github.com/flyinox/gosm@v0.0.0-20171117061539-16768cb62077/src/cmd/go/internal/load/pkg.go

// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package load loads packages.
package load

import (
	"crypto/sha1"
	"fmt"
	"go/build"
	"go/token"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	pathpkg "path"
	"path/filepath"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"unicode"

	"cmd/go/internal/base"
	"cmd/go/internal/buildid"
	"cmd/go/internal/cfg"
	"cmd/go/internal/str"
)

var IgnoreImports bool // control whether we ignore imports in packages

// A Package describes a single package found in a directory.
type Package struct {
	PackagePublic                 // visible in 'go list'
	Internal      PackageInternal // for use inside go command only
}

type PackagePublic struct {
	// Note: These fields are part of the go command's public API.
	// See list.go. It is okay to add fields, but not to change or
	// remove existing ones. Keep in sync with list.go
	Dir           string `json:",omitempty"` // directory containing package sources
	ImportPath    string `json:",omitempty"` // import path of package in dir
	ImportComment string `json:",omitempty"` // path in import comment on package statement
	Name          string `json:",omitempty"` // package name
	Doc           string `json:",omitempty"` // package documentation string
	Target        string `json:",omitempty"` // install path
	Shlib         string `json:",omitempty"` // the shared library that contains this package (only set when -linkshared)
	Goroot        bool   `json:",omitempty"` // is this package found in the Go root?
	Standard      bool   `json:",omitempty"` // is this package part of the standard Go library?
	Stale         bool   `json:",omitempty"` // would 'go install' do anything for this package?
	StaleReason   string `json:",omitempty"` // why is Stale true?
	Root          string `json:",omitempty"` // Go root or Go path dir containing this package
	ConflictDir   string `json:",omitempty"` // Dir is hidden by this other directory
	BinaryOnly    bool   `json:",omitempty"` // package cannot be recompiled

	// Source files
	GoFiles        []string `json:",omitempty"` // .go source files (excluding CgoFiles, TestGoFiles, XTestGoFiles)
	CgoFiles       []string `json:",omitempty"` // .go sources files that import "C"
	IgnoredGoFiles []string `json:",omitempty"` // .go sources ignored due to build constraints
	CFiles         []string `json:",omitempty"` // .c source files
	CXXFiles       []string `json:",omitempty"` // .cc, .cpp and .cxx source files
	MFiles         []string `json:",omitempty"` // .m source files
	HFiles         []string `json:",omitempty"` // .h, .hh, .hpp and .hxx source files
	FFiles         []string `json:",omitempty"` // .f, .F, .for and .f90 Fortran source files
	SFiles         []string `json:",omitempty"` // .s source files
	SwigFiles      []string `json:",omitempty"` // .swig files
	SwigCXXFiles   []string `json:",omitempty"` // .swigcxx files
	SysoFiles      []string `json:",omitempty"` // .syso system object files added to package

	// Cgo directives
	CgoCFLAGS    []string `json:",omitempty"` // cgo: flags for C compiler
	CgoCPPFLAGS  []string `json:",omitempty"` // cgo: flags for C preprocessor
	CgoCXXFLAGS  []string `json:",omitempty"` // cgo: flags for C++ compiler
	CgoFFLAGS    []string `json:",omitempty"` // cgo: flags for Fortran compiler
	CgoLDFLAGS   []string `json:",omitempty"` // cgo: flags for linker
	CgoPkgConfig []string `json:",omitempty"` // cgo: pkg-config names

	// Dependency information
	Imports []string `json:",omitempty"` // import paths used by this package
	Deps    []string `json:",omitempty"` // all (recursively) imported dependencies

	// Error information
	Incomplete bool            `json:",omitempty"` // was there an error loading this package or dependencies?
	Error      *PackageError   `json:",omitempty"` // error loading this package (not dependencies)
	DepsErrors []*PackageError `json:",omitempty"` // errors loading dependencies

	// Test information
	TestGoFiles  []string `json:",omitempty"` // _test.go files in package
	TestImports  []string `json:",omitempty"` // imports from TestGoFiles
	XTestGoFiles []string `json:",omitempty"` // _test.go files outside package
	XTestImports []string `json:",omitempty"` // imports from XTestGoFiles
}

type PackageInternal struct {
	// Unexported fields are not part of the public API.
	Build        *build.Package
	Pkgdir       string // overrides build.PkgDir
	Imports      []*Package
	Deps         []*Package
	GoFiles      []string // GoFiles+CgoFiles+TestGoFiles+XTestGoFiles files, absolute paths
	SFiles       []string
	AllGoFiles   []string             // gofiles + IgnoredGoFiles, absolute paths
	Target       string               // installed file for this package (may be executable)
	Fake         bool                 // synthesized package
	External     bool                 // synthesized external test package
	ForceLibrary bool                 // this package is a library (even if named "main")
	Cmdline      bool                 // defined by files listed on command line
	Local        bool                 // imported via local path (./ or ../)
	LocalPrefix  string               // interpret ./ and ../ imports relative to this prefix
	ExeName      string               // desired name for temporary executable
	CoverMode    string               // preprocess Go source files with the coverage tool in this mode
	CoverVars    map[string]*CoverVar // variables created by coverage analysis
	OmitDebug    bool                 // tell linker not to write debug information
	BuildID      string               // expected build ID for generated package
	GobinSubdir  bool                 // install target would be subdir of GOBIN
}

