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    31    /*                     __                                               *\
    32    **     ________ ___   / /  ___     Scala API                            **
    33    **    / __/ __// _ | / /  / _ |    (c) 2003-2011, LAMP/EPFL             **
    34    **  __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ |    http://scala-lang.org/               **
    35    ** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | |                                         **
    36    **                          |/                                          **
    37    \*                                                                      */
    38  
    39    package scala.collection
    40  
    41    import generic._
    42    import mutable.{ Builder, ListBuffer }
    43    import annotation.{tailrec, migration, bridge}
    44    import annotation.unchecked.{ uncheckedVariance => uV }
    45    import parallel.ParIterable
    46  
    47    /** A template trait for traversable collections of type `Traversable[A]`.
    48     *  
    49     *  $traversableInfo
    50     *  @define mutability
    51     *  @define traversableInfo
    52     *  This is a base trait of all kinds of $mutability Scala collections. It
    53     *  implements the behavior common to all collections, in terms of a method
    54     *  `foreach` with signature:
    55     * {{{
    56     *     def foreach[U](f: Elem => U): Unit
    57     * }}}
    58     *  Collection classes mixing in this trait provide a concrete 
    59     *  `foreach` method which traverses all the
    60     *  elements contained in the collection, applying a given function to each.
    61     *  They also need to provide a method `newBuilder`
    62     *  which creates a builder for collections of the same kind.
    63     *  
    64     *  A traversable class might or might not have two properties: strictness
    65     *  and orderedness. Neither is represented as a type.
    66     *  
    67     *  The instances of a strict collection class have all their elements
    68     *  computed before they can be used as values. By contrast, instances of
    69     *  a non-strict collection class may defer computation of some of their
    70     *  elements until after the instance is available as a value.
    71     *  A typical example of a non-strict collection class is a
    72     *  <a href="../immutable/Stream.html" target="ContentFrame">
    73     *  `scala.collection.immutable.Stream`</a>.
    74     *  A more general class of examples are `TraversableViews`.
    75     *  
    76     *  If a collection is an instance of an ordered collection class, traversing
    77     *  its elements with `foreach` will always visit elements in the
    78     *  same order, even for different runs of the program. If the class is not
    79     *  ordered, `foreach` can visit elements in different orders for
    80     *  different runs (but it will keep the same order in the same run).'
    81     * 
    82     *  A typical example of a collection class which is not ordered is a
    83     *  `HashMap` of objects. The traversal order for hash maps will
    84     *  depend on the hash codes of its elements, and these hash codes might
    85     *  differ from one run to the next. By contrast, a `LinkedHashMap`
    86     *  is ordered because it's `foreach` method visits elements in the
    87     *  order they were inserted into the `HashMap`.
    88     *
    89     *  @author Martin Odersky
    90     *  @version 2.8
    91     *  @since   2.8
    92     *  @tparam A    the element type of the collection
    93     *  @tparam Repr the type of the actual collection containing the elements.
    94     *
    95     *  @define Coll Traversable
    96     *  @define coll traversable collection
    97     */
    98    trait TraversableLike[+A, +Repr] extends HasNewBuilder[A, Repr] 
    99                                        with FilterMonadic[A, Repr]
   100                                        with TraversableOnce[A]
   101                                        with GenTraversableLike[A, Repr]
   102                                        with Parallelizable[A, ParIterable[A]]
   103    {
   104      self =>
   105  
   106      import Traversable.breaks._
   107  
   108      /** The type implementing this traversable */
   109      protected type Self = Repr
   110  
   111      /** The collection of type $coll underlying this `TraversableLike` object.
   112       *  By default this is implemented as the `TraversableLike` object itself,
   113       *  but this can be overridden.
   114       */
   115      def repr: Repr = this.asInstanceOf[Repr]
   116  
   117      /** The underlying collection seen as an instance of `$Coll`.
   118       *  By default this is implemented as the current collection object itself,
   119       *  but this can be overridden.
   120       */
   121      protected[this] def thisCollection: Traversable[A] = this.asInstanceOf[Traversable[A]]
   122  
   123      /** A conversion from collections of type `Repr` to `$Coll` objects.
