github.com/cockroachdb/pebble@v0.0.0-20231214172447-ab4952c5f87b/metamorphic/meta.go

// Copyright 2023 The LevelDB-Go and Pebble Authors. All rights reserved. Use
// of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in
// the LICENSE file.

// Package metamorphic provides a testing framework for running randomized tests
// over multiple Pebble databases with varying configurations. Logically
// equivalent operations should result in equivalent output across all
// configurations.
package metamorphic

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/base"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/dsl"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/randvar"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/testkeys"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/vfs"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/vfs/errorfs"
	"github.com/pmezard/go-difflib/difflib"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
	"golang.org/x/exp/rand"
	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)

type runAndCompareOptions struct {
	seed              uint64
	ops               randvar.Static
	previousOpsPath   string
	initialStatePath  string
	initialStateDesc  string
	traceFile         string
	innerBinary       string
	mutateTestOptions []func(*TestOptions)
	customRuns        map[string]string
	numInstances      int
	runOnceOptions
}

// A RunOption configures the behavior of RunAndCompare.
type RunOption interface {
	apply(*runAndCompareOptions)
}

// Seed configures generation to use the provided seed. Seed may be used to
// deterministically reproduce the same run.
type Seed uint64

func (s Seed) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.seed = uint64(s) }

// ExtendPreviousRun configures RunAndCompare to use the output of a previous
// metamorphic test run to seed the this run. It's used in the crossversion
// metamorphic tests, in which a data directory is upgraded through multiple
// versions of Pebble, exercising upgrade code paths and cross-version
// compatibility.
//
// The opsPath should be the filesystem path to the ops file containing the
// operations run within the previous iteration of the metamorphic test. It's
// used to inform operation generation to prefer using keys used in the previous
// run, which are therefore more likely to be "interesting."
//
// The initialStatePath argument should be the filesystem path to the data
// directory containing the database where the previous run of the metamorphic
// test left off.
//
// The initialStateDesc argument is presentational and should hold a
// human-readable description of the initial state.
func ExtendPreviousRun(opsPath, initialStatePath, initialStateDesc string) RunOption {
	return closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) {
		ro.previousOpsPath = opsPath
		ro.initialStatePath = initialStatePath
		ro.initialStateDesc = initialStateDesc
	})
}

var (
	// UseDisk configures RunAndCompare to use the physical filesystem for all
	// generated runs.
	UseDisk = closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) {
		ro.mutateTestOptions = append(ro.mutateTestOptions, func(to *TestOptions) { to.useDisk = true })
	})
	// UseInMemory configures RunAndCompare to use an in-memory virtual
	// filesystem for all generated runs.
	UseInMemory = closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) {
		ro.mutateTestOptions = append(ro.mutateTestOptions, func(to *TestOptions) { to.useDisk = false })
	})
)

// OpCount configures the random variable for the number of operations to
// generate.
func OpCount(rv randvar.Static) RunOption {
	return closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.ops = rv })
}

// RuntimeTrace configures each test run to collect a runtime trace and output
// it with the provided filename.
func RuntimeTrace(name string) RunOption {
	return closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.traceFile = name })
}

// InnerBinary configures the binary that is called for each run. If not
// specified, this binary (os.Args[0]) is called.
func InnerBinary(path string) RunOption {
	return closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.innerBinary = path })
}

// ParseCustomTestOption adds support for parsing the provided CustomOption from
// OPTIONS files serialized by the metamorphic tests. This RunOption alone does
// not cause the metamorphic tests to run with any variant of the provided
// CustomOption set.
func ParseCustomTestOption(name string, parseFn func(value string) (CustomOption, bool)) RunOption {
	return closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.customOptionParsers[name] = parseFn })
}

// AddCustomRun adds an additional run of the metamorphic tests, using the
// provided OPTIONS file contents. The default options will be used, except
// those options that are overriden by the provided OPTIONS string.
func AddCustomRun(name string, serializedOptions string) RunOption {
	return closureOpt(func(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.customRuns[name] = serializedOptions })
}

type closureOpt func(*runAndCompareOptions)

func (f closureOpt) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { f(ro) }