type NoGoError struct {
	Package *Package
}

func (e *NoGoError) Error() string {
	// Count files beginning with _ and ., which we will pretend don't exist at all.
	dummy := 0
	for _, name := range e.Package.IgnoredGoFiles {
		if strings.HasPrefix(name, "_") || strings.HasPrefix(name, ".") {
			dummy++
		}
	}

	if len(e.Package.IgnoredGoFiles) > dummy {
		// Go files exist, but they were ignored due to build constraints.
		return "build constraints exclude all Go files in " + e.Package.Dir
	}
	if len(e.Package.TestGoFiles)+len(e.Package.XTestGoFiles) > 0 {
		// Test Go files exist, but we're not interested in them.
		// The double-negative is unfortunate but we want e.Package.Dir
		// to appear at the end of error message.
		return "no non-test Go files in " + e.Package.Dir
	}
	return "no Go files in " + e.Package.Dir
}

// Vendored returns the vendor-resolved version of imports,
// which should be p.TestImports or p.XTestImports, NOT p.Imports.
// The imports in p.TestImports and p.XTestImports are not recursively
// loaded during the initial load of p, so they list the imports found in
// the source file, but most processing should be over the vendor-resolved
// import paths. We do this resolution lazily both to avoid file system work
// and because the eventual real load of the test imports (during 'go test')
// can produce better error messages if it starts with the original paths.
// The initial load of p loads all the non-test imports and rewrites
// the vendored paths, so nothing should ever call p.vendored(p.Imports).
func (p *Package) Vendored(imports []string) []string {
	if len(imports) > 0 && len(p.Imports) > 0 && &imports[0] == &p.Imports[0] {
		panic("internal error: p.vendored(p.Imports) called")
	}
	seen := make(map[string]bool)
	var all []string
	for _, path := range imports {
		path = VendoredImportPath(p, path)
		if !seen[path] {
			seen[path] = true
			all = append(all, path)
		}
	}
	sort.Strings(all)
	return all
}

// CoverVar holds the name of the generated coverage variables targeting the named file.
type CoverVar struct {
	File string // local file name
	Var  string // name of count struct
}

func (p *Package) copyBuild(pp *build.Package) {
	p.Internal.Build = pp

	if pp.PkgTargetRoot != "" && cfg.BuildPkgdir != "" {
		old := pp.PkgTargetRoot
		pp.PkgRoot = cfg.BuildPkgdir
		pp.PkgTargetRoot = cfg.BuildPkgdir
		pp.PkgObj = filepath.Join(cfg.BuildPkgdir, strings.TrimPrefix(pp.PkgObj, old))
	}

	p.Dir = pp.Dir
	p.ImportPath = pp.ImportPath
	p.ImportComment = pp.ImportComment
	p.Name = pp.Name
	p.Doc = pp.Doc
	p.Root = pp.Root
	p.ConflictDir = pp.ConflictDir
	p.BinaryOnly = pp.BinaryOnly

	// TODO? Target
	p.Goroot = pp.Goroot
	p.Standard = p.Goroot && p.ImportPath != "" && isStandardImportPath(p.ImportPath)
	p.GoFiles = pp.GoFiles
	p.CgoFiles = pp.CgoFiles
	p.IgnoredGoFiles = pp.IgnoredGoFiles
	p.CFiles = pp.CFiles
	p.CXXFiles = pp.CXXFiles
	p.MFiles = pp.MFiles
	p.HFiles = pp.HFiles
	p.FFiles = pp.FFiles
	p.SFiles = pp.SFiles
	p.SwigFiles = pp.SwigFiles
	p.SwigCXXFiles = pp.SwigCXXFiles
	p.SysoFiles = pp.SysoFiles
	p.CgoCFLAGS = pp.CgoCFLAGS
	p.CgoCPPFLAGS = pp.CgoCPPFLAGS
	p.CgoCXXFLAGS = pp.CgoCXXFLAGS
	p.CgoFFLAGS = pp.CgoFFLAGS
	p.CgoLDFLAGS = pp.CgoLDFLAGS
	p.CgoPkgConfig = pp.CgoPkgConfig
	// We modify p.Imports in place, so make copy now.
	p.Imports = make([]string, len(pp.Imports))
	copy(p.Imports, pp.Imports)
	p.TestGoFiles = pp.TestGoFiles
	p.TestImports = pp.TestImports
	p.XTestGoFiles = pp.XTestGoFiles
	p.XTestImports = pp.XTestImports
	if IgnoreImports {
		p.Imports = nil
		p.TestImports = nil
		p.XTestImports = nil
	}
}

// isStandardImportPath reports whether $GOROOT/src/path should be considered
// part of the standard distribution. For historical reasons we allow people to add
// their own code to $GOROOT instead of using $GOPATH, but we assume that
// code will start with a domain name (dot in the first element).
func isStandardImportPath(path string) bool {
	i := strings.Index(path, "/")
	if i < 0 {
		i = len(path)
	}
	elem := path[:i]
	return !strings.Contains(elem, ".")
}