   124       *  By default this is implemented as just a cast, but this can be overridden.
   125       */
   126      protected[this] def toCollection(repr: Repr): Traversable[A] = repr.asInstanceOf[Traversable[A]]
   127  
   128      /** Creates a new builder for this collection type.
   129       */
   130      protected[this] def newBuilder: Builder[A, Repr]
   131  
   132      protected[this] def parCombiner = ParIterable.newCombiner[A]
   133  
   134      /** Applies a function `f` to all elements of this $coll.
   135       *  
   136       *    Note: this method underlies the implementation of most other bulk operations.
   137       *    It's important to implement this method in an efficient way.
   138       *  
   139       *
   140       *  @param  f   the function that is applied for its side-effect to every element.
   141       *              The result of function `f` is discarded.
   142       *              
   143       *  @tparam  U  the type parameter describing the result of function `f`. 
   144       *              This result will always be ignored. Typically `U` is `Unit`,
   145       *              but this is not necessary.
   146       *
   147       *  @usecase def foreach(f: A => Unit): Unit
   148       */
   149      def foreach[U](f: A => U): Unit
   150  
   151      /** Tests whether this $coll is empty.
   152       *
   153       *  @return    `true` if the $coll contain no elements, `false` otherwise.
   154       */
   155      def isEmpty: Boolean = {
   156        var result = true
   157        breakable {
   158          for (x <- this) {
   159            result = false
   160            break
   161          }
   162        }
   163        result
   164      }
   165  
   166      /** Tests whether this $coll is known to have a finite size.
   167       *  All strict collections are known to have finite size. For a non-strict collection
   168       *  such as `Stream`, the predicate returns `true` if all elements have been computed.
   169       *  It returns `false` if the stream is not yet evaluated to the end.
   170       *
   171       *  Note: many collection methods will not work on collections of infinite sizes. 
   172       *
   173       *  @return  `true` if this collection is known to have finite size, `false` otherwise.
   174       */
   175      def hasDefiniteSize = true
   176  
   177      def ++[B >: A, That](that: GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   178        val b = bf(repr)
   179        if (that.isInstanceOf[IndexedSeqLike[_, _]]) b.sizeHint(this, that.seq.size)
   180        b ++= thisCollection
   181        b ++= that.seq
   182        b.result
   183      }
   184  
   185      @bridge
   186      def ++[B >: A, That](that: TraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That =
   187        ++(that: GenTraversableOnce[B])(bf)
   188  
   189      /** Concatenates this $coll with the elements of a traversable collection.
   190       *  It differs from ++ in that the right operand determines the type of the
   191       *  resulting collection rather than the left one.
   192       * 
   193       *  @param that   the traversable to append.
   194       *  @tparam B     the element type of the returned collection. 
   195       *  @tparam That  $thatinfo
   196       *  @param bf     $bfinfo
   197       *  @return       a new collection of type `That` which contains all elements
   198       *                of this $coll followed by all elements of `that`.
   199       * 
   200       *  @usecase def ++:[B](that: TraversableOnce[B]): $Coll[B]
   201       *  
   202       *  @return       a new $coll which contains all elements of this $coll
   203       *                followed by all elements of `that`.
   204       */
   205      def ++:[B >: A, That](that: TraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   206        val b = bf(repr)
   207        if (that.isInstanceOf[IndexedSeqLike[_, _]]) b.sizeHint(this, that.size)
   208        b ++= that
   209        b ++= thisCollection
   210        b.result
   211      }
   212  
   213      /** This overload exists because: for the implementation of ++: we should reuse
   214       *  that of ++ because many collections override it with more efficient versions.
   215       *  Since TraversableOnce has no '++' method, we have to implement that directly,
   216       *  but Traversable and down can use the overload.
