECT e'a\\a'`},
		{`SELECT 'a\n'`,
			`SELECT e'a\\n'`},
		{"SELECT '\n'",
			`SELECT e'\n'`},
		{"SELECT '\n\\'",
			`SELECT e'\n\\'`},
		{`SELECT "a'a" FROM t`,
			`SELECT "a'a" FROM t`},
		// Hexadecimal literal strings are turned into regular strings.
		{`SELECT x'61'`, `SELECT b'a'`},
		{`SELECT X'61'`, `SELECT b'a'`},
		// Comments are stripped.
		{`SELECT 1 FROM t -- hello world`,
			`SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT /* hello world */ 1 FROM t`,
			`SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT /* hello */ 1 FROM /* world */ t`,
			`SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		// Alias expressions are always output using AS.
		{`SELECT 1 FROM t t1`,
			`SELECT 1 FROM t AS t1`},
		{`SELECT 1 FROM t t1 (c1, c2)`,
			`SELECT 1 FROM t AS t1 (c1, c2)`},
		// Alternate not-equal operator.
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a <> b`,
			`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a != b`},
		// BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC is noise for BETWEEN.
		{`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC b AND c`,
			`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a BETWEEN b AND c`},
		// OUTER is syntactic sugar.
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON a = b`,
			`SELECT a FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN t2 ON a = b`,
			`SELECT a FROM t1 RIGHT JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 RIGHT OUTER MERGE JOIN t2 ON a = b`,
			`SELECT a FROM t1 RIGHT MERGE JOIN t2 ON a = b`},
		// Some functions are nearly keywords.
		{`SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA`,
			`SELECT current_schema()`},
		{`SELECT CURRENT_CATALOG`,
			`SELECT current_database()`},
		{`SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`,
			`SELECT current_timestamp()`},
		{`SELECT current_timestamp(6)`,
			`SELECT current_timestamp(6)`},
		{`SELECT CURRENT_TIME`,
			`SELECT current_time()`},
		{`SELECT current_time(6)`,
			`SELECT current_time(6)`},
		{`SELECT CURRENT_DATE`,
			`SELECT current_date()`},
		{`SELECT POSITION(a IN b)`,
			`SELECT strpos(b, a)`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(BOTH a FROM b)`,
			`SELECT btrim(b, a)`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(LEADING a FROM b)`,
			`SELECT ltrim(b, a)`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(TRAILING a FROM b)`,
			`SELECT rtrim(b, a)`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(a, b)`,
			`SELECT btrim(a, b)`},
		{`SELECT CURRENT_USER`,
			`SELECT current_user()`},
		{`SELECT CURRENT_ROLE`,
			`SELECT current_user()`},
		{`SELECT SESSION_USER`,
			`SELECT current_user()`},
		{`SELECT USER`,
			`SELECT current_user()`},
		// Offset has an optional ROW/ROWS keyword.
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 OFFSET a ROW`,
			`SELECT a FROM t1 OFFSET a`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t1 OFFSET a ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t1 OFFSET a`},
		// We allow OFFSET before LIMIT, but always output LIMIT first.
		{`SELECT a FROM t OFFSET a LIMIT b`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT b OFFSET a`},
		// FETCH FIRST ... is alternative syntax for LIMIT.
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST 3 ROWS ONLY`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT 3`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH NEXT 3 ROWS ONLY`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT 3`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST ROW ONLY`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT 1`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST (2 * a) ROWS ONLY`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT (2 * a)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t OFFSET b FETCH FIRST (2 * a) ROWS ONLY`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT (2 * a) OFFSET b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST (2 * a) ROWS ONLY OFFSET b ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT (2 * a) OFFSET b`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST $1 ROWS ONLY OFFSET $2 ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT $1 OFFSET $2`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST +3 ROWS ONLY OFFSET +3 ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST -3 ROWS ONLY OFFSET -3 ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT -3 OFFSET -3`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST +3.0 ROWS ONLY OFFSET +3.0 ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT 3.0 OFFSET 3.0`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t FETCH FIRST -3.0 ROWS ONLY OFFSET -3.0 ROWS`,
			`SELECT a FROM t LIMIT -3.0 OFFSET -3.0`},
		// Double negation. See #1800.
		{`SELECT *,-/* comment */-5`,
			`SELECT *, 5`},
		{"SELECT -\n-5",
			`SELECT 5`},
		{`SELECT -0.-/*test*/-1`,
			`SELECT -0. - -1`,
		},
		// See #1948.
		{`SELECT~~+~++~bd(*)`,
			`SELECT ~(~(~(~bd(*))))`},
		// See #1957.
		{`SELECT+y[array[]]`,
			`SELECT y[ARRAY[]]`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t UNION DISTINCT SELECT 1 FROM t`,
			`SELECT a FROM t UNION SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t EXCEPT DISTINCT SELECT 1 FROM t`,
			`SELECT a FROM t EXCEPT SELECT 1 FROM t`},
		{`SELECT a FROM t INTERSECT DISTINCT SELECT 1 FROM t`,
			`SELECT a FROM t INTERSECT SELECT 1 FROM t`},

		{`SELECT a #- '{x}'`, `SELECT json_remove_path(a, '{x}')`},

		{`SELECT 'a' LIKE '\a' ESCAPE '\'`, `SELECT like_escape('a', e'\\a', e'\\')`},
		{`SELECT '\abc\' LIKE '-\___-\' ESCAPE '-'`, `SELECT like_escape(e'\\abc\\', e'-\\___-\\', '-')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' LIKE '\a' ESCAPE ''`, `SELECT like_escape('a', e'\\a', '')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' NOT LIKE '\a' ESCAPE '\'`, `SELECT not_like_escape('a', e'\\a', e'\\')`},
		{`SELECT '\abc\' NOT LIKE '-\___-\' ESCAPE '-'`, `SELECT not_like_escape(e'\\abc\\', e'-\\___-\\', '-')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' NOT LIKE '\a' ESCAPE ''`, `SELECT not_like_escape('a', e'\\a', '')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' ILIKE '\a' ESCAPE '\'`, `SELECT ilike_escape('a', e'\\a', e'\\')`},
		{`SELECT '\abc\' ILIKE '-\___-\' ESCAPE '-'`, `SELECT ilike_escape(e'\\abc\\', e'-\\___-\\', '-')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' ILIKE '\a' ESCAPE ''`, `SELECT ilike_escape('a', e'\\a', '')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' NOT ILIKE '\a' ESCAPE '\'`, `SELECT not_ilike_escape('a', e'\\a', e'\\')`},
		{`SELECT '\abc\' NOT ILIKE '-\___-\' ESCAPE '-'`, `SELECT not_ilike_escape(e'\\abc\\', e'-\\___-\\', '-')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' NOT ILIKE '\a' ESCAPE ''`, `SELECT not_ilike_escape('a', e'\\a', '')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' SIMILAR TO '\a' ESCAPE '\'`, `SELECT similar_to_escape('a', e'\\a', e'\\')`},
		{`SELECT '\abc\' SIMILAR TO '-\___-\' ESCAPE '-'`, `SELECT similar_to_escape(e'\\abc\\', e'-\\___-\\', '-')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' SIMILAR TO '\a' ESCAPE ''`, `SELECT similar_to_escape('a', e'\\a', '')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' NOT SIMILAR TO '\a' ESCAPE '\'`, `SELECT not_similar_to_escape('a', e'\\a', e'\\')`},
		{`SELECT '\abc\' NOT SIMILAR TO '-\___-\' ESCAPE '-'`, `SELECT not_similar_to_escape(e'\\abc\\', e'-\\___-\\', '-')`},
		{`SELECT 'a' NOT SIMILAR TO '\a' ESCAPE ''`, `SELECT not_similar_to_escape('a', e'\\a', '')`},

		// using dollar-quotes
		{`SELECT $$a'a$$`, `SELECT e'a\'a'`},
		{`SELECT $$a\\na$$`, `SELECT e'a\\\\na'`},
		{`SELECT $select$\\n$select$`, `SELECT e'\\\\n'`},
		{`SELECT $$a"a$$`, `SELECT 'a"a'`},
		{`SELECT $$full$$`, `SELECT 'full'`}, // must quote column name keyword
		{`SELECT $select$full$select$`, `SELECT 'full'`},
		{`SELECT $select$a$$b$select$`, `SELECT 'a$$b'`},
		{`SELECT $$Dianne's horse$$`, `SELECT e'Dianne\'s horse'`},
		{`SELECT $SomeTag$Dianne's horse$SomeTag$`, `SELECT e'Dianne\'s horse'`},
		{`SELECT $function$
BEGIN
RETURN ($1 ~ $q$[\t\r\n\v\\]$q$);
END;
$function$`,
			`SELECT e'\nBEGIN\nRETURN ($1 ~ $q$[\\t\\r\\n\\v\\\\]$q$);\nEND;\n'`},

		{`SELECT (ARRAY (1, 2))[1]`, `SELECT (ARRAY[1, 2])[1]`},

		// Interval constructor gets eagerly processed.
		{`SELECT INTERVAL '0'`, `SELECT '00:00:00'`},
		{`SELECT INTERVAL '1' SECOND`, `SELECT '00:00:01'`},
		{`SELECT INTERVAL(3) '12.1234s'`, `SELECT '00:00:12.123'`},
		{`SELECT INTERVAL '12.1234s' SECOND(3)`, `SELECT '00:00:12.123'`},
		{`SELECT INTERVAL '14.7899s' SECOND(3)`, `SELECT '00:00:14.79'`}, // Check rounding.