// A PackageError describes an error loading information about a package.
type PackageError struct {
	ImportStack   []string // shortest path from package named on command line to this one
	Pos           string   // position of error
	Err           string   // the error itself
	IsImportCycle bool     `json:"-"` // the error is an import cycle
	Hard          bool     `json:"-"` // whether the error is soft or hard; soft errors are ignored in some places
}

func (p *PackageError) Error() string {
	// Import cycles deserve special treatment.
	if p.IsImportCycle {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s\npackage %s\n", p.Err, strings.Join(p.ImportStack, "\n\timports "))
	}
	if p.Pos != "" {
		// Omit import stack. The full path to the file where the error
		// is the most important thing.
		return p.Pos + ": " + p.Err
	}
	if len(p.ImportStack) == 0 {
		return p.Err
	}
	return "package " + strings.Join(p.ImportStack, "\n\timports ") + ": " + p.Err
}

// An ImportStack is a stack of import paths.
type ImportStack []string

func (s *ImportStack) Push(p string) {
	*s = append(*s, p)
}

func (s *ImportStack) Pop() {
	*s = (*s)[0 : len(*s)-1]
}

func (s *ImportStack) Copy() []string {
	return append([]string{}, *s...)
}

// shorterThan reports whether sp is shorter than t.
// We use this to record the shortest import sequence
// that leads to a particular package.
func (sp *ImportStack) shorterThan(t []string) bool {
	s := *sp
	if len(s) != len(t) {
		return len(s) < len(t)
	}
	// If they are the same length, settle ties using string ordering.
	for i := range s {
		if s[i] != t[i] {
			return s[i] < t[i]
		}
	}
	return false // they are equal
}

// packageCache is a lookup cache for loadPackage,
// so that if we look up a package multiple times
// we return the same pointer each time.
var packageCache = map[string]*Package{}

func ClearPackageCache() {
	for name := range packageCache {
		delete(packageCache, name)
	}
}

func ClearPackageCachePartial(args []string) {
	for _, arg := range args {
		p := packageCache[arg]
		if p != nil {
			delete(packageCache, p.Dir)
			delete(packageCache, p.ImportPath)
		}
	}
}

// reloadPackage is like loadPackage but makes sure
// not to use the package cache.
func ReloadPackage(arg string, stk *ImportStack) *Package {
	p := packageCache[arg]
	if p != nil {
		delete(packageCache, p.Dir)
		delete(packageCache, p.ImportPath)
	}
	return LoadPackage(arg, stk)
}

// dirToImportPath returns the pseudo-import path we use for a package
// outside the Go path. It begins with _/ and then contains the full path
// to the directory. If the package lives in c:\home\gopher\my\pkg then
// the pseudo-import path is _/c_/home/gopher/my/pkg.
// Using a pseudo-import path like this makes the ./ imports no longer
// a special case, so that all the code to deal with ordinary imports works
// automatically.
func dirToImportPath(dir string) string {
	return pathpkg.Join("_", strings.Map(makeImportValid, filepath.ToSlash(dir)))
}

func makeImportValid(r rune) rune {
	// Should match Go spec, compilers, and ../../go/parser/parser.go:/isValidImport.
	const illegalChars = `!"#$%&'()*,:;<=>?[\]^{|}` + "`\uFFFD"
	if !unicode.IsGraphic(r) || unicode.IsSpace(r) || strings.ContainsRune(illegalChars, r) {
		return '_'
	}
	return r
}

// Mode flags for loadImport and download (in get.go).
const (
	// useVendor means that loadImport should do vendor expansion
	// (provided the vendoring experiment is enabled).
	// That is, useVendor means that the import path came from
	// a source file and has not been vendor-expanded yet.
	// Every import path should be loaded initially with useVendor,
	// and then the expanded version (with the /vendor/ in it) gets
	// recorded as the canonical import path. At that point, future loads
	// of that package must not pass useVendor, because
	// disallowVendor will reject direct use of paths containing /vendor/.
	UseVendor = 1 << iota

	// getTestDeps is for download (part of "go get") and indicates
	// that test dependencies should be fetched too.
	GetTestDeps
)

// loadImport scans the directory named by path, which must be an import path,
// but possibly a local import path (an absolute file system path or one beginning
// with ./ or ../). A local relative path is interpreted relative to srcDir.
// It returns a *Package describing the package found in that directory.
func LoadImport(path, srcDir string, parent *Package, stk *ImportStack, importPos []token.Position, mode int) *Package {
	stk.Push(path)
	defer stk.Pop()

	// Determine canonical identifier for this package.
	// For a local import the identifier is the pseudo-import path
	// we create from the full directory to the package.
	// Otherwise it is the usual import path.
	// For vendored imports, it is the expanded form.
	importPath := path
	origPath := path
	isLocal := build.IsLocalImport(path)
	if isLocal {
		importPath = dirToImportPath(filepath.Join(srcDir, path))
	} else if mode&UseVendor != 0 {
		// We do our own vendor resolution, because we want to
		// find out the key to use in packageCache without the
		// overhead of repeated calls to buildContext.Import.
		// The code is also needed in a few other places anyway.
		path = VendoredImportPath(parent, path)
		importPath = path
	}

	p := packageCache[importPath]
	if p != nil {
		p = reusePackage(p, stk)
	} else {
		p = new(Package)
		p.Internal.Local = isLocal
		p.ImportPath = importPath
		packageCache[importPath] = p