   217       */
   218      def ++:[B >: A, That](that: Traversable[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That =
   219        (that ++ seq)(breakOut)
   220  
   221      def map[B, That](f: A => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   222        val b = bf(repr)
   223        b.sizeHint(this) 
   224        for (x <- this) b += f(x)
   225        b.result
   226      }
   227  
   228      def flatMap[B, That](f: A => GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   229        val b = bf(repr)
   230        for (x <- this) b ++= f(x).seq
   231        b.result
   232      }
   233  
   234      /** Selects all elements of this $coll which satisfy a predicate.
   235       *
   236       *  @param p     the predicate used to test elements.
   237       *  @return      a new $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll that satisfy the given
   238       *               predicate `p`. The order of the elements is preserved.
   239       */
   240      def filter(p: A => Boolean): Repr = {
   241        val b = newBuilder
   242        for (x <- this) 
   243          if (p(x)) b += x
   244        b.result
   245      }
   246  
   247      /** Selects all elements of this $coll which do not satisfy a predicate.
   248       *
   249       *  @param p     the predicate used to test elements.
   250       *  @return      a new $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll that do not satisfy the given
   251       *               predicate `p`. The order of the elements is preserved.
   252       */
   253      def filterNot(p: A => Boolean): Repr = filter(!p(_))
   254  
   255      def collect[B, That](pf: PartialFunction[A, B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   256        val b = bf(repr)
   257        for (x <- this) if (pf.isDefinedAt(x)) b += pf(x)
   258        b.result
   259      }
   260  
   261      /** Builds a new collection by applying an option-valued function to all
   262       *  elements of this $coll on which the function is defined.
   263       *
   264       *  @param f      the option-valued function which filters and maps the $coll.
   265       *  @tparam B     the element type of the returned collection.
   266       *  @tparam That  $thatinfo
   267       *  @param bf     $bfinfo
   268       *  @return       a new collection of type `That` resulting from applying the option-valued function
   269       *                `f` to each element and collecting all defined results.
   270       *                The order of the elements is preserved.
   271       *
   272       *  @usecase def filterMap[B](f: A => Option[B]): $Coll[B]
   273       *  
   274       *  @param pf     the partial function which filters and maps the $coll.
   275       *  @return       a new $coll resulting from applying the given option-valued function
   276       *                `f` to each element and collecting all defined results.
   277       *                The order of the elements is preserved.
   278      def filterMap[B, That](f: A => Option[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   279        val b = bf(repr)
   280        for (x <- this) 
   281          f(x) match {
   282            case Some(y) => b += y
   283            case _ =>
   284          }
   285        b.result
   286      }
   287       */
   288  
   289      /** Partitions this $coll in two ${coll}s according to a predicate.
   290       *
   291       *  @param p the predicate on which to partition.
   292       *  @return  a pair of ${coll}s: the first $coll consists of all elements that 
   293       *           satisfy the predicate `p` and the second $coll consists of all elements
   294       *           that don't. The relative order of the elements in the resulting ${coll}s
   295       *           is the same as in the original $coll.
   296       */
   297      def partition(p: A => Boolean): (Repr, Repr) = {
   298        val l, r = newBuilder
   299        for (x <- this) (if (p(x)) l else r) += x
   300        (l.result, r.result)
   301      }
   302  
   303      def groupBy[K](f: A => K): immutable.Map[K, Repr] = {
   304        val m = mutable.Map.empty[K, Builder[A, Repr]]
   305        for (elem <- this) {
   306          val key = f(elem)
   307          val bldr = m.getOrElseUpdate(key, newBuilder)
   308          bldr += elem
   309        }
   310        val b = immutable.Map.newBuilder[K, Repr]
   311        for ((k, v) <- m)
   312          b += ((k, v.result))
   313  
   314        b.result
   315      }
   316  
   317      /** Tests whether a predicate holds for all elements of this $coll.
   318       *
   319       *  $mayNotTerminateInf
   320       *
   321       *  @param   p     the predicate used to test elements.
   322       *  @return        `true` if the given predicate `p` holds for all elements
   323       *                 of this $coll, otherwise `false`.
   324       */
   325      def forall(p: A => Boolean): Boolean = {
   326        var result = true
   327        breakable {
   328          for (x <- this)
   329            if (!p(x)) { result = false; break }
   330        }
   331        result
   332      }
   333  
   334      /** Tests whether a predicate holds for some of the elements of this $coll.