		{`SELECT '11s'::INTERVAL(3)`, `SELECT '11s'::INTERVAL(3)`},
		{`SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL SECOND`, `SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL SECOND`},
		{`SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL SECOND(3)`, `SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL SECOND(3)`},
		{`SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL MINUTE TO SECOND`, `SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL MINUTE TO SECOND`},
		{`SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL MINUTE TO SECOND(3)`, `SELECT '10:00:13.123456'::INTERVAL MINUTE TO SECOND(3)`},

		// Pretty printing the FAMILY INET function is not normal due to the grammar
		// definition of FAMILY.
		{`SELECT FAMILY(x)`, // lint: uppercase function OK
			`SELECT "family"(x)`},

		{`SET SCHEMA 'public'`,
			`SET search_path = 'public'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE 'pst8pdt'`,
			`SET timezone = 'pst8pdt'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE 'Europe/Rome'`,
			`SET timezone = 'Europe/Rome'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE -7`,
			`SET timezone = -7`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE -7.3`,
			`SET timezone = -7.3`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE DEFAULT`,
			`SET timezone = DEFAULT`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE LOCAL`,
			`SET timezone = 'local'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE pst8pdt`,
			`SET timezone = 'pst8pdt'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE "Europe/Rome"`,
			`SET timezone = 'Europe/Rome'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE INTERVAL '-7h'`,
			`SET timezone = '-07:00:00'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE INTERVAL(3) '-7h'`,
			`SET timezone = '-07:00:00'`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE INTERVAL '-7h0m5s' HOUR TO MINUTE`,
			`SET timezone = '-06:59:00'`},
		{`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = on`,
			`SET CLUSTER SETTING a = "on"`},
		{`SET a = on`,
			`SET a = "on"`},
		{`SET a = default`,
			`SET a = DEFAULT`},

		// Special substring syntax
		{`SELECT SUBSTRING('RoacH' from 2 for 3)`,
			`SELECT substring('RoacH', 2, 3)`},
		{`SELECT SUBSTRING('RoacH' for 2 from 3)`,
			`SELECT substring('RoacH', 3, 2)`},
		{`SELECT SUBSTRING('RoacH' from 2)`,
			`SELECT substring('RoacH', 2)`},
		{`SELECT SUBSTRING('RoacH' for 3)`,
			`SELECT substring('RoacH', 1, 3)`},
		{`SELECT SUBSTRING('f(oabaroob' from '\(o(.)b')`,
			`SELECT substring('f(oabaroob', e'\\(o(.)b')`},
		{`SELECT SUBSTRING('f(oabaroob' from '+(o(.)b' for '+')`,
			`SELECT substring('f(oabaroob', '+(o(.)b', '+')`},
		// Special position syntax
		{`SELECT POSITION('ig' in 'high')`,
			`SELECT strpos('high', 'ig')`},
		// Special overlay syntax
		{`SELECT OVERLAY('w33333rce' PLACING 'resou' FROM 3)`,
			`SELECT overlay('w33333rce', 'resou', 3)`},
		{`SELECT OVERLAY('w33333rce' PLACING 'resou' FROM 3 FOR 5)`,
			`SELECT overlay('w33333rce', 'resou', 3, 5)`},
		// Special extract syntax
		{`SELECT EXTRACT(second from now())`,
			`SELECT extract('second', now())`},
		{`SELECT EXTRACT('second' from now())`,
			`SELECT extract('second', now())`},
		// Special trim syntax
		{`SELECT TRIM('xy' from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(both 'xy' from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT btrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(both 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT btrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(both from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT btrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(leading 'xy' from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT ltrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(leading from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT ltrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(leading 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT ltrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(trailing 'xy' from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT rtrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(trailing from 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT rtrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT TRIM(trailing 'xyxtrimyyx')`,
			`SELECT rtrim('xyxtrimyyx')`},
		{`SELECT a IS NAN`,
			`SELECT a = 'NaN'`},
		{`SELECT a IS NOT NAN`,
			`SELECT a != 'NaN'`},

		{`SELECT a FROM generate_series(1, 32)`,
			`SELECT a FROM ROWS FROM (generate_series(1, 32))`},
		{`SELECT a FROM generate_series(1, 32) AS s (x)`,
			`SELECT a FROM ROWS FROM (generate_series(1, 32)) AS s (x)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM generate_series(1, 32) WITH ORDINALITY AS s (x)`,
			`SELECT a FROM ROWS FROM (generate_series(1, 32)) WITH ORDINALITY AS s (x)`},
		{`SELECT a FROM LATERAL generate_series(1, 32)`,
			`SELECT a FROM LATERAL ROWS FROM (generate_series(1, 32))`},

		// Tuples
		{`SELECT 1 IN (b)`, `SELECT 1 IN (b,)`},
		{`SELECT ROW()`, `SELECT ()`},
		{`SELECT ROW(1)`, `SELECT (1,)`},
		{`SELECT (ROW(1) AS a)`, `SELECT ((1,) AS a)`},

		{`SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1 FOR UPDATE LIMIT 1`,
			`SELECT 1 ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1 FOR UPDATE`},
		// FOR READ ONLY is ignored, like in Postgres.
		{`SELECT 1 FOR READ ONLY`, `SELECT 1`},

		{`SHOW CREATE TABLE t`,
			`SHOW CREATE t`},
		{`SHOW CREATE VIEW t`,
			`SHOW CREATE t`},
		{`SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE t`,
			`SHOW CREATE t`},
		{`SHOW INDEX FROM t`,
			`SHOW INDEXES FROM t`},
		{`SHOW CONSTRAINT FROM t`,
			`SHOW CONSTRAINTS FROM t`},
		{`SHOW KEYS FROM t`,
			`SHOW INDEXES FROM t`},
		{`SHOW SESSION barfoo`, `SHOW barfoo`},
		{`SHOW SESSION database`, `SHOW database`},
		{`SHOW SESSION TIME ZONE`, `SHOW timezone`},
		{`SHOW SESSION TIMEZONE`, `SHOW timezone`},

		{`SHOW ALL ZONE CONFIGURATIONS`, `SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATIONS`},

		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR TABLE t PARTITION foo`,
			`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR PARTITION foo OF TABLE t`},
		{`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR INDEX t@idx PARTITION foo`,
			`SHOW ZONE CONFIGURATION FOR PARTITION foo OF INDEX t@idx`},

		{`BEGIN`,
			`BEGIN TRANSACTION`},
		{`START TRANSACTION`,
			`BEGIN TRANSACTION`},
		{`COMMIT`,
			`COMMIT TRANSACTION`},
		{`END`,
			`COMMIT TRANSACTION`},
		{`BEGIN TRANSACTION PRIORITY LOW, ISOLATION LEVEL SNAPSHOT`,
			`BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY LOW`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION PRIORITY NORMAL, ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE`,
			`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, PRIORITY NORMAL`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE READ WRITE`,
			`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, READ WRITE`},
		{`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SNAPSHOT READ ONLY`,
			`SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE, READ ONLY`},
		{"SET CLUSTER SETTING a TO 1", "SET CLUSTER SETTING a = 1"},
		{"SET TRACING TO off", "SET TRACING = off"},
		{"RELEASE foo", "RELEASE SAVEPOINT foo"},
		{"RELEASE SAVEPOINT foo", "RELEASE SAVEPOINT foo"},
		{"ROLLBACK", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"},
		{"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"},
		{"ROLLBACK TO foo", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION TO SAVEPOINT foo"},
		{"ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT foo", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION TO SAVEPOINT foo"},
		{"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION TO foo", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION TO SAVEPOINT foo"},
		{"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION TO SAVEPOINT foo", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION TO SAVEPOINT foo"},
		{"ABORT TRANSACTION", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"},
		{"ABORT WORK", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"},
		{"ABORT", "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"},
		{`DEALLOCATE PREPARE a`,
			`DEALLOCATE a`},
		{`DEALLOCATE PREPARE ALL`,
			`DEALLOCATE ALL`},

		{`CANCEL JOB a`, `CANCEL JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`EXPLAIN CANCEL JOB a`, `EXPLAIN CANCEL JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`RESUME JOB a`, `RESUME JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`EXPLAIN RESUME JOB a`, `EXPLAIN RESUME JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`PAUSE JOB a`, `PAUSE JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`EXPLAIN PAUSE JOB a`, `EXPLAIN PAUSE JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`SHOW JOB a`, `SHOW JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW JOB a`, `EXPLAIN SHOW JOBS VALUES (a)`},
		{`SHOW JOB WHEN COMPLETE a`, `SHOW JOBS WHEN COMPLETE VALUES (a)`},
		{`EXPLAIN SHOW JOB WHEN COMPLETE a`, `EXPLAIN SHOW JOBS WHEN COMPLETE VALUES (a)`},
		{`CANCEL QUERY a`, `CANCEL QUERIES VALUES (a)`},
		{`CANCEL QUERY IF EXISTS a`, `CANCEL QUERIES IF EXISTS VALUES (a)`},
		{`CANCEL SESSION a`, `CANCEL SESSIONS VALUES (a)`},
		{`CANCEL SESSION IF EXISTS a`, `CANCEL SESSIONS IF EXISTS VALUES (a)`},