		// Load package.
		// Import always returns bp != nil, even if an error occurs,
		// in order to return partial information.
		//
		// TODO: After Go 1, decide when to pass build.AllowBinary here.
		// See issue 3268 for mistakes to avoid.
		buildMode := build.ImportComment
		if mode&UseVendor == 0 || path != origPath {
			// Not vendoring, or we already found the vendored path.
			buildMode |= build.IgnoreVendor
		}
		bp, err := cfg.BuildContext.Import(path, srcDir, buildMode)
		bp.ImportPath = importPath
		if cfg.GOBIN != "" {
			bp.BinDir = cfg.GOBIN
		}
		if err == nil && !isLocal && bp.ImportComment != "" && bp.ImportComment != path &&
			!strings.Contains(path, "/vendor/") && !strings.HasPrefix(path, "vendor/") {
			err = fmt.Errorf("code in directory %s expects import %q", bp.Dir, bp.ImportComment)
		}
		p.load(stk, bp, err)
		if p.Error != nil && p.Error.Pos == "" {
			p = setErrorPos(p, importPos)
		}

		if origPath != cleanImport(origPath) {
			p.Error = &PackageError{
				ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
				Err:         fmt.Sprintf("non-canonical import path: %q should be %q", origPath, pathpkg.Clean(origPath)),
			}
			p.Incomplete = true
		}
	}

	// Checked on every import because the rules depend on the code doing the importing.
	if perr := disallowInternal(srcDir, p, stk); perr != p {
		return setErrorPos(perr, importPos)
	}
	if mode&UseVendor != 0 {
		if perr := disallowVendor(srcDir, origPath, p, stk); perr != p {
			return setErrorPos(perr, importPos)
		}
	}

	if p.Name == "main" && parent != nil && parent.Dir != p.Dir {
		perr := *p
		perr.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         fmt.Sprintf("import %q is a program, not an importable package", path),
		}
		return setErrorPos(&perr, importPos)
	}

	if p.Internal.Local && parent != nil && !parent.Internal.Local {
		perr := *p
		perr.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         fmt.Sprintf("local import %q in non-local package", path),
		}
		return setErrorPos(&perr, importPos)
	}

	return p
}

func setErrorPos(p *Package, importPos []token.Position) *Package {
	if len(importPos) > 0 {
		pos := importPos[0]
		pos.Filename = base.ShortPath(pos.Filename)
		p.Error.Pos = pos.String()
	}
	return p
}

func cleanImport(path string) string {
	orig := path
	path = pathpkg.Clean(path)
	if strings.HasPrefix(orig, "./") && path != ".." && !strings.HasPrefix(path, "../") {
		path = "./" + path
	}
	return path
}

var isDirCache = map[string]bool{}

func isDir(path string) bool {
	result, ok := isDirCache[path]
	if ok {
		return result
	}

	fi, err := os.Stat(path)
	result = err == nil && fi.IsDir()
	isDirCache[path] = result
	return result
}

// VendoredImportPath returns the expansion of path when it appears in parent.
// If parent is x/y/z, then path might expand to x/y/z/vendor/path, x/y/vendor/path,
// x/vendor/path, vendor/path, or else stay path if none of those exist.
// VendoredImportPath returns the expanded path or, if no expansion is found, the original.
func VendoredImportPath(parent *Package, path string) (found string) {
	if parent == nil || parent.Root == "" {
		return path
	}

	dir := filepath.Clean(parent.Dir)
	root := filepath.Join(parent.Root, "src")
	if !hasFilePathPrefix(dir, root) || parent.ImportPath != "command-line-arguments" && filepath.Join(root, parent.ImportPath) != dir {
		// Look for symlinks before reporting error.
		dir = expandPath(dir)
		root = expandPath(root)
	}

	if !hasFilePathPrefix(dir, root) || len(dir) <= len(root) || dir[len(root)] != filepath.Separator || parent.ImportPath != "command-line-arguments" && !parent.Internal.Local && filepath.Join(root, parent.ImportPath) != dir {
		base.Fatalf("unexpected directory layout:\n"+
			"	import path: %s\n"+
			"	root: %s\n"+
			"	dir: %s\n"+
			"	expand root: %s\n"+
			"	expand dir: %s\n"+
			"	separator: %s",
			parent.ImportPath,
			filepath.Join(parent.Root, "src"),
			filepath.Clean(parent.Dir),
			root,
			dir,
			string(filepath.Separator))
	}

	vpath := "vendor/" + path
	for i := len(dir); i >= len(root); i-- {
		if i < len(dir) && dir[i] != filepath.Separator {
			continue
		}
		// Note: checking for the vendor directory before checking
		// for the vendor/path directory helps us hit the
		// isDir cache more often. It also helps us prepare a more useful
		// list of places we looked, to report when an import is not found.
		if !isDir(filepath.Join(dir[:i], "vendor")) {
			continue
		}
		targ := filepath.Join(dir[:i], vpath)
		if isDir(targ) && hasGoFiles(targ) {
			importPath := parent.ImportPath
			if importPath == "command-line-arguments" {
				// If parent.ImportPath is 'command-line-arguments'.
				// set to relative directory to root (also chopped root directory)
				importPath = dir[len(root)+1:]
			}
			// We started with parent's dir c:\gopath\src\foo\bar\baz\quux\xyzzy.
			// We know the import path for parent's dir.
			// We chopped off some number of path elements and
			// added vendor\path to produce c:\gopath\src\foo\bar\baz\vendor\path.
			// Now we want to know the import path for that directory.
			// Construct it by chopping the same number of path elements
			// (actually the same number of bytes) from parent's import path
			// and then append /vendor/path.
			chopped := len(dir) - i
			if chopped == len(importPath)+1 {
				// We walked up from c:\gopath\src\foo\bar
				// and found c:\gopath\src\vendor\path.
				// We chopped \foo\bar (length 8) but the import path is "foo/bar" (length 7).
				// Use "vendor/path" without any prefix.
				return vpath
			}
			return importPath[:len(importPath)-chopped] + "/" + vpath
		}
	}
	return path
}