// RunAndCompare runs the metamorphic tests, using the provided root directory
// to hold test data.
func RunAndCompare(t *testing.T, rootDir string, rOpts ...RunOption) {
	runOpts := runAndCompareOptions{
		ops:        randvar.NewUniform(1000, 10000),
		customRuns: map[string]string{},
		runOnceOptions: runOnceOptions{
			customOptionParsers: map[string]func(string) (CustomOption, bool){},
		},
	}
	for _, o := range rOpts {
		o.apply(&runOpts)
	}
	if runOpts.seed == 0 {
		runOpts.seed = uint64(time.Now().UnixNano())
	}

	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(rootDir, 0755))
	metaDir, err := os.MkdirTemp(rootDir, time.Now().Format("060102-150405.000"))
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(metaDir, 0755))
	defer func() {
		if !t.Failed() && !runOpts.keep {
			_ = os.RemoveAll(metaDir)
		}
	}()

	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(runOpts.seed))
	opCount := runOpts.ops.Uint64(rng)

	// Generate a new set of random ops, writing them to <dir>/ops. These will be
	// read by the child processes when performing a test run.
	km := newKeyManager(runOpts.numInstances)
	cfg := presetConfigs[rng.Intn(len(presetConfigs))]
	if runOpts.previousOpsPath != "" {
		// During cross-version testing, we load keys from an `ops` file
		// produced by a metamorphic test run of an earlier Pebble version.
		// Seeding the keys ensure we generate interesting operations, including
		// ones with key shadowing, merging, etc.
		opsPath := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(filepath.Clean(runOpts.previousOpsPath)), "ops")
		opsData, err := os.ReadFile(opsPath)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		ops, err := parse(opsData, parserOpts{})
		require.NoError(t, err)
		loadPrecedingKeys(t, ops, &cfg, km)
	}
	if runOpts.numInstances > 1 {
		// The multi-instance variant does not support all operations yet.
		//
		// TODO(bilal): Address this and use the default configs.
		cfg = multiInstancePresetConfig
		cfg.numInstances = runOpts.numInstances
	}
	ops := generate(rng, opCount, cfg, km)
	opsPath := filepath.Join(metaDir, "ops")
	formattedOps := formatOps(ops)
	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(opsPath, []byte(formattedOps), 0644))

	// runOptions performs a particular test run with the specified options. The
	// options are written to <run-dir>/OPTIONS and a child process is created to
	// actually execute the test.
	runOptions := func(t *testing.T, opts *TestOptions) {
		if opts.Opts.Cache != nil {
			defer opts.Opts.Cache.Unref()
		}
		for _, fn := range runOpts.mutateTestOptions {
			fn(opts)
		}
		runDir := filepath.Join(metaDir, path.Base(t.Name()))
		require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(runDir, 0755))

		optionsPath := filepath.Join(runDir, "OPTIONS")
		optionsStr := optionsToString(opts)
		require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(optionsPath, []byte(optionsStr), 0644))

		args := []string{
			"-keep=" + fmt.Sprint(runOpts.keep),
			"-run-dir=" + runDir,
			"-test.run=" + t.Name() + "$",
		}
		if runOpts.numInstances > 1 {
			args = append(args, "--num-instances="+strconv.Itoa(runOpts.numInstances))
		}
		if runOpts.traceFile != "" {
			args = append(args, "-test.trace="+filepath.Join(runDir, runOpts.traceFile))
		}

		binary := os.Args[0]
		if runOpts.innerBinary != "" {
			binary = runOpts.innerBinary
		}
		cmd := exec.Command(binary, args...)
		out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf(`
===== SEED =====
%d
===== ERR =====
%v
===== OUT =====
%s
===== OPTIONS =====
%s
===== OPS =====
%s
===== HISTORY =====
%s`, runOpts.seed, err, out, optionsStr, formattedOps, readFile(filepath.Join(runDir, "history")))
		}
	}

	var names []string
	options := map[string]*TestOptions{}

	// Create the standard options.
	for i, opts := range standardOptions() {
		name := fmt.Sprintf("standard-%03d", i)
		names = append(names, name)
		options[name] = opts
	}