   335       *
   336       *  $mayNotTerminateInf
   337       *
   338       *  @param   p     the predicate used to test elements.
   339       *  @return        `true` if the given predicate `p` holds for some of the
   340       *                 elements of this $coll, otherwise `false`.
   341       */
   342      def exists(p: A => Boolean): Boolean = {
   343        var result = false
   344        breakable {
   345          for (x <- this)
   346            if (p(x)) { result = true; break }
   347        }
   348        result
   349      }
   350  
   351      /** Finds the first element of the $coll satisfying a predicate, if any.
   352       * 
   353       *  $mayNotTerminateInf
   354       *  $orderDependent
   355       *
   356       *  @param p    the predicate used to test elements.
   357       *  @return     an option value containing the first element in the $coll
   358       *              that satisfies `p`, or `None` if none exists.
   359       */
   360      def find(p: A => Boolean): Option[A] = {
   361        var result: Option[A] = None
   362        breakable {
   363          for (x <- this)
   364            if (p(x)) { result = Some(x); break }
   365        }
   366        result
   367      }
   368  
   369      def scan[B >: A, That](z: B)(op: (B, B) => B)(implicit cbf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = scanLeft(z)(op)
   370  
   371      def scanLeft[B, That](z: B)(op: (B, A) => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   372        val b = bf(repr)
   373        b.sizeHint(this, 1)
   374        var acc = z
   375        b += acc
   376        for (x <- this) { acc = op(acc, x); b += acc }
   377        b.result
   378      }
   379  
   380      @migration(2, 9,
   381        "This scanRight definition has changed in 2.9.\n" +
   382        "The previous behavior can be reproduced with scanRight.reverse."
   383      )
   384      def scanRight[B, That](z: B)(op: (A, B) => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   385        var scanned = List(z)
   386        var acc = z
   387        for (x <- reversed) {
   388          acc = op(x, acc)
   389          scanned ::= acc
   390        }
   391        val b = bf(repr)
   392        for (elem <- scanned) b += elem
   393        b.result
   394      }
   395  
   396      /** Selects the first element of this $coll.
   397       *  $orderDependent
   398       *  @return  the first element of this $coll.
   399       *  @throws `NoSuchElementException` if the $coll is empty.
   400       */
   401      def head: A = {
   402        var result: () => A = () => throw new NoSuchElementException
   403        breakable {
   404          for (x <- this) {
   405            result = () => x
   406            break
   407          }
   408        }
   409        result()
   410      }
   411  
   412      /** Optionally selects the first element.
   413       *  $orderDependent
   414       *  @return  the first element of this $coll if it is nonempty, `None` if it is empty.
   415       */
   416      def headOption: Option[A] = if (isEmpty) None else Some(head)
   417  
   418      /** Selects all elements except the first.
   419       *  $orderDependent
   420       *  @return  a $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll
   421       *           except the first one.
   422       *  @throws `UnsupportedOperationException` if the $coll is empty.
   423       */ 
   424      override def tail: Repr = {
   425        if (isEmpty) throw new UnsupportedOperationException("empty.tail")
   426        drop(1)
   427      }
   428  
   429      /** Selects the last element.
   430        * $orderDependent
   431        * @return The last element of this $coll.
   432        * @throws NoSuchElementException If the $coll is empty.
   433        */
   434      def last: A = {
   435        var lst = head
   436        for (x <- this)
   437          lst = x
   438        lst
   439      }
   440  
   441      /** Optionally selects the last element.
   442       *  $orderDependent
   443       *  @return  the last element of this $coll$ if it is nonempty, `None` if it is empty.
   444       */
   445      def lastOption: Option[A] = if (isEmpty) None else Some(last)
   446  
   447      /** Selects all elements except the last.
   448       *  $orderDependent
   449       *  @return  a $coll consisting of all elements of this $coll
   450       *           except the last one.
   451       *  @throws `UnsupportedOperationException` if the $coll is empty.