// hasGoFiles reports whether dir contains any files with names ending in .go.
// For a vendor check we must exclude directories that contain no .go files.
// Otherwise it is not possible to vendor just a/b/c and still import the
// non-vendored a/b. See golang.org/issue/13832.
func hasGoFiles(dir string) bool {
	fis, _ := ioutil.ReadDir(dir)
	for _, fi := range fis {
		if !fi.IsDir() && strings.HasSuffix(fi.Name(), ".go") {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// reusePackage reuses package p to satisfy the import at the top
// of the import stack stk. If this use causes an import loop,
// reusePackage updates p's error information to record the loop.
func reusePackage(p *Package, stk *ImportStack) *Package {
	// We use p.Internal.Imports==nil to detect a package that
	// is in the midst of its own loadPackage call
	// (all the recursion below happens before p.Internal.Imports gets set).
	if p.Internal.Imports == nil {
		if p.Error == nil {
			p.Error = &PackageError{
				ImportStack:   stk.Copy(),
				Err:           "import cycle not allowed",
				IsImportCycle: true,
			}
		}
		p.Incomplete = true
	}
	// Don't rewrite the import stack in the error if we have an import cycle.
	// If we do, we'll lose the path that describes the cycle.
	if p.Error != nil && !p.Error.IsImportCycle && stk.shorterThan(p.Error.ImportStack) {
		p.Error.ImportStack = stk.Copy()
	}
	return p
}

// disallowInternal checks that srcDir is allowed to import p.
// If the import is allowed, disallowInternal returns the original package p.
// If not, it returns a new package containing just an appropriate error.
func disallowInternal(srcDir string, p *Package, stk *ImportStack) *Package {
	// golang.org/s/go14internal:
	// An import of a path containing the element “internal”
	// is disallowed if the importing code is outside the tree
	// rooted at the parent of the “internal” directory.

	// There was an error loading the package; stop here.
	if p.Error != nil {
		return p
	}

	// The generated 'testmain' package is allowed to access testing/internal/...,
	// as if it were generated into the testing directory tree
	// (it's actually in a temporary directory outside any Go tree).
	// This cleans up a former kludge in passing functionality to the testing package.
	if strings.HasPrefix(p.ImportPath, "testing/internal") && len(*stk) >= 2 && (*stk)[len(*stk)-2] == "testmain" {
		return p
	}

	// We can't check standard packages with gccgo.
	if cfg.BuildContext.Compiler == "gccgo" && p.Standard {
		return p
	}

	// The stack includes p.ImportPath.
	// If that's the only thing on the stack, we started
	// with a name given on the command line, not an
	// import. Anything listed on the command line is fine.
	if len(*stk) == 1 {
		return p
	}

	// Check for "internal" element: three cases depending on begin of string and/or end of string.
	i, ok := findInternal(p.ImportPath)
	if !ok {
		return p
	}

	// Internal is present.
	// Map import path back to directory corresponding to parent of internal.
	if i > 0 {
		i-- // rewind over slash in ".../internal"
	}
	parent := p.Dir[:i+len(p.Dir)-len(p.ImportPath)]
	if hasFilePathPrefix(filepath.Clean(srcDir), filepath.Clean(parent)) {
		return p
	}

	// Look for symlinks before reporting error.
	srcDir = expandPath(srcDir)
	parent = expandPath(parent)
	if hasFilePathPrefix(filepath.Clean(srcDir), filepath.Clean(parent)) {
		return p
	}

	// Internal is present, and srcDir is outside parent's tree. Not allowed.
	perr := *p
	perr.Error = &PackageError{
		ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
		Err:         "use of internal package not allowed",
	}
	perr.Incomplete = true
	return &perr
}

// findInternal looks for the final "internal" path element in the given import path.
// If there isn't one, findInternal returns ok=false.
// Otherwise, findInternal returns ok=true and the index of the "internal".
func findInternal(path string) (index int, ok bool) {
	// Three cases, depending on internal at start/end of string or not.
	// The order matters: we must return the index of the final element,
	// because the final one produces the most restrictive requirement
	// on the importer.
	switch {
	case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/internal"):
		return len(path) - len("internal"), true
	case strings.Contains(path, "/internal/"):
		return strings.LastIndex(path, "/internal/") + 1, true
	case path == "internal", strings.HasPrefix(path, "internal/"):
		return 0, true
	}
	return 0, false
}

// disallowVendor checks that srcDir is allowed to import p as path.
// If the import is allowed, disallowVendor returns the original package p.
// If not, it returns a new package containing just an appropriate error.
func disallowVendor(srcDir, path string, p *Package, stk *ImportStack) *Package {
	// The stack includes p.ImportPath.
	// If that's the only thing on the stack, we started
	// with a name given on the command line, not an
	// import. Anything listed on the command line is fine.
	if len(*stk) == 1 {
		return p
	}

	if perr := disallowVendorVisibility(srcDir, p, stk); perr != p {
		return perr
	}