		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO bar`,
			`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO "bar.12" INCREMENTAL FROM "baz.34"`,
			`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO 'bar.12' INCREMENTAL FROM 'baz.34'`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM bar`,
			`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP DATABASE foo TO ($1)`, `BACKUP DATABASE foo TO $1`},

		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1)`, `RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM $1`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1), ($2)`, `RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM $1, $2`},
		{`RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM ($1), ($2, $3)`, `RESTORE DATABASE foo FROM $1, ($2, $3)`},

		{`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo INTO sink`,
			`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo INTO 'sink'`},

		{`SHOW CLUSTER SETTING ALL`, `SHOW ALL CLUSTER SETTINGS`},
		{`SHOW CLUSTER SETTINGS`, `SHOW PUBLIC CLUSTER SETTINGS`},

		{`SHOW SESSIONS`, `SHOW CLUSTER SESSIONS`},
		{`SHOW ALL SESSIONS`, `SHOW ALL CLUSTER SESSIONS`},
		{`SHOW QUERIES`, `SHOW CLUSTER QUERIES`},
		{`SHOW ALL QUERIES`, `SHOW ALL CLUSTER QUERIES`},

		{`USE foo`, `SET database = foo`},

		{`SET NAMES foo`, `SET client_encoding = foo`},
		{`SET NAMES 'foo'`, `SET client_encoding = 'foo'`},
		{`SET NAMES DEFAULT`, `SET client_encoding = DEFAULT`},
		{`SET NAMES`, `SET client_encoding = DEFAULT`},

		{`SHOW NAMES`, `SHOW client_encoding`},

		{`SHOW TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL`, `SHOW transaction_isolation`},
		{`SHOW TRANSACTION PRIORITY`, `SHOW transaction_priority`},

		{`RESET a`, `SET a = DEFAULT`},
		{`RESET CLUSTER SETTING a`, `SET CLUSTER SETTING a = DEFAULT`},

		{`RESET NAMES`, `SET client_encoding = DEFAULT`},

		{`CREATE USER foo`,
			`CREATE USER 'foo'`},
		{`CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS foo`,
			`CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS 'foo'`},
		{`CREATE USER foo PASSWORD bar`,
			`CREATE USER 'foo' WITH PASSWORD 'bar'`},
		{`CREATE USER foo PASSWORD NULL`,
			`CREATE USER 'foo' WITH PASSWORD NULL`},
		{`CREATE USER foo LOGIN VALID UNTIL NULL PASSWORD NULL`,
			`CREATE USER 'foo' WITH LOGIN VALID UNTIL NULL PASSWORD NULL`},
		{`CREATE USER foo VALID UNTIL '1970-01-01'`,
			`CREATE USER 'foo' WITH VALID UNTIL '1970-01-01'`},
		{`DROP USER foo, bar`,
			`DROP USER 'foo', 'bar'`},
		{`DROP USER IF EXISTS foo, bar`,
			`DROP USER IF EXISTS 'foo', 'bar'`},
		{`ALTER USER foo PASSWORD bar`,
			`ALTER USER 'foo' WITH PASSWORD 'bar'`},
		{`ALTER USER foo WITH PASSWORD bar`,
			`ALTER USER 'foo' WITH PASSWORD 'bar'`},
		{`ALTER USER foo WITH PASSWORD NULL`,
			`ALTER USER 'foo' WITH PASSWORD NULL`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a RENAME b TO c`,
			`ALTER TABLE a RENAME COLUMN b TO c`},

		// Identifier handling for zone configs.

		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE = NULL`,
			`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE DISCARD`},
		{`ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER RANGE default CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER RANGE meta CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER RANGE meta CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER DATABASE db CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE db.t CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE t CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX db.t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER INDEX db.t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER INDEX t@i CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo.bar = yay`,
			`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING "foo.bar" = yay`},
		{`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = COPY FROM PARENT`,
			`ALTER INDEX i CONFIGURE ZONE USING foo = COPY FROM PARENT`},

		// Alternative forms for table patterns.

		{`SHOW GRANTS ON foo`,
			`SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON foo, db.foo`,
			`SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE foo, db.foo`},
		{`BACKUP foo TO 'bar'`,
			`BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP foo.foo, baz.baz TO 'bar'`,
			`BACKUP TABLE foo.foo, baz.baz TO 'bar'`},
		{`BACKUP foo TO 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1' INCREMENTAL FROM 'baz'`,
			`BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1' INCREMENTAL FROM 'baz'`},
		{`BACKUP foo TO $1 INCREMENTAL FROM 'bar', $2, 'baz'`,
			`BACKUP TABLE foo TO $1 INCREMENTAL FROM 'bar', $2, 'baz'`},
		// Tables named "role" are handled specially to support SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE,
		// but that special handling should not impact BACKUP.
		{`BACKUP role TO 'bar'`,
			`BACKUP TABLE role TO 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE foo FROM 'bar'`,
			`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE foo FROM $1`,
			`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM $1`},
		{`RESTORE foo FROM $1, $2, 'bar'`,
			`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM $1, $2, 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE foo, baz FROM 'bar'`,
			`RESTORE TABLE foo, baz FROM 'bar'`},
		{`RESTORE foo, baz FROM 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1'`,
			`RESTORE TABLE foo, baz FROM 'bar' AS OF SYSTEM TIME '1'`},
		{`BACKUP foo TO 'bar' WITH key1, key2 = 'value'`,
			`BACKUP TABLE foo TO 'bar' WITH key1, key2 = 'value'`},
		{`RESTORE foo FROM 'bar' WITH key1, key2 = 'value'`,
			`RESTORE TABLE foo FROM 'bar' WITH key1, key2 = 'value'`},

		{`CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR foo INTO 'sink'`, `CREATE CHANGEFEED FOR TABLE foo INTO 'sink'`},

		{`GRANT SELECT ON foo TO root`,
			`GRANT SELECT ON TABLE foo TO root`},
		{`GRANT SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE ON foo, db.foo TO root, bar`,
			`GRANT SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE ON TABLE foo, db.foo TO root, bar`},
		// Tables named "role" are handled specially to support SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE,
		// but that special handling should not impact GRANT.
		{`GRANT SELECT ON role TO root`,
			`GRANT SELECT ON TABLE role TO root`},
		{`REVOKE SELECT ON foo FROM root`,
			`REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE foo FROM root`},
		{`REVOKE UPDATE, DELETE ON foo, db.foo FROM root, bar`,
			`REVOKE UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE foo, db.foo FROM root, bar`},

		// RBAC-related statements.

		{`CREATE ROLE foo`,
			`CREATE ROLE 'foo'`},
		{`CREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS foo`,
			`CREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS 'foo'`},
		{`CREATE ROLE foo WITH CREATEROLE`,
			`CREATE ROLE 'foo' WITH CREATEROLE`},
		{`CREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS foo WITH CREATEROLE`,
			`CREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS 'foo' WITH CREATEROLE`},
		{`CREATE ROLE foo CREATEROLE`,
			`CREATE ROLE 'foo' WITH CREATEROLE`},
		{`CREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS foo CREATEROLE`,
			`CREATE ROLE IF NOT EXISTS 'foo' WITH CREATEROLE`},
		{`ALTER ROLE foo WITH CREATEROLE`,
			`ALTER ROLE 'foo' WITH CREATEROLE`},
		{`ALTER ROLE foo CREATEROLE`,
			`ALTER ROLE 'foo' WITH CREATEROLE`},
		{`DROP ROLE foo, bar`,
			`DROP ROLE 'foo', 'bar'`},
		{`DROP ROLE IF EXISTS foo, bar`,
			`DROP ROLE IF EXISTS 'foo', 'bar'`},

		// Backward-compat, deprecated IMPORT syntax
		{`IMPORT PGDUMP ('nodelocal://0/foo/bar') WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`,
			`IMPORT PGDUMP 'nodelocal://0/foo/bar' WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`,
		},
		{`IMPORT TABLE foo FROM PGDUMPCREATE ('nodelocal://0/foo/bar') WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`,
			`IMPORT TABLE foo FROM PGDUMPCREATE 'nodelocal://0/foo/bar' WITH temp = 'path/to/temp'`,
		},

		// Clarify the ambiguity between "ON ROLE" (RBAC) and "ON ROLE"
		// (regular table named "role").
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON role`, `SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON "role"`, `SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE role`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON role foo`, `SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON role, foo`, `SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE role, foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON role foo, bar`, `SHOW GRANTS ON ROLE foo, bar`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON "role", foo`, `SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE role, foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON "role".foo`, `SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE role.foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON role.foo`, `SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE role.foo`},
		{`SHOW GRANTS ON role.*`, `SHOW GRANTS ON TABLE role.*`},