   452       */
   453      def init: Repr = {
   454        if (isEmpty) throw new UnsupportedOperationException("empty.init")
   455        var lst = head
   456        var follow = false
   457        val b = newBuilder
   458        b.sizeHint(this, -1)
   459        for (x <- this.seq) {
   460          if (follow) b += lst
   461          else follow = true
   462          lst = x
   463        }
   464        b.result
   465      }
   466  
   467      def take(n: Int): Repr = slice(0, n)
   468  
   469      def drop(n: Int): Repr = 
   470        if (n <= 0) {
   471          val b = newBuilder
   472          b.sizeHint(this)
   473          b ++= thisCollection result
   474        }
   475        else sliceWithKnownDelta(n, Int.MaxValue, -n)
   476  
   477      def slice(from: Int, until: Int): Repr = sliceWithKnownBound(math.max(from, 0), until)
   478  
   479      // Precondition: from >= 0, until > 0, builder already configured for building.
   480      private[this] def sliceInternal(from: Int, until: Int, b: Builder[A, Repr]): Repr = {
   481        var i = 0
   482        breakable {
   483          for (x <- this.seq) {
   484            if (i >= from) b += x
   485            i += 1
   486            if (i >= until) break
   487          }
   488        }
   489        b.result
   490      }
   491      // Precondition: from >= 0
   492      private[scala] def sliceWithKnownDelta(from: Int, until: Int, delta: Int): Repr = {
   493        val b = newBuilder
   494        if (until <= from) b.result
   495        else {
   496          b.sizeHint(this, delta)
   497          sliceInternal(from, until, b)
   498        }
   499      }
   500      // Precondition: from >= 0
   501      private[scala] def sliceWithKnownBound(from: Int, until: Int): Repr = {
   502        val b = newBuilder
   503        if (until <= from) b.result
   504        else {
   505          b.sizeHintBounded(until - from, this)      
   506          sliceInternal(from, until, b)
   507        }
   508      }
   509  
   510      def takeWhile(p: A => Boolean): Repr = {
   511        val b = newBuilder
   512        breakable {
   513          for (x <- this) {
   514            if (!p(x)) break
   515            b += x
   516          }
   517        }
   518        b.result
   519      }
   520  
   521      def dropWhile(p: A => Boolean): Repr = {
   522        val b = newBuilder
   523        var go = false
   524        for (x <- this) {
   525          if (!p(x)) go = true
   526          if (go) b += x
   527        }
   528        b.result
   529      }
   530  
   531      def span(p: A => Boolean): (Repr, Repr) = {
   532        val l, r = newBuilder
   533        var toLeft = true
   534        for (x <- this) {
   535          toLeft = toLeft && p(x)
   536          (if (toLeft) l else r) += x
   537        }
   538        (l.result, r.result)
   539      }
   540  
   541      def splitAt(n: Int): (Repr, Repr) = {
   542        val l, r = newBuilder
   543        l.sizeHintBounded(n, this)
   544        if (n >= 0) r.sizeHint(this, -n)
   545        var i = 0
   546        for (x <- this) {
   547          (if (i < n) l else r) += x
   548          i += 1
   549        }
   550        (l.result, r.result)
   551      }
   552  
   553      /** Iterates over the tails of this $coll. The first value will be this
   554       *  $coll and the final one will be an empty $coll, with the intervening
   555       *  values the results of successive applications of `tail`.
   556       *
   557       *  @return   an iterator over all the tails of this $coll
   558       *  @example  `List(1,2,3).tails = Iterator(List(1,2,3), List(2,3), List(3), Nil)`
   559       */  
   560      def tails: Iterator[Repr] = iterateUntilEmpty(_.tail)
   561  
   562      /** Iterates over the inits of this $coll. The first value will be this
   563       *  $coll and the final one will be an empty $coll, with the intervening
   564       *  values the results of successive applications of `init`.
   565       *
   566       *  @return  an iterator over all the inits of this $coll
   567       *  @example  `List(1,2,3).inits = Iterator(List(1,2,3), List(1,2), List(1), Nil)`
   568       */
   569      def inits: Iterator[Repr] = iterateUntilEmpty(_.init)
   570  
   571      /** Copies elements of this $coll to an array.