	// Paths like x/vendor/y must be imported as y, never as x/vendor/y.
	if i, ok := FindVendor(path); ok {
		perr := *p
		perr.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         "must be imported as " + path[i+len("vendor/"):],
		}
		perr.Incomplete = true
		return &perr
	}

	return p
}

// disallowVendorVisibility checks that srcDir is allowed to import p.
// The rules are the same as for /internal/ except that a path ending in /vendor
// is not subject to the rules, only subdirectories of vendor.
// This allows people to have packages and commands named vendor,
// for maximal compatibility with existing source trees.
func disallowVendorVisibility(srcDir string, p *Package, stk *ImportStack) *Package {
	// The stack includes p.ImportPath.
	// If that's the only thing on the stack, we started
	// with a name given on the command line, not an
	// import. Anything listed on the command line is fine.
	if len(*stk) == 1 {
		return p
	}

	// Check for "vendor" element.
	i, ok := FindVendor(p.ImportPath)
	if !ok {
		return p
	}

	// Vendor is present.
	// Map import path back to directory corresponding to parent of vendor.
	if i > 0 {
		i-- // rewind over slash in ".../vendor"
	}
	truncateTo := i + len(p.Dir) - len(p.ImportPath)
	if truncateTo < 0 || len(p.Dir) < truncateTo {
		return p
	}
	parent := p.Dir[:truncateTo]
	if hasFilePathPrefix(filepath.Clean(srcDir), filepath.Clean(parent)) {
		return p
	}

	// Look for symlinks before reporting error.
	srcDir = expandPath(srcDir)
	parent = expandPath(parent)
	if hasFilePathPrefix(filepath.Clean(srcDir), filepath.Clean(parent)) {
		return p
	}

	// Vendor is present, and srcDir is outside parent's tree. Not allowed.
	perr := *p
	perr.Error = &PackageError{
		ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
		Err:         "use of vendored package not allowed",
	}
	perr.Incomplete = true
	return &perr
}

// FindVendor looks for the last non-terminating "vendor" path element in the given import path.
// If there isn't one, FindVendor returns ok=false.
// Otherwise, FindVendor returns ok=true and the index of the "vendor".
//
// Note that terminating "vendor" elements don't count: "x/vendor" is its own package,
// not the vendored copy of an import "" (the empty import path).
// This will allow people to have packages or commands named vendor.
// This may help reduce breakage, or it may just be confusing. We'll see.
func FindVendor(path string) (index int, ok bool) {
	// Two cases, depending on internal at start of string or not.
	// The order matters: we must return the index of the final element,
	// because the final one is where the effective import path starts.
	switch {
	case strings.Contains(path, "/vendor/"):
		return strings.LastIndex(path, "/vendor/") + 1, true
	case strings.HasPrefix(path, "vendor/"):
		return 0, true
	}
	return 0, false
}

type targetDir int

const (
	ToRoot    targetDir = iota // to bin dir inside package root (default)
	ToTool                     // GOROOT/pkg/tool
	StalePath                  // the old import path; fail to build
)

// goTools is a map of Go program import path to install target directory.
var GoTools = map[string]targetDir{
	"cmd/addr2line": ToTool,
	"cmd/api":       ToTool,
	"cmd/asm":       ToTool,
	"cmd/compile":   ToTool,
	"cmd/cgo":       ToTool,
	"cmd/cover":     ToTool,
	"cmd/dist":      ToTool,
	"cmd/doc":       ToTool,
	"cmd/fix":       ToTool,
	"cmd/link":      ToTool,
	"cmd/newlink":   ToTool,
	"cmd/nm":        ToTool,
	"cmd/objdump":   ToTool,
	"cmd/pack":      ToTool,
	"cmd/pprof":     ToTool,
	"cmd/trace":     ToTool,
	"cmd/vet":       ToTool,
	"code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/cover": StalePath,
	"code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/godoc": StalePath,
	"code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/vet":   StalePath,
}

var raceExclude = map[string]bool{
	"runtime/race": true,
	"runtime/msan": true,
	"runtime/cgo":  true,
	"cmd/cgo":      true,
	"syscall":      true,
	"errors":       true,
}

var cgoExclude = map[string]bool{
	"runtime/cgo": true,
}

var cgoSyscallExclude = map[string]bool{
	"runtime/cgo":  true,
	"runtime/race": true,
	"runtime/msan": true,
}

var foldPath = make(map[string]string)

// load populates p using information from bp, err, which should
// be the result of calling build.Context.Import.
func (p *Package) load(stk *ImportStack, bp *build.Package, err error) *Package {
	p.copyBuild(bp)