		// Foreign Keys
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo MATCH SIMPLE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo MATCH SIMPLE ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo (bar) MATCH SIMPLE ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c INT8 REFERENCES foo (bar))`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE RESTRICT ON DELETE RESTRICT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE RESTRICT ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE RESTRICT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE CASCADE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET NULL ON DELETE SET NULL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET NULL ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE SET NULL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE RESTRICT ON DELETE CASCADE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE SET NULL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET NULL ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT ON DELETE RESTRICT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH FULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y))`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, CONSTRAINT s FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) ON DELETE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES other ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE RESTRICT)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other MATCH SIMPLE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y))`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) ON UPDATE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE CASCADE)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) ON DELETE CASCADE)`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) MATCH SIMPLE ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8, c STRING, FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other (x, y) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE SET NULL)`,
		},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a + b) STORED)`, `CREATE TABLE a (b INT8 AS (a + b) STORED)`},

		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER b DROP STORED`, `ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b DROP STORED`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD b INT8`, `ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD IF NOT EXISTS b INT8`, `ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS b INT8`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD b INT8 FAMILY fam_a`, `ALTER TABLE a ADD COLUMN b INT8 FAMILY fam_a`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a DROP b`, `ALTER TABLE a DROP COLUMN b`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER b DROP NOT NULL`, `ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b DROP NOT NULL`},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER b TYPE INT8`, `ALTER TABLE a ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE INT8`},

		{`EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT 1`, `EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DISTSQL) SELECT 1`},
		// Check the alternate spelling.
		{`EXPLAIN ANALYSE SELECT 1`, `EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DISTSQL) SELECT 1`},
		{`EXPLAIN ANALYSE (DISTSQL) SELECT 1`, `EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DISTSQL) SELECT 1`},
		{`EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, OPT) SELECT 1`, `EXPLAIN (OPT, VERBOSE) SELECT 1`},

		{`SET a = INDEX`, `SET a = "index"`},
		{`SET a = NOTHING`, `SET a = "nothing"`},

		// Regression for #31589
		{`CREATE TABLE FAMILY (x INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE "family" (x INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE INDEX (x INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE "index" (x INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE NOTHING (x INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE "nothing" (x INT8)`},

		// Ensure MINVALUE/MAXVALUE are not reserved.
		{`CREATE TABLE MINVALUE (x INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE minvalue (x INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE MAXVALUE (x INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE maxvalue (x INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE foo (MINVALUE INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE foo (minvalue INT8)`},
		{`CREATE TABLE foo (MAXVALUE INT)`,
			`CREATE TABLE foo (maxvalue INT8)`},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (b INT) PARTITION BY RANGE (b) (PARTITION p1 VALUES FROM (MINVALUE) TO (1), PARTITION p2 VALUES FROM (2, MAXVALUE) TO (4, 4), PARTITION p3 VALUES FROM (4, 4) TO (MAXVALUE))`,
			`CREATE TABLE a (b INT8) PARTITION BY RANGE (b) (PARTITION p1 VALUES FROM (minvalue) TO (1), PARTITION p2 VALUES FROM (2, maxvalue) TO (4, 4), PARTITION p3 VALUES FROM (4, 4) TO (maxvalue))`},

		// Check that JSONB operators have higher precedence than '='.
		{`SELECT '{}'::JSONB ? 'a' = false`, `SELECT ('{}'::JSONB ? 'a') = false`},
		{`SELECT '{}'::JSONB ?| 'a' = false`, `SELECT ('{}'::JSONB ?| 'a') = false`},
		{`SELECT '{}'::JSONB ?& 'a' = false`, `SELECT ('{}'::JSONB ?& 'a') = false`},
		{`SELECT '{}'::JSONB @> '{}'::JSONB = false`, `SELECT ('{}'::JSONB @> '{}'::JSONB) = false`},
		{`SELECT '{}'::JSONB <@ '{}'::JSONB = false`, `SELECT ('{}'::JSONB <@ '{}'::JSONB) = false`},

		{`SELECT 1::db.int4.typ array [1]`, `SELECT 1::db.int4.typ[]`},
		{`SELECT 1::int4.typ array [1]`, `SELECT 1::int4.typ[]`},
		{`SELECT 1::db.int4.typ array`, `SELECT 1::db.int4.typ[]`},
		{`CREATE TABLE t (x int4.type array [1])`, `CREATE TABLE t (x int4.type[])`},
	}
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.sql, func(t *testing.T) {
			stmts, err := parser.Parse(d.sql)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected success, but found %s", d.sql, err)
				return
			}
			s := stmts.StringWithFlags(tree.FmtShowPasswords)
			if d.expected != s {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected %s, but found (%d statements): %s", d.sql, d.expected, len(stmts), s)
			}
			if _, err := parser.Parse(s); err != nil {
				t.Errorf("expected string found, but not parsable: %s:\n%s", err, s)
			}
			sqlutils.VerifyStatementPrettyRoundtrip(t, d.expected)
		})
	}
}

// TestParseTree checks that the implicit grouping done by the grammar
// is properly reflected in the parse tree.
func TestParseTree(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		sql      string
		expected string
	}{
		{`SELECT 1`, `SELECT (1)`},
		{`SELECT -1+2`, `SELECT ((-1) + (2))`},
		{`SELECT -1:::INT8`, `SELECT (-((1):::INT8))`},
		{`SELECT 1 = 2::INT8`, `SELECT ((1) = ((2)::INT8))`},
		{`SELECT 1 = ANY 2::INT8`, `SELECT ((1) = ANY ((2)::INT8))`},
		{`SELECT 1 = ANY ARRAY[1]:::INT8`, `SELECT ((1) = ANY ((ARRAY[(1)]):::INT8))`},
	}

	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.sql, func(t *testing.T) {
			stmts, err := parser.Parse(d.sql)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected success, but found %s", d.sql, err)
				return
			}
			s := stmts.StringWithFlags(tree.FmtAlwaysGroupExprs)
			if d.expected != s {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected %s, but found (%d statements): %s", d.sql, d.expected, len(stmts), s)
			}
			if _, err := parser.Parse(s); err != nil {
				t.Errorf("expected string found, but not parsable: %s:\n%s", err, s)
			}
			sqlutils.VerifyStatementPrettyRoundtrip(t, d.expected)
		})
	}
}

// TestParseSyntax verifies that parsing succeeds, though the syntax tree
// likely differs. All of the test cases here should eventually be moved
// elsewhere.
func TestParseSyntax(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		sql string
	}{
		{`SELECT '\0' FROM a`},
		{`SELECT ((1)) FROM t WHERE ((a)) IN (((1))) AND ((a, b)) IN ((((1, 1))), ((2, 2)))`},
		{`SELECT e'\'\"\b\n\r\t\\' FROM t`},
		{`SELECT '\x' FROM t`},
	}
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.sql, func(t *testing.T) {
			if _, err := parser.Parse(d.sql); err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("%s: expected success, but not parsable %s", d.sql, err)
			}
			sqlutils.VerifyStatementPrettyRoundtrip(t, d.sql)
		})
	}
}

func TestParseError(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		sql      string
		expected string
	}{
		{`SELECT2 1`,
			`at or near "select2": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT2 1
^`},
		{`SELECT 1 FROM (t)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT 1 FROM (t)
                ^
HINT: try \h <SOURCE>`},
		{`SET TIME ZONE INTERVAL 'foobar'`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error: could not parse "foobar" as type interval: interval: missing unit at position 0: "foobar"
DETAIL: source SQL:
SET TIME ZONE INTERVAL 'foobar'
                               ^`},
		{`SELECT INTERVAL 'foo'`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error: could not parse "foo" as type interval: interval: missing unit at position 0: "foo"
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT INTERVAL 'foo'
                     ^`},
		{`SELECT 1 /* hello`,
			`lexical error: unterminated comment
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT 1 /* hello
         ^`},
		{`SELECT '1`,
			`lexical error: unterminated string
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT '1
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`},
		{`SELECT * FROM t WHERE k=`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT * FROM t WHERE k=
                        ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  CONSTRAINT foo INDEX (bar)
)`,
			`at or near "index": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  CONSTRAINT foo INDEX (bar)
                 ^
HINT: try \h CREATE TABLE`},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  foo BIT(0)
)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: length for type bit must be at least 1
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  foo BIT(0)
           ^`},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 DEFAULT 1 DEFAULT 2
)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: multiple default values specified for column "foo"
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 DEFAULT 1 DEFAULT 2
)
^`},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 REFERENCES t1 REFERENCES t2
)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: multiple foreign key constraints specified for column "foo"
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 REFERENCES t1 REFERENCES t2
)
^`},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 FAMILY a FAMILY b
)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: multiple column families specified for column "foo"
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 FAMILY a FAMILY b
)
^`},
		{`SELECT family FROM test`,
			`at or near "from": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT family FROM test
              ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 NOT NULL NULL
)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: conflicting NULL/NOT NULL declarations for column "foo"
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 NOT NULL NULL
)
^`},
		{`CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 NULL NOT NULL
)`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: conflicting NULL/NOT NULL declarations for column "foo"
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE test (
  foo INT8 NULL NOT NULL
)
^`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a b`,
			`at or near "b": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE DATABASE a b
                  ^`},
		{`CREATE DATABASE a b c`,
			`at or near "b": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE DATABASE a b c
                  ^`},
		{`CREATE INDEX ON a (b) STORING ()`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE INDEX ON a (b) STORING ()
                               ^
HINT: try \h CREATE INDEX`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE VIEW a
             ^
HINT: try \h CREATE VIEW`},
		{`CREATE VIEW a () AS select * FROM b`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE VIEW a () AS select * FROM b
               ^
HINT: try \h CREATE VIEW`},
		{`SELECT FROM t`,
			`at or near "from": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT FROM t
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`},