	// Create the custom option runs, if any.
	for name, customOptsStr := range runOpts.customRuns {
		options[name] = defaultTestOptions()
		if err := parseOptions(options[name], customOptsStr, runOpts.customOptionParsers); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("custom opts %q: %s", name, err)
		}
	}
	// Sort the custom options names for determinism (they're currently in
	// random order from map iteration).
	sort.Strings(names[len(names)-len(runOpts.customRuns):])

	// Create random options. We make an arbitrary choice to run with as many
	// random options as we have standard options.
	nOpts := len(options)
	for i := 0; i < nOpts; i++ {
		name := fmt.Sprintf("random-%03d", i)
		names = append(names, name)
		opts := randomOptions(rng, runOpts.customOptionParsers)
		options[name] = opts
	}

	// If the user provided the path to an initial database state to use, update
	// all the options to pull from it.
	if runOpts.initialStatePath != "" {
		for _, o := range options {
			var err error
			o.initialStatePath, err = filepath.Abs(runOpts.initialStatePath)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			o.initialStateDesc = runOpts.initialStateDesc
		}
	}

	// Run the options.
	t.Run("execution", func(t *testing.T) {
		for _, name := range names {
			name := name
			t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
				t.Parallel()
				runOptions(t, options[name])
			})
		}
	})
	// NB: The above 'execution' subtest will not complete until all of the
	// individual execution/ subtests have completed. The grouping within the
	// `execution` subtest ensures all the histories are available when we
	// proceed to comparing against the base history.

	// Don't bother comparing output if we've already failed.
	if t.Failed() {
		return
	}

	t.Run("compare", func(t *testing.T) {
		getHistoryPath := func(name string) string {
			return filepath.Join(metaDir, name, "history")
		}

		base := readHistory(t, getHistoryPath(names[0]))
		base = reorderHistory(base)
		for i := 1; i < len(names); i++ {
			t.Run(names[i], func(t *testing.T) {
				lines := readHistory(t, getHistoryPath(names[i]))
				lines = reorderHistory(lines)
				diff := difflib.UnifiedDiff{
					A:       base,
					B:       lines,
					Context: 5,
				}
				text, err := difflib.GetUnifiedDiffString(diff)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				if text != "" {
					// NB: We force an exit rather than using t.Fatal because the latter
					// will run another instance of the test if -count is specified, while
					// we're happy to exit on the first failure.
					optionsStrA := optionsToString(options[names[0]])
					optionsStrB := optionsToString(options[names[i]])

					fmt.Printf(`
		===== SEED =====
		%d
		===== DIFF =====
		%s/{%s,%s}
		%s
		===== OPTIONS %s =====
		%s
		===== OPTIONS %s =====
		%s
		===== OPS =====
		%s
		`, runOpts.seed, metaDir, names[0], names[i], text, names[0], optionsStrA, names[i], optionsStrB, formattedOps)
					os.Exit(1)
				}
			})
		}
	})
}

type runOnceOptions struct {
	keep                bool
	maxThreads          int
	errorRate           float64
	failRegexp          *regexp.Regexp
	numInstances        int
	customOptionParsers map[string]func(string) (CustomOption, bool)
}

// A RunOnceOption configures the behavior of a single run of the metamorphic
// tests.
type RunOnceOption interface {
	applyOnce(*runOnceOptions)
}

// KeepData keeps the database directory, even on successful runs. If the test
// used an in-memory filesystem, the in-memory filesystem will be persisted to
// the run directory.
type KeepData struct{}

func (KeepData) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.keep = true }
func (KeepData) applyOnce(ro *runOnceOptions)   { ro.keep = true }