   572       *  Fills the given array `xs` with at most `len` elements of
   573       *  this $coll, starting at position `start`.
   574       *  Copying will stop once either the end of the current $coll is reached,
   575       *  or the end of the array is reached, or `len` elements have been copied.
   576       *
   577       *  $willNotTerminateInf
   578       * 
   579       *  @param  xs     the array to fill.
   580       *  @param  start  the starting index.
   581       *  @param  len    the maximal number of elements to copy.
   582       *  @tparam B      the type of the elements of the array. 
   583       * 
   584       *
   585       *  @usecase def copyToArray(xs: Array[A], start: Int, len: Int): Unit
   586       */
   587      def copyToArray[B >: A](xs: Array[B], start: Int, len: Int) {
   588        var i = start
   589        val end = (start + len) min xs.length
   590        breakable {
   591          for (x <- this) {
   592            if (i >= end) break
   593            xs(i) = x
   594            i += 1
   595          }
   596        }
   597      }
   598  
   599      def toTraversable: Traversable[A] = thisCollection
   600      def toIterator: Iterator[A] = toStream.iterator
   601      def toStream: Stream[A] = toBuffer.toStream
   602  
   603      /** Converts this $coll to a string.
   604       *
   605       *  @return   a string representation of this collection. By default this
   606       *            string consists of the `stringPrefix` of this $coll,
   607       *            followed by all elements separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses.
   608       */
   609      override def toString = mkString(stringPrefix + "(", ", ", ")")
   610  
   611      /** Defines the prefix of this object's `toString` representation.
   612       *
   613       *  @return  a string representation which starts the result of `toString`
   614       *           applied to this $coll. By default the string prefix is the
   615       *           simple name of the collection class $coll.
   616       */
   617      def stringPrefix : String = {
   618        var string = repr.asInstanceOf[AnyRef].getClass.getName
   619        val idx1 = string.lastIndexOf('.' : Int)
   620        if (idx1 != -1) string = string.substring(idx1 + 1)
   621        val idx2 = string.indexOf('$')
   622        if (idx2 != -1) string = string.substring(0, idx2)
   623        string
   624      }
   625  
   626      /** Creates a non-strict view of this $coll.
   627       * 
   628       *  @return a non-strict view of this $coll.
   629       */
   630      def view = new TraversableView[A, Repr] {
   631        protected lazy val underlying = self.repr
   632        override def foreach[U](f: A => U) = self foreach f
   633      }
   634  
   635      /** Creates a non-strict view of a slice of this $coll.
   636       *
   637       *  Note: the difference between `view` and `slice` is that `view` produces
   638       *        a view of the current $coll, whereas `slice` produces a new $coll.
   639       * 
   640       *  Note: `view(from, to)` is equivalent to `view.slice(from, to)`
   641       *  $orderDependent
   642       * 
   643       *  @param from   the index of the first element of the view
   644       *  @param until  the index of the element following the view
   645       *  @return a non-strict view of a slice of this $coll, starting at index `from`
   646       *  and extending up to (but not including) index `until`.
   647       */
   648      def view(from: Int, until: Int): TraversableView[A, Repr] = view.slice(from, until)
   649  
   650      /** Creates a non-strict filter of this $coll.
   651       *
   652       *  Note: the difference between `c filter p` and `c withFilter p` is that
   653       *        the former creates a new collection, whereas the latter only
   654       *        restricts the domain of subsequent `map`, `flatMap`, `foreach`,
   655       *        and `withFilter` operations.
   656       *  $orderDependent
   657       * 
   658       *  @param p   the predicate used to test elements.
   659       *  @return    an object of class `WithFilter`, which supports
   660       *             `map`, `flatMap`, `foreach`, and `withFilter` operations.
   661       *             All these operations apply to those elements of this $coll which
   662       *             satisfy the predicate `p`.