		{"SELECT 1e-\n-1",
			`lexical error: invalid floating point literal
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT 1e-
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`},
		{
			`SELECT 0x FROM t`,
			`lexical error: invalid hexadecimal numeric literal
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT 0x FROM t
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT x'fail' FROM t`,
			`lexical error: invalid hexadecimal bytes literal
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT x'fail' FROM t
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT x'AAB' FROM t`,
			`lexical error: invalid hexadecimal bytes literal
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT x'AAB' FROM t
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT POSITION('high', 'a')`,
			`at or near ",": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT POSITION('high', 'a')
                      ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX}`,
			`at or near "}": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX}
                              ^
HINT: try \h <SOURCE>`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX=}`,
			`at or near "}": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX=}
                               ^
HINT: try \h <SOURCE>`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX=bar,FORCE_INDEX=baz}`,
			`at or near "baz": syntax error: FORCE_INDEX specified multiple times
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX=bar,FORCE_INDEX=baz}
                                               ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX=bar,NO_INDEX_JOIN}`,
			`at or near "}": syntax error: FORCE_INDEX cannot be specified in conjunction with NO_INDEX_JOIN
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{FORCE_INDEX=bar,NO_INDEX_JOIN}
                                                ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{NO_INDEX_JOIN,NO_INDEX_JOIN}`,
			`at or near "no_index_join": syntax error: NO_INDEX_JOIN specified multiple times
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{NO_INDEX_JOIN,NO_INDEX_JOIN}
                                 ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS,IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS}`,
			`at or near "ignore_foreign_keys": syntax error: IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS specified multiple times
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS,IGNORE_FOREIGN_KEYS}
                                       ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{ASC}`,
			`at or near "}": syntax error: ASC/DESC must be specified in conjunction with an index
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{ASC}
                      ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT a FROM foo@{DESC}`,
			`at or near "}": syntax error: ASC/DESC must be specified in conjunction with an index
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT a FROM foo@{DESC}
                       ^`,
		},
		{
			`INSERT INTO a@b VALUES (1, 2)`,
			`at or near "@": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
INSERT INTO a@b VALUES (1, 2)
             ^
HINT: try \h INSERT`,
		},
		{
			`ALTER TABLE t RENAME COLUMN x TO family`,
			`at or near "family": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
ALTER TABLE t RENAME COLUMN x TO family
                                 ^
HINT: try \h ALTER TABLE`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD
                             ^
HINT: try \h CREATE ROLE`,
		},
		{
			`ALTER TABLE t RENAME TO t[TRUE]`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
ALTER TABLE t RENAME TO t[TRUE]
                         ^`,
		},
		{
			`TABLE abc[TRUE]`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
TABLE abc[TRUE]
         ^`,
		},
		{
			`UPDATE kv SET k[0] = 9`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
UPDATE kv SET k[0] = 9
               ^
HINT: try \h UPDATE`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT (0) FROM y[array[]]`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT (0) FROM y[array[]]
                 ^`,
		},
		{
			`INSERT INTO kv (k[0]) VALUES ('hello')`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
INSERT INTO kv (k[0]) VALUES ('hello')
                 ^
HINT: try \h <SELECTCLAUSE>`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT CASE 1 = 1 WHEN true THEN ARRAY[1, 2] ELSE ARRAY[2, 3] END[1]`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT CASE 1 = 1 WHEN true THEN ARRAY[1, 2] ELSE ARRAY[2, 3] END[1]
                                                                 ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1)[1]`,
			`at or near "[": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1)[1]
                       ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT 1 + ANY ARRAY[1, 2, 3]`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error: + ANY <array> is invalid because "+" is not a boolean operator
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT 1 + ANY ARRAY[1, 2, 3]
                             ^`,
		},
		// Ensure that the support for ON ROLE <namelist> doesn't leak
		// where it should not be recognized.
		{
			`GRANT SELECT ON ROLE foo, bar TO blix`,
			`at or near "foo": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
GRANT SELECT ON ROLE foo, bar TO blix
                     ^
HINT: try \h GRANT`,
		},
		{
			`REVOKE SELECT ON ROLE foo, bar FROM blix`,
			`at or near "foo": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
REVOKE SELECT ON ROLE foo, bar FROM blix
                      ^
HINT: try \h REVOKE`,
		},
		{
			`BACKUP ROLE foo, bar TO 'baz'`,
			`at or near "foo": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
BACKUP ROLE foo, bar TO 'baz'
            ^
HINT: try \h BACKUP`,
		},
		{
			`RESTORE ROLE foo, bar FROM 'baz'`,
			`at or near "foo": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
RESTORE ROLE foo, bar FROM 'baz'
             ^
HINT: try \h RESTORE`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`,
			`at or near "following": syntax error: frame start cannot be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t
                                   ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t`,
			`at or near "following": syntax error: frame starting from following row cannot end with current row
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS 1 FOLLOWING) FROM t
                           ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t`,
			`at or near "following": syntax error: frame start cannot be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM t
                                                                   ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t`,
			`at or near "preceding": syntax error: frame end cannot be UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) FROM t
                                                                   ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`,
			`at or near "preceding": syntax error: frame starting from current row cannot have preceding rows
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t
                                                   ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t`,
			`at or near "preceding": syntax error: frame starting from following row cannot have preceding rows
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t
                                                   ^`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t`,
			`at or near "row": syntax error: frame starting from following row cannot have preceding rows
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT avg(1) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM t
                                                         ^`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE TABLE foo(a CHAR(0))`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: length for type CHAR must be at least 1
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE TABLE foo(a CHAR(0))
                         ^`,
		},
		{
			`e'\xad'::string`,
			`lexical error: invalid UTF-8 byte sequence
DETAIL: source SQL:
e'\xad'::string
^`,
		},
		{
			`EXPLAIN EXECUTE a`,
			`at or near "execute": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
EXPLAIN EXECUTE a
        ^
HINT: try \h EXPLAIN`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT $0`,
			`lexical error: placeholder index must be between 1 and 65536
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT $0
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT $-1`,
			`at or near "$": syntax error
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT $-1
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT $123456789`,
			`lexical error: placeholder index must be between 1 and 65536
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT $123456789
       ^
HINT: try \h SELECT`,
		},

		{
			`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS THROTTLING 2.0`,
			`at or near "2.0": syntax error: THROTTLING fraction must be between 0 and 1
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS THROTTLING 2.0
                                                           ^`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS THROTTLING 0.1 THROTTLING 0.5`,
			`at or near "0.5": syntax error: THROTTLING specified multiple times
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS THROTTLING 0.1 THROTTLING 0.5
                                                                          ^`,
		},
		{
			`CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS AS OF SYSTEM TIME '-1s' THROTTLING 0.1 AS OF SYSTEM TIME '-2s'`,
			`at or near "EOF": syntax error: AS OF specified multiple times
DETAIL: source SQL:
CREATE STATISTICS a ON col1 FROM t WITH OPTIONS AS OF SYSTEM TIME '-1s' THROTTLING 0.1 AS OF SYSTEM TIME '-2s'
                                                                                                              ^`,
		},
		{
			`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE tbl@idx CONFIGURE ZONE USING num_replicas = 1`,
			`at or near "idx": syntax error: index name should not be specified in ALTER PARTITION ... OF TABLE
DETAIL: source SQL:
ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE tbl@idx CONFIGURE ZONE USING num_replicas = 1
                               ^
HINT: try ALTER PARTITION ... OF INDEX`,
		},
		{
			`ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE tbl@* CONFIGURE ZONE USING num_replicas = 1`,
			`at or near "configure": syntax error: index wildcard unsupported in ALTER PARTITION ... OF TABLE
DETAIL: source SQL:
ALTER PARTITION p OF TABLE tbl@* CONFIGURE ZONE USING num_replicas = 1
                                 ^
HINT: try ALTER PARTITION <partition> OF INDEX <tablename>@*`,
		},
		{
			`SELECT percentile_disc(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY f, s) FROM x;`,
			`at or near ")": syntax error: multiple ORDER BY clauses are not supported in this function
DETAIL: source SQL:
SELECT percentile_disc(0.50) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY f, s) FROM x
                                                        ^`,
		},
	}
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.sql, func(t *testing.T) {
			_, err := parser.Parse(d.sql)
			if err == nil {
				t.Errorf("expected error, got nil for:\n%s", d.sql)
				return
			}
			pgerr := pgerror.Flatten(err)
			msg := pgerr.Message
			if pgerr.Detail != "" {
				msg += "\nDETAIL: " + pgerr.Detail
			}
			if pgerr.Hint != "" {
				msg += "\nHINT: " + pgerr.Hint
			}
			if msg != d.expected {
				t.Errorf("%s:\nexpected:\n  %s\n\nbut found:\n  %s", d.sql,
					strings.ReplaceAll(d.expected, "\n", "\n  "),
					strings.ReplaceAll(msg, "\n", "\n  "))
			}
		})
	}
}