// InjectErrorsRate configures the run to inject errors into read-only
// filesystem operations and retry injected errors.
type InjectErrorsRate float64

func (r InjectErrorsRate) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.errorRate = float64(r) }
func (r InjectErrorsRate) applyOnce(ro *runOnceOptions)   { ro.errorRate = float64(r) }

// MaxThreads sets an upper bound on the number of parallel execution threads
// during replay.
type MaxThreads int

func (m MaxThreads) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.maxThreads = int(m) }
func (m MaxThreads) applyOnce(ro *runOnceOptions)   { ro.maxThreads = int(m) }

// FailOnMatch configures the run to fail immediately if the history matches the
// provided regular expression.
type FailOnMatch struct {
	*regexp.Regexp
}

func (f FailOnMatch) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.failRegexp = f.Regexp }
func (f FailOnMatch) applyOnce(ro *runOnceOptions)   { ro.failRegexp = f.Regexp }

// MultiInstance configures the number of pebble instances to create.
type MultiInstance int

func (m MultiInstance) apply(ro *runAndCompareOptions) { ro.numInstances = int(m) }
func (m MultiInstance) applyOnce(ro *runOnceOptions)   { ro.numInstances = int(m) }

// RunOnce performs one run of the metamorphic tests. RunOnce expects the
// directory named by `runDir` to already exist and contain an `OPTIONS` file
// containing the test run's configuration. The history of the run is persisted
// to a file at the path `historyPath`.
//
// The `seed` parameter is not functional; it's used for context in logging.
func RunOnce(t TestingT, runDir string, seed uint64, historyPath string, rOpts ...RunOnceOption) {
	runOpts := runOnceOptions{
		customOptionParsers: map[string]func(string) (CustomOption, bool){},
	}
	for _, o := range rOpts {
		o.applyOnce(&runOpts)
	}

	opsPath := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(filepath.Clean(runDir)), "ops")
	opsData, err := os.ReadFile(opsPath)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	ops, err := parse(opsData, parserOpts{})
	require.NoError(t, err)
	_ = ops

	optionsPath := filepath.Join(runDir, "OPTIONS")
	optionsData, err := os.ReadFile(optionsPath)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	// NB: It's important to use defaultTestOptions() here as the base into
	// which we parse the serialized options. It contains the relevant defaults,
	// like the appropriate block-property collectors.
	testOpts := defaultTestOptions()
	opts := testOpts.Opts
	require.NoError(t, parseOptions(testOpts, string(optionsData), runOpts.customOptionParsers))

	// Always use our custom comparer which provides a Split method, splitting
	// keys at the trailing '@'.
	opts.Comparer = testkeys.Comparer
	// Use an archive cleaner to ease post-mortem debugging.
	opts.Cleaner = base.ArchiveCleaner{}

	// Set up the filesystem to use for the test. Note that by default we use an
	// in-memory FS.
	if testOpts.useDisk {
		opts.FS = vfs.Default
		require.NoError(t, os.RemoveAll(opts.FS.PathJoin(runDir, "data")))
	} else {
		opts.Cleaner = base.ArchiveCleaner{}
		if testOpts.strictFS {
			opts.FS = vfs.NewStrictMem()
		} else {
			opts.FS = vfs.NewMem()
		}
	}
	opts.WithFSDefaults()

	threads := testOpts.threads
	if runOpts.maxThreads < threads {
		threads = runOpts.maxThreads
	}

	dir := opts.FS.PathJoin(runDir, "data")
	// Set up the initial database state if configured to start from a non-empty
	// database. By default tests start from an empty database, but split
	// version testing may configure a previous metamorphic tests's database
	// state as the initial state.
	if testOpts.initialStatePath != "" {
		require.NoError(t, setupInitialState(dir, testOpts))
	}