	// The localPrefix is the path we interpret ./ imports relative to.
	// Synthesized main packages sometimes override this.
	p.Internal.LocalPrefix = dirToImportPath(p.Dir)

	if err != nil {
		if _, ok := err.(*build.NoGoError); ok {
			err = &NoGoError{Package: p}
		}
		p.Incomplete = true
		err = base.ExpandScanner(err)
		p.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         err.Error(),
		}
		return p
	}

	useBindir := p.Name == "main"
	if !p.Standard {
		switch cfg.BuildBuildmode {
		case "c-archive", "c-shared", "plugin":
			useBindir = false
		}
	}

	if useBindir {
		// Report an error when the old code.google.com/p/go.tools paths are used.
		if GoTools[p.ImportPath] == StalePath {
			newPath := strings.Replace(p.ImportPath, "code.google.com/p/go.", "golang.org/x/", 1)
			e := fmt.Sprintf("the %v command has moved; use %v instead.", p.ImportPath, newPath)
			p.Error = &PackageError{Err: e}
			return p
		}
		_, elem := filepath.Split(p.Dir)
		full := cfg.BuildContext.GOOS + "_" + cfg.BuildContext.GOARCH + "/" + elem
		if cfg.BuildContext.GOOS != base.ToolGOOS || cfg.BuildContext.GOARCH != base.ToolGOARCH {
			// Install cross-compiled binaries to subdirectories of bin.
			elem = full
		}
		if p.Internal.Build.BinDir != "" {
			// Install to GOBIN or bin of GOPATH entry.
			p.Internal.Target = filepath.Join(p.Internal.Build.BinDir, elem)
			if !p.Goroot && strings.Contains(elem, "/") && cfg.GOBIN != "" {
				// Do not create $GOBIN/goos_goarch/elem.
				p.Internal.Target = ""
				p.Internal.GobinSubdir = true
			}
		}
		if GoTools[p.ImportPath] == ToTool {
			// This is for 'go tool'.
			// Override all the usual logic and force it into the tool directory.
			p.Internal.Target = filepath.Join(cfg.GOROOTpkg, "tool", full)
		}
		if p.Internal.Target != "" && cfg.BuildContext.GOOS == "windows" {
			p.Internal.Target += ".exe"
		}
	} else if p.Internal.Local {
		// Local import turned into absolute path.
		// No permanent install target.
		p.Internal.Target = ""
	} else {
		p.Internal.Target = p.Internal.Build.PkgObj
		if cfg.BuildLinkshared {
			shlibnamefile := p.Internal.Target[:len(p.Internal.Target)-2] + ".shlibname"
			shlib, err := ioutil.ReadFile(shlibnamefile)
			if err == nil {
				libname := strings.TrimSpace(string(shlib))
				if cfg.BuildContext.Compiler == "gccgo" {
					p.Shlib = filepath.Join(p.Internal.Build.PkgTargetRoot, "shlibs", libname)
				} else {
					p.Shlib = filepath.Join(p.Internal.Build.PkgTargetRoot, libname)

				}
			} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
				base.Fatalf("unexpected error reading %s: %v", shlibnamefile, err)
			}
		}
	}

	ImportPaths := p.Imports
	// Packages that use cgo import runtime/cgo implicitly.
	// Packages that use cgo also import syscall implicitly,
	// to wrap errno.
	// Exclude certain packages to avoid circular dependencies.
	if len(p.CgoFiles) > 0 && (!p.Standard || !cgoExclude[p.ImportPath]) {
		ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "runtime/cgo")
	}
	if len(p.CgoFiles) > 0 && (!p.Standard || !cgoSyscallExclude[p.ImportPath]) {
		ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "syscall")
	}

	if cfg.BuildContext.CgoEnabled && p.Name == "main" && !p.Goroot {
		// Currently build modes c-shared, pie (on systems that do not
		// support PIE with internal linking mode), plugin, and
		// -linkshared force external linking mode, as of course does
		// -ldflags=-linkmode=external. External linking mode forces
		// an import of runtime/cgo.
		pieCgo := cfg.BuildBuildmode == "pie" && (cfg.BuildContext.GOOS != "linux" || cfg.BuildContext.GOARCH != "amd64")
		linkmodeExternal := false
		for i, a := range cfg.BuildLdflags {
			if a == "-linkmode=external" {
				linkmodeExternal = true
			}
			if a == "-linkmode" && i+1 < len(cfg.BuildLdflags) && cfg.BuildLdflags[i+1] == "external" {
				linkmodeExternal = true
			}
		}
		if cfg.BuildBuildmode == "c-shared" || cfg.BuildBuildmode == "plugin" || pieCgo || cfg.BuildLinkshared || linkmodeExternal {
			ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "runtime/cgo")
		}
	}

	// Everything depends on runtime, except runtime, its internal
	// subpackages, and unsafe.
	if !p.Standard || (p.ImportPath != "runtime" && !strings.HasPrefix(p.ImportPath, "runtime/internal/") && p.ImportPath != "unsafe") {
		ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "runtime")
		// When race detection enabled everything depends on runtime/race.
		// Exclude certain packages to avoid circular dependencies.
		if cfg.BuildRace && (!p.Standard || !raceExclude[p.ImportPath]) {
			ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "runtime/race")
		}
		// MSan uses runtime/msan.
		if cfg.BuildMSan && (!p.Standard || !raceExclude[p.ImportPath]) {
			ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "runtime/msan")
		}
		// On ARM with GOARM=5, everything depends on math for the link.
		if p.Name == "main" && cfg.Goarch == "arm" {
			ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "math")
		}
	}