func TestParsePanic(t *testing.T) {
	// Replicates #1801.
	defer func() {
		if r := recover(); r != nil {
			t.Fatal(r)
		}
	}()
	s := "SELECT(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(T" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F" +
		"(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F(F((" +
		"F(0"
	_, err := parser.Parse(s)
	expected := `at or near "EOF": syntax error`
	if !testutils.IsError(err, expected) {
		t.Fatalf("expected %s, but found %v", expected, err)
	}
}

func TestParsePrecedence(t *testing.T) {
	// Precedence levels (highest first):
	//   0: - ~
	//   1: * / // %
	//   2: + -
	//   3: << >>
	//   4: &
	//   5: ^
	//   6: |
	//   7: = != > >= < <=
	//   8: NOT
	//   9: AND
	//  10: OR

	unary := func(op tree.UnaryOperator, expr tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.UnaryExpr{Operator: op, Expr: expr}
	}
	binary := func(op tree.BinaryOperator, left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.BinaryExpr{Operator: op, Left: left, Right: right}
	}
	cmp := func(op tree.ComparisonOperator, left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.ComparisonExpr{Operator: op, Left: left, Right: right}
	}
	not := func(expr tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.NotExpr{Expr: expr}
	}
	and := func(left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.AndExpr{Left: left, Right: right}
	}
	or := func(left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.OrExpr{Left: left, Right: right}
	}
	concat := func(left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.BinaryExpr{Operator: tree.Concat, Left: left, Right: right}
	}
	regmatch := func(left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.ComparisonExpr{Operator: tree.RegMatch, Left: left, Right: right}
	}
	regimatch := func(left, right tree.Expr) tree.Expr {
		return &tree.ComparisonExpr{Operator: tree.RegIMatch, Left: left, Right: right}
	}

	one := tree.NewNumVal(constant.MakeInt64(1), "1", false /* negative */)
	minusone := tree.NewNumVal(constant.MakeInt64(1), "1", true /* negative */)
	two := tree.NewNumVal(constant.MakeInt64(2), "2", false /* negative */)
	minustwo := tree.NewNumVal(constant.MakeInt64(2), "2", true /* negative */)
	three := tree.NewNumVal(constant.MakeInt64(3), "3", false /* negative */)
	a := tree.NewStrVal("a")
	b := tree.NewStrVal("b")
	c := tree.NewStrVal("c")

	testData := []struct {
		sql      string
		expected tree.Expr
	}{
		// Unary plus and complement.
		{`~-1`, unary(tree.UnaryComplement, minusone)},
		{`-~1`, unary(tree.UnaryMinus, unary(tree.UnaryComplement, one))},

		// Mul, div, floordiv, mod combined with higher precedence.
		{`-1*2`, binary(tree.Mult, minusone, two)},
		{`1*-2`, binary(tree.Mult, one, minustwo)},
		{`-1/2`, binary(tree.Div, minusone, two)},
		{`1/-2`, binary(tree.Div, one, minustwo)},
		{`-1//2`, binary(tree.FloorDiv, minusone, two)},
		{`1//-2`, binary(tree.FloorDiv, one, minustwo)},
		{`-1%2`, binary(tree.Mod, minusone, two)},
		{`1%-2`, binary(tree.Mod, one, minustwo)},

		// Mul, div, floordiv, mod combined with self (left associative).
		{`1*2*3`, binary(tree.Mult, binary(tree.Mult, one, two), three)},
		{`1*2/3`, binary(tree.Div, binary(tree.Mult, one, two), three)},
		{`1/2*3`, binary(tree.Mult, binary(tree.Div, one, two), three)},
		{`1*2//3`, binary(tree.FloorDiv, binary(tree.Mult, one, two), three)},
		{`1//2*3`, binary(tree.Mult, binary(tree.FloorDiv, one, two), three)},
		{`1*2%3`, binary(tree.Mod, binary(tree.Mult, one, two), three)},
		{`1%2*3`, binary(tree.Mult, binary(tree.Mod, one, two), three)},
		{`1/2/3`, binary(tree.Div, binary(tree.Div, one, two), three)},
		{`1/2//3`, binary(tree.FloorDiv, binary(tree.Div, one, two), three)},
		{`1//2/3`, binary(tree.Div, binary(tree.FloorDiv, one, two), three)},
		{`1/2%3`, binary(tree.Mod, binary(tree.Div, one, two), three)},
		{`1%2/3`, binary(tree.Div, binary(tree.Mod, one, two), three)},
		{`1//2//3`, binary(tree.FloorDiv, binary(tree.FloorDiv, one, two), three)},
		{`1//2%3`, binary(tree.Mod, binary(tree.FloorDiv, one, two), three)},
		{`1%2//3`, binary(tree.FloorDiv, binary(tree.Mod, one, two), three)},
		{`1%2%3`, binary(tree.Mod, binary(tree.Mod, one, two), three)},

		// Binary plus and minus combined with higher precedence.
		{`1*2+3`, binary(tree.Plus, binary(tree.Mult, one, two), three)},
		{`1+2*3`, binary(tree.Plus, one, binary(tree.Mult, two, three))},
		{`1*2-3`, binary(tree.Minus, binary(tree.Mult, one, two), three)},
		{`1-2*3`, binary(tree.Minus, one, binary(tree.Mult, two, three))},

		// Binary plus and minus combined with self (left associative).
		{`1+2-3`, binary(tree.Minus, binary(tree.Plus, one, two), three)},
		{`1-2+3`, binary(tree.Plus, binary(tree.Minus, one, two), three)},

		// Left and right shift combined with higher precedence.
		{`1<<2+3`, binary(tree.LShift, one, binary(tree.Plus, two, three))},
		{`1+2<<3`, binary(tree.LShift, binary(tree.Plus, one, two), three)},
		{`1>>2+3`, binary(tree.RShift, one, binary(tree.Plus, two, three))},
		{`1+2>>3`, binary(tree.RShift, binary(tree.Plus, one, two), three)},

		// Left and right shift combined with self (left associative).
		{`1<<2<<3`, binary(tree.LShift, binary(tree.LShift, one, two), three)},
		{`1<<2>>3`, binary(tree.RShift, binary(tree.LShift, one, two), three)},
		{`1>>2<<3`, binary(tree.LShift, binary(tree.RShift, one, two), three)},
		{`1>>2>>3`, binary(tree.RShift, binary(tree.RShift, one, two), three)},

		// Power combined with lower precedence.
		{`1*2^3`, binary(tree.Mult, one, binary(tree.Pow, two, three))},
		{`1^2*3`, binary(tree.Mult, binary(tree.Pow, one, two), three)},

		// Bit-and combined with higher precedence.
		{`1&2<<3`, binary(tree.Bitand, one, binary(tree.LShift, two, three))},
		{`1<<2&3`, binary(tree.Bitand, binary(tree.LShift, one, two), three)},

		// Bit-and combined with self (left associative)
		{`1&2&3`, binary(tree.Bitand, binary(tree.Bitand, one, two), three)},

		// Bit-xor combined with higher precedence.
		{`1#2&3`, binary(tree.Bitxor, one, binary(tree.Bitand, two, three))},
		{`1&2#3`, binary(tree.Bitxor, binary(tree.Bitand, one, two), three)},

		// Bit-xor combined with self (left associative)
		{`1#2#3`, binary(tree.Bitxor, binary(tree.Bitxor, one, two), three)},

		// Bit-or combined with higher precedence.
		{`1|2#3`, binary(tree.Bitor, one, binary(tree.Bitxor, two, three))},
		{`1#2|3`, binary(tree.Bitor, binary(tree.Bitxor, one, two), three)},

		// Bit-or combined with self (left associative)
		{`1|2|3`, binary(tree.Bitor, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},

		// Equals, not-equals, greater-than, greater-than equals, less-than and
		// less-than equals combined with higher precedence.
		{`1 = 2|3`, cmp(tree.EQ, one, binary(tree.Bitor, two, three))},
		{`1|2 = 3`, cmp(tree.EQ, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},
		{`1 != 2|3`, cmp(tree.NE, one, binary(tree.Bitor, two, three))},
		{`1|2 != 3`, cmp(tree.NE, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},
		{`1 > 2|3`, cmp(tree.GT, one, binary(tree.Bitor, two, three))},
		{`1|2 > 3`, cmp(tree.GT, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},
		{`1 >= 2|3`, cmp(tree.GE, one, binary(tree.Bitor, two, three))},
		{`1|2 >= 3`, cmp(tree.GE, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},
		{`1 < 2|3`, cmp(tree.LT, one, binary(tree.Bitor, two, three))},
		{`1|2 < 3`, cmp(tree.LT, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},
		{`1 <= 2|3`, cmp(tree.LE, one, binary(tree.Bitor, two, three))},
		{`1|2 <= 3`, cmp(tree.LE, binary(tree.Bitor, one, two), three)},