   663       */
   664      def withFilter(p: A => Boolean): FilterMonadic[A, Repr] = new WithFilter(p)
   665  
   666      /** A class supporting filtered operations. Instances of this class are
   667       *  returned by method `withFilter`.
   668       */
   669      class WithFilter(p: A => Boolean) extends FilterMonadic[A, Repr] {
   670  
   671        /** Builds a new collection by applying a function to all elements of the
   672         *  outer $coll containing this `WithFilter` instance that satisfy predicate `p`.
   673         *
   674         *  @param f      the function to apply to each element.
   675         *  @tparam B     the element type of the returned collection.
   676         *  @tparam That  $thatinfo
   677         *  @param bf     $bfinfo
   678         *  @return       a new collection of type `That` resulting from applying
   679         *                the given function `f` to each element of the outer $coll
   680         *                that satisfies predicate `p` and collecting the results.
   681         *
   682         *  @usecase def map[B](f: A => B): $Coll[B] 
   683         *  
   684         *  @return       a new $coll resulting from applying the given function
   685         *                `f` to each element of the outer $coll that satisfies
   686         *                predicate `p` and collecting the results.
   687         */
   688        def map[B, That](f: A => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   689          val b = bf(repr)
   690          for (x <- self) 
   691            if (p(x)) b += f(x)
   692          b.result
   693        }
   694  
   695        /** Builds a new collection by applying a function to all elements of the
   696         *  outer $coll containing this `WithFilter` instance that satisfy
   697         *  predicate `p` and concatenating the results. 
   698         *
   699         *  @param f      the function to apply to each element.
   700         *  @tparam B     the element type of the returned collection.
   701         *  @tparam That  $thatinfo
   702         *  @param bf     $bfinfo
   703         *  @return       a new collection of type `That` resulting from applying
   704         *                the given collection-valued function `f` to each element
   705         *                of the outer $coll that satisfies predicate `p` and
   706         *                concatenating the results.
   707         *
   708         *  @usecase def flatMap[B](f: A => TraversableOnce[B]): $Coll[B]
   709         * 
   710         *  @return       a new $coll resulting from applying the given collection-valued function
   711         *                `f` to each element of the outer $coll that satisfies predicate `p` and concatenating the results.
   712         */
   713        def flatMap[B, That](f: A => GenTraversableOnce[B])(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That = {
   714          val b = bf(repr)
   715          for (x <- self) 
   716            if (p(x)) b ++= f(x).seq
   717          b.result
   718        }
   719  
   720        /** Applies a function `f` to all elements of the outer $coll containing
   721         *  this `WithFilter` instance that satisfy predicate `p`.
   722         *
   723         *  @param  f   the function that is applied for its side-effect to every element.
   724         *              The result of function `f` is discarded.
   725         *              
   726         *  @tparam  U  the type parameter describing the result of function `f`. 
   727         *              This result will always be ignored. Typically `U` is `Unit`,
   728         *              but this is not necessary.
   729         *
   730         *  @usecase def foreach(f: A => Unit): Unit
   731         */   
   732        def foreach[U](f: A => U): Unit = 
   733          for (x <- self) 
   734            if (p(x)) f(x)
   735  
   736        /** Further refines the filter for this $coll.
   737         *
   738         *  @param q   the predicate used to test elements.
   739         *  @return    an object of class `WithFilter`, which supports
   740         *             `map`, `flatMap`, `foreach`, and `withFilter` operations.
   741         *             All these operations apply to those elements of this $coll which
   742         *             satisfy the predicate `q` in addition to the predicate `p`.
   743         */
   744        def withFilter(q: A => Boolean): WithFilter = 
   745          new WithFilter(x => p(x) && q(x))
   746      }
   747  
   748      // A helper for tails and inits.
   749      private def iterateUntilEmpty(f: Traversable[A @uV] => Traversable[A @uV]): Iterator[Repr] = {
   750        val it = Iterator.iterate(thisCollection)(f) takeWhile (x => !x.isEmpty)
   751        it ++ Iterator(Nil) map (newBuilder ++= _ result)
   752      }
   753    }
   754  
   755  
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