	// Runtime and its internal packages depend on runtime/internal/sys,
	// so that they pick up the generated zversion.go file.
	// This can be an issue particularly for runtime/internal/atomic;
	// see issue 13655.
	if p.Standard && (p.ImportPath == "runtime" || strings.HasPrefix(p.ImportPath, "runtime/internal/")) && p.ImportPath != "runtime/internal/sys" {
		ImportPaths = append(ImportPaths, "runtime/internal/sys")
	}

	// Build list of full paths to all Go files in the package,
	// for use by commands like go fmt.
	p.Internal.GoFiles = str.StringList(p.GoFiles, p.CgoFiles, p.TestGoFiles, p.XTestGoFiles)
	for i := range p.Internal.GoFiles {
		p.Internal.GoFiles[i] = filepath.Join(p.Dir, p.Internal.GoFiles[i])
	}
	sort.Strings(p.Internal.GoFiles)

	p.Internal.SFiles = str.StringList(p.SFiles)
	for i := range p.Internal.SFiles {
		p.Internal.SFiles[i] = filepath.Join(p.Dir, p.Internal.SFiles[i])
	}
	sort.Strings(p.Internal.SFiles)

	p.Internal.AllGoFiles = str.StringList(p.IgnoredGoFiles)
	for i := range p.Internal.AllGoFiles {
		p.Internal.AllGoFiles[i] = filepath.Join(p.Dir, p.Internal.AllGoFiles[i])
	}
	p.Internal.AllGoFiles = append(p.Internal.AllGoFiles, p.Internal.GoFiles...)
	sort.Strings(p.Internal.AllGoFiles)

	// Check for case-insensitive collision of input files.
	// To avoid problems on case-insensitive files, we reject any package
	// where two different input files have equal names under a case-insensitive
	// comparison.
	f1, f2 := str.FoldDup(str.StringList(
		p.GoFiles,
		p.CgoFiles,
		p.IgnoredGoFiles,
		p.CFiles,
		p.CXXFiles,
		p.MFiles,
		p.HFiles,
		p.FFiles,
		p.SFiles,
		p.SysoFiles,
		p.SwigFiles,
		p.SwigCXXFiles,
		p.TestGoFiles,
		p.XTestGoFiles,
	))
	if f1 != "" {
		p.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         fmt.Sprintf("case-insensitive file name collision: %q and %q", f1, f2),
		}
		return p
	}

	// Build list of imported packages and full dependency list.
	imports := make([]*Package, 0, len(p.Imports))
	deps := make(map[string]*Package)
	save := func(path string, p1 *Package) {
		// The same import path could produce an error or not,
		// depending on what tries to import it.
		// Prefer to record entries with errors, so we can report them.
		p0 := deps[path]
		if p0 == nil || p1.Error != nil && (p0.Error == nil || len(p0.Error.ImportStack) > len(p1.Error.ImportStack)) {
			deps[path] = p1
		}
	}

	for i, path := range ImportPaths {
		if path == "C" {
			continue
		}
		p1 := LoadImport(path, p.Dir, p, stk, p.Internal.Build.ImportPos[path], UseVendor)
		if p.Standard && p.Error == nil && !p1.Standard && p1.Error == nil {
			p.Error = &PackageError{
				ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
				Err:         fmt.Sprintf("non-standard import %q in standard package %q", path, p.ImportPath),
			}
			pos := p.Internal.Build.ImportPos[path]
			if len(pos) > 0 {
				p.Error.Pos = pos[0].String()
			}
		}

		path = p1.ImportPath
		ImportPaths[i] = path
		if i < len(p.Imports) {
			p.Imports[i] = path
		}

		save(path, p1)
		imports = append(imports, p1)
		for _, dep := range p1.Internal.Deps {
			save(dep.ImportPath, dep)
		}
		if p1.Incomplete {
			p.Incomplete = true
		}
	}
	p.Internal.Imports = imports

	p.Deps = make([]string, 0, len(deps))
	for dep := range deps {
		p.Deps = append(p.Deps, dep)
	}
	sort.Strings(p.Deps)
	for _, dep := range p.Deps {
		p1 := deps[dep]
		if p1 == nil {
			panic("impossible: missing entry in package cache for " + dep + " imported by " + p.ImportPath)
		}
		p.Internal.Deps = append(p.Internal.Deps, p1)
		if p1.Error != nil {
			p.DepsErrors = append(p.DepsErrors, p1.Error)
		}
	}

	// unsafe is a fake package.
	if p.Standard && (p.ImportPath == "unsafe" || cfg.BuildContext.Compiler == "gccgo") {
		p.Internal.Target = ""
	}
	p.Target = p.Internal.Target

	// If cgo is not enabled, ignore cgo supporting sources
	// just as we ignore go files containing import "C".
	if !cfg.BuildContext.CgoEnabled {
		p.CFiles = nil
		p.CXXFiles = nil
		p.MFiles = nil
		p.SwigFiles = nil
		p.SwigCXXFiles = nil
		// Note that SFiles are okay (they go to the Go assembler)
		// and HFiles are okay (they might be used by the SFiles).
		// Also Sysofiles are okay (they might not contain object
		// code; see issue #16050).
	}

	// The gc toolchain only permits C source files with cgo.
	if len(p.CFiles) > 0 && !p.UsesCgo() && !p.UsesSwig() && cfg.BuildContext.Compiler == "gc" {
		p.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         fmt.Sprintf("C source files not allowed when not using cgo or SWIG: %s", strings.Join(p.CFiles, " ")