		// NOT combined with higher precedence.
		{`NOT 1 = 2`, not(cmp(tree.EQ, one, two))},
		{`NOT 1 = NOT 2 = 3`, not(cmp(tree.EQ, one, not(cmp(tree.EQ, two, three))))},

		// NOT combined with self.
		{`NOT NOT 1 = 2`, not(not(cmp(tree.EQ, one, two)))},

		// AND combined with higher precedence.
		{`NOT 1 AND 2`, and(not(one), two)},
		{`1 AND NOT 2`, and(one, not(two))},

		// AND combined with self (left associative).
		{`1 AND 2 AND 3`, and(and(one, two), three)},

		// OR combined with higher precedence.
		{`1 AND 2 OR 3`, or(and(one, two), three)},
		{`1 OR 2 AND 3`, or(one, and(two, three))},

		// OR combined with self (left associative).
		{`1 OR 2 OR 3`, or(or(one, two), three)},

		// ~ and ~* should both be lower than ||.
		{`'a' || 'b' ~ 'c'`, regmatch(concat(a, b), c)},
		{`'a' || 'b' ~* 'c'`, regimatch(concat(a, b), c)},

		// Unary ~ should have highest precedence.
		{`~1+2`, binary(tree.Plus, unary(tree.UnaryComplement, one), two)},
	}
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.sql, func(t *testing.T) {
			expr, err := parser.ParseExpr(d.sql)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("%s: %v", d.sql, err)
			}
			if !reflect.DeepEqual(d.expected, expr) {
				t.Fatalf("%s: expected %s, but found %s", d.sql, d.expected, expr)
			}
		})
	}
}

func TestUnimplementedSyntax(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		sql      string
		issue    int
		expected string
		hint     string
	}{
		{`ALTER TABLE a ALTER CONSTRAINT foo`, 31632, `alter constraint`, ``},
		{`ALTER TABLE a ADD CONSTRAINT foo EXCLUDE USING gist (bar WITH =)`, 46657, `add constraint exclude using`, ``},

		{`CREATE AGGREGATE a`, 0, `create aggregate`, ``},
		{`CREATE CAST a`, 0, `create cast`, ``},
		{`CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER a`, 28296, `create constraint`, ``},
		{`CREATE CONVERSION a`, 0, `create conversion`, ``},
		{`CREATE DEFAULT CONVERSION a`, 0, `create def conv`, ``},
		{`CREATE EXTENSION a`, 0, `create extension a`, ``},
		{`CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER a`, 0, `create fdw`, ``},
		{`CREATE FOREIGN TABLE a`, 0, `create foreign table`, ``},
		{`CREATE FUNCTION a`, 17511, `create`, ``},
		{`CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION a`, 17511, `create`, ``},
		{`CREATE LANGUAGE a`, 17511, `create language a`, ``},
		{`CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW a`, 41649, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE OPERATOR a`, 0, `create operator`, ``},
		{`CREATE PUBLICATION a`, 0, `create publication`, ``},
		{`CREATE RULE a`, 0, `create rule`, ``},
		{`CREATE SERVER a`, 0, `create server`, ``},
		{`CREATE SUBSCRIPTION a`, 0, `create subscription`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEXT SEARCH a`, 7821, `create text`, ``},
		{`CREATE TRIGGER a`, 28296, `create`, ``},

		{`DROP AGGREGATE a`, 0, `drop aggregate`, ``},
		{`DROP CAST a`, 0, `drop cast`, ``},
		{`DROP COLLATION a`, 0, `drop collation`, ``},
		{`DROP CONVERSION a`, 0, `drop conversion`, ``},
		{`DROP DOMAIN a`, 27796, `drop`, ``},
		{`DROP EXTENSION a`, 0, `drop extension a`, ``},
		{`DROP FOREIGN TABLE a`, 0, `drop foreign table`, ``},
		{`DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER a`, 0, `drop fdw`, ``},
		{`DROP FUNCTION a`, 17511, `drop `, ``},
		{`DROP LANGUAGE a`, 17511, `drop language a`, ``},
		{`DROP OPERATOR a`, 0, `drop operator`, ``},
		{`DROP PUBLICATION a`, 0, `drop publication`, ``},
		{`DROP RULE a`, 0, `drop rule`, ``},
		{`DROP SCHEMA a`, 26443, `drop`, ``},
		{`DROP SERVER a`, 0, `drop server`, ``},
		{`DROP SUBSCRIPTION a`, 0, `drop subscription`, ``},
		{`DROP TEXT SEARCH a`, 7821, `drop text`, ``},
		{`DROP TRIGGER a`, 28296, `drop`, ``},

		{`DISCARD PLANS`, 0, `discard plans`, ``},
		{`DISCARD SEQUENCES`, 0, `discard sequences`, ``},
		{`DISCARD TEMP`, 0, `discard temp`, ``},
		{`DISCARD TEMPORARY`, 0, `discard temp`, ``},

		{`SET CONSTRAINTS foo`, 0, `set constraints`, ``},
		{`SET LOCAL foo = bar`, 32562, ``, ``},
		{`SET foo FROM CURRENT`, 0, `set from current`, ``},

		{`CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE a(b INT8)`, 0, `create unlogged`, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a(x INT[][])`, 32552, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(x INT[1][2])`, 32552, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(x INT ARRAY[1][2])`, 32552, ``, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8) WITH OIDS`, 0, `create table with oids`, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a AS SELECT b WITH NO DATA`, 0, `create table as with no data`, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8 AS (123) VIRTUAL)`, 0, `virtual computed columns`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8 REFERENCES c(x) MATCH PARTIAL`, 20305, `match partial`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES c(x) MATCH PARTIAL)`, 20305, `match partial`, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES c(x) DEFERRABLE)`, 31632, `deferrable`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES c(x) INITIALLY DEFERRED)`, 31632, `initially deferred`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES c(x) INITIALLY IMMEDIATE)`, 31632, `initially immediate`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES c(x) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED)`, 31632, `initially deferred`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES c(x) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE)`, 31632, `initially immediate`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, UNIQUE (b) DEFERRABLE)`, 31632, `deferrable`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b INT8, CHECK (b > 0) DEFERRABLE)`, 31632, `deferrable`, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b INCLUDING COMMENTS)`, 47071, `like table`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b INCLUDING IDENTITY)`, 47071, `like table`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b INCLUDING STATISTICS)`, 47071, `like table`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a (LIKE b INCLUDING STORAGE)`, 47071, `like table`, ``},

		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE a (a int) ON COMMIT DROP`, 46556, `drop`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE a (a int) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS`, 46556, `delete rows`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (a int) ON COMMIT DROP`, 46556, `drop`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE IF NOT EXISTS a (a int) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS`, 46556, `delete rows`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE b AS SELECT a FROM a ON COMMIT DROP`, 46556, `drop`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE b AS SELECT a FROM a ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS`, 46556, `delete rows`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE IF NOT EXISTS b AS SELECT a FROM a ON COMMIT DROP`, 46556, `drop`, ``},
		{`CREATE TEMP TABLE IF NOT EXISTS b AS SELECT a FROM a ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS`, 46556, `delete rows`, ``},

		{`CREATE SEQUENCE a AS DOUBLE PRECISION`, 25110, `FLOAT8`, ``},

		{`CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW a AS SELECT b`, 0, `create recursive view`, ``},

		{`CREATE TYPE a AS (b)`, 27792, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE TYPE a AS RANGE b`, 27791, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE TYPE a (b)`, 27793, `base`, ``},
		{`CREATE TYPE a`, 27793, `shell`, ``},
		{`CREATE DOMAIN a`, 27796, `create`, ``},

		{`ALTER TYPE t OWNER TO hello`, 48700, `ALTER TYPE OWNER TO`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE t OWNER TO CURRENT_USER`, 48700, `ALTER TYPE OWNER TO`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE t OWNER TO SESSION_USER`, 48700, `ALTER TYPE OWNER TO`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.t RENAME ATTRIBUTE foo TO bar`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ADD ATTRIBUTE foo bar`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ADD ATTRIBUTE foo bar COLLATE hello`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ADD ATTRIBUTE foo bar RESTRICT`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ADD ATTRIBUTE foo bar CASCADE`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t DROP ATTRIBUTE foo`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t DROP ATTRIBUTE foo RESTRICT`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t DROP ATTRIBUTE foo CASCADE`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ALTER ATTRIBUTE foo TYPE typ`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ALTER ATTRIBUTE foo TYPE typ COLLATE en`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ALTER ATTRIBUTE foo TYPE typ COLLATE en CASCADE`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ALTER ATTRIBUTE foo SET DATA TYPE typ COLLATE en RESTRICT`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},
		{`ALTER TYPE db.s.t ADD ATTRIBUTE foo bar RESTRICT, DROP ATTRIBUTE foo`, 48701, `ALTER TYPE ATTRIBUTE`, ``},