	// Wrap the filesystem with one that will inject errors into read
	// operations with *errorRate probability.
	opts.FS = errorfs.Wrap(opts.FS, errorfs.ErrInjected.If(
		dsl.And[errorfs.Op](errorfs.Reads, errorfs.Randomly(runOpts.errorRate, int64(seed))),
	))

	if opts.WALDir != "" {
		if runOpts.numInstances > 1 {
			// TODO(bilal): Allow opts to diverge on a per-instance basis, and use
			// that to set unique WAL dirs for all instances in multi-instance mode.
			opts.WALDir = ""
		} else {
			opts.WALDir = opts.FS.PathJoin(runDir, opts.WALDir)
		}
	}

	historyFile, err := os.Create(historyPath)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer historyFile.Close()
	writers := []io.Writer{historyFile}

	if testing.Verbose() {
		writers = append(writers, os.Stdout)
	}
	h := newHistory(runOpts.failRegexp, writers...)

	m := newTest(ops)
	require.NoError(t, m.init(h, dir, testOpts, runOpts.numInstances))

	if threads <= 1 {
		for m.step(h) {
			if err := h.Error(); err != nil {
				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Seed: %d\n", seed)
				fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
				m.maybeSaveData()
				os.Exit(1)
			}
		}
	} else {
		eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(context.Background())
		for t := 0; t < threads; t++ {
			t := t // bind loop var to scope
			eg.Go(func() error {
				for idx := 0; idx < len(m.ops); idx++ {
					// Skip any operations whose receiver object hashes to a
					// different thread. All operations with the same receiver
					// are performed from the same thread. This goroutine is
					// only responsible for executing operations that hash to
					// `t`.
					if hashThread(m.ops[idx].receiver(), threads) != t {
						continue
					}

					// Some operations have additional synchronization
					// dependencies. If this operation has any, wait for its
					// dependencies to complete before executing.
					for _, waitOnIdx := range m.opsWaitOn[idx] {
						select {
						case <-ctx.Done():
							// Exit if some other thread already errored out.
							return ctx.Err()
						case <-m.opsDone[waitOnIdx]:
						}
					}

					m.ops[idx].run(m, h.recorder(t, idx))

					// If this operation has a done channel, close it so that
					// other operations that synchronize on this operation know
					// that it's been completed.
					if ch := m.opsDone[idx]; ch != nil {
						close(ch)
					}

					if err := h.Error(); err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}
				return nil
			})
		}
		if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Seed: %d\n", seed)
			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
			m.maybeSaveData()
			os.Exit(1)
		}
	}

	if runOpts.keep && !testOpts.useDisk {
		m.maybeSaveData()
	}
}

func hashThread(objID objID, numThreads int) int {
	// Fibonacci hash https://probablydance.com/2018/06/16/fibonacci-hashing-the-optimization-that-the-world-forgot-or-a-better-alternative-to-integer-modulo/
	return int((11400714819323198485 * uint64(objID)) % uint64(numThreads))
}

// Compare runs the metamorphic tests in the provided runDirs and compares their
// histories.
func Compare(t TestingT, rootDir string, seed uint64, runDirs []string, rOpts ...RunOnceOption) {
	historyPaths := make([]string, len(runDirs))
	for i := 0; i < len(runDirs); i++ {
		historyPath := filepath.Join(rootDir, runDirs[i]+"-"+time.Now().Format("060102-150405.000"))
		runDirs[i] = filepath.Join(rootDir, runDirs[i])
		_ = os.Remove(historyPath)
		historyPaths[i] = historyPath
	}
	defer func() {
		for _, path := range historyPaths {
			_ = os.Remove(path)
		}
	}()

	for i, runDir := range runDirs {
		RunOnce(t, runDir, seed, historyPaths[i], rOpts...)
	}

	if t.Failed() {
		return
	}

	i, diff := CompareHistories(t, historyPaths)
	if i != 0 {
		fmt.Printf(`
===== DIFF =====
%s/{%s,%s}
%s
`, rootDir, runDirs[0], runDirs[i], diff)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
}

// TestingT is an interface wrapper around *testing.T
type TestingT interface {
	require.TestingT
	Failed() bool
}

func readFile(path string) string {
	history, err := os.ReadFile(path)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Sprintf("err: %v", err)
	}

	return string(history)
}