		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b USING HASH (c)`, 0, `index using hash`, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b USING GIST (c)`, 0, `index using gist`, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b USING SPGIST (c)`, 0, `index using spgist`, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b USING BRIN (c)`, 0, `index using brin`, ``},

		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b(c + d)`, 9682, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b(c[d])`, 9682, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b(foo(c))`, 9682, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b(a NULLS LAST)`, 6224, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b(a ASC NULLS LAST)`, 6224, ``, ``},
		{`CREATE INDEX a ON b(a DESC NULLS FIRST)`, 6224, ``, ``},

		{`INSERT INTO foo(a, a.b) VALUES (1,2)`, 27792, ``, ``},
		{`INSERT INTO foo VALUES (1,2) ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT a DO NOTHING`, 28161, ``, ``},

		{`SELECT * FROM ROWS FROM (a(b) AS (d))`, 0, `ROWS FROM with col_def_list`, ``},

		{`SELECT a(b) 'c'`, 0, `a(...) SCONST`, ``},
		{`SELECT (a,b) OVERLAPS (c,d)`, 0, `overlaps`, ``},
		{`SELECT UNIQUE (SELECT b)`, 0, `UNIQUE predicate`, ``},
		{`SELECT GROUPING (a,b,c)`, 0, `d_expr grouping`, ``},
		{`SELECT a(VARIADIC b)`, 0, `variadic`, ``},
		{`SELECT a(b, c, VARIADIC b)`, 0, `variadic`, ``},
		{`SELECT TREAT (a AS INT8)`, 0, `treat`, ``},

		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a NULLS LAST`, 6224, ``, ``},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a ASC NULLS LAST`, 6224, ``, ``},
		{`SELECT a FROM t ORDER BY a DESC NULLS FIRST`, 6224, ``, ``},

		{`CREATE TABLE a(b BOX)`, 21286, `box`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b CIDR)`, 18846, `cidr`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b CIRCLE)`, 21286, `circle`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b LINE)`, 21286, `line`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b LSEG)`, 21286, `lseg`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b MACADDR)`, 0, `macaddr`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b MACADDR8)`, 0, `macaddr8`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b MONEY)`, 0, `money`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b PATH)`, 21286, `path`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b PG_LSN)`, 0, `pg_lsn`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b POINT)`, 21286, `point`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b POLYGON)`, 21286, `polygon`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b TSQUERY)`, 7821, `tsquery`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b TSVECTOR)`, 7821, `tsvector`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b TXID_SNAPSHOT)`, 0, `txid_snapshot`, ``},
		{`CREATE TABLE a(b XML)`, 0, `xml`, ``},

		{`INSERT INTO a VALUES (1) ON CONFLICT (x) WHERE x > 3 DO NOTHING`, 32557, ``, ``},

		{`UPDATE foo SET (a, a.b) = (1, 2)`, 27792, ``, ``},
		{`UPDATE foo SET a.b = 1`, 27792, ``, ``},
		{`UPDATE Foo SET x.y = z`, 27792, ``, ``},

		{`REINDEX INDEX a`, 0, `reindex index`, `CockroachDB does not require reindexing.`},
		{`REINDEX TABLE a`, 0, `reindex table`, `CockroachDB does not require reindexing.`},
		{`REINDEX DATABASE a`, 0, `reindex database`, `CockroachDB does not require reindexing.`},
		{`REINDEX SYSTEM a`, 0, `reindex system`, `CockroachDB does not require reindexing.`},

		{`UPSERT INTO foo(a, a.b) VALUES (1,2)`, 27792, ``, ``},
	}
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.sql, func(t *testing.T) {
			_, err := parser.Parse(d.sql)
			if err == nil {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected error, got nil", d.sql)
				return
			}
			if errMsg := err.Error(); !strings.Contains(errMsg, "unimplemented: this syntax") {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected unimplemented in message, got %q", d.sql, errMsg)
			}
			tkeys := errors.GetTelemetryKeys(err)
			if len(tkeys) == 0 {
				t.Errorf("%s: expected telemetry key set", d.sql)
			} else {
				found := false
				for _, tk := range tkeys {
					if strings.Contains(tk, d.expected) {
						found = true
						break
					}
				}
				if !found {
					t.Errorf("%s: expected %q in telemetry keys, got %+v", d.sql, d.expected, tkeys)
				}
			}
			if d.hint != "" {
				hints := errors.GetAllHints(err)
				assert.Contains(t, hints, d.hint)
			}
			if d.issue != 0 {
				exp := fmt.Sprintf("syntax.#%d", d.issue)
				found := false
				for _, tk := range tkeys {
					if strings.HasPrefix(tk, exp) {
						found = true
						break
					}
				}
				if !found {
					t.Errorf("%s: expected %q in telemetry keys, got %+v", d.sql, exp, tkeys)
				}

				exp2 := fmt.Sprintf("issues/%d", d.issue)
				found = false
				hints := errors.GetAllHints(err)
				for _, h := range hints {
					if strings.HasSuffix(h, exp2) {
						found = true
						break
					}
				}
				if !found {
					t.Errorf("%s: expected %q at end of hint, got %+v", d.sql, exp2, hints)
				}
			}
		})
	}
}

// TestParseSQL verifies that Statement.SQL is set correctly.
func TestParseSQL(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		in  string
		exp []string
	}{
		{in: ``, exp: nil},
		{in: `SELECT 1`, exp: []string{`SELECT 1`}},
		{in: `SELECT 1;`, exp: []string{`SELECT 1`}},
		{in: `SELECT 1 /* comment */`, exp: []string{`SELECT 1`}},
		{in: `SELECT 1;SELECT 2`, exp: []string{`SELECT 1`, `SELECT 2`}},
		{in: `SELECT 1 /* comment */ ;SELECT 2`, exp: []string{`SELECT 1`, `SELECT 2`}},
		{in: `SELECT 1 /* comment */ ; /* comment */ SELECT 2`, exp: []string{`SELECT 1`, `SELECT 2`}},
	}
	var p parser.Parser // Verify that the same parser can be reused.
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.in, func(t *testing.T) {
			stmts, err := p.Parse(d.in)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("expected success, but found %s", err)
			}
			var res []string
			for i := range stmts {
				res = append(res, stmts[i].SQL)
			}
			if !reflect.DeepEqual(res, d.exp) {
				t.Errorf("expected \n%v\n, but found %v", res, d.exp)
			}
		})
	}
}

// TestParseNumPlaceholders verifies that Statement.NumPlaceholders is set
// correctly.
func TestParseNumPlaceholders(t *testing.T) {
	testData := []struct {
		in  string
		exp []int
	}{
		{in: ``, exp: nil},

		{in: `SELECT 1`, exp: []int{0}},
		{in: `SELECT $1`, exp: []int{1}},
		{in: `SELECT $1 + $1`, exp: []int{1}},
		{in: `SELECT $1 + $2`, exp: []int{2}},
		{in: `SELECT $1 + $2 + $1 + $2`, exp: []int{2}},
		{in: `SELECT $2`, exp: []int{2}},
		{in: `SELECT $1, $1 + $2, $1 + $2 + $3`, exp: []int{3}},

		{in: `SELECT $1; SELECT $1`, exp: []int{1, 1}},
		{in: `SELECT $1; SELECT $1 + $2 + $3; SELECT $1 + $2`, exp: []int{1, 3, 2}},
	}

	var p parser.Parser // Verify that the same parser can be reused.
	for _, d := range testData {
		t.Run(d.in, func(t *testing.T) {
			stmts, err := p.Parse(d.in)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("expected success, but found %s", err)
			}
			var res []int
			for i := range stmts {
				res = append(res, stmts[i].NumPlaceholders)
			}
			if !reflect.DeepEqual(res, d.exp) {
				t.Errorf("expected \n%v\n, but found %v", res, d.exp)
			}
		})
	}
}

func TestParseOne(t *testing.T) {
	_, err := parser.ParseOne("SELECT 1; SELECT 2")
	if !testutils.IsError(err, "expected 1 statement") {
		t.Errorf("unexpected error %s", err)
	}
}

func BenchmarkParse(b *testing.B) {
	testCases := []struct {
		name, query string
	}{
		{
			"simple",
			`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = 1`,
		},
		{
			"string",
			`SELECT a FROM t WHERE a = 'some-string' AND b = 'some-other-string'`,
		},
		{
			"tpcc-delivery",
			`SELECT no_o_id FROM new_order WHERE no_w_id = $1 AND no_d_id = $2 ORDER BY no_o_id ASC LIMIT 1`,
		},
		{
			"account",
			`BEGIN;
			 UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + 77 WHERE aid = 5;
			 SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = 5;
			 INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (1, 2, 5, 77, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
			 END`,
		},
	}
	for _, tc := range testCases {
		b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
				if _, err := parser.Parse(tc.query); err != nil {
					b.Fatal(err)
				}
			}
		})
	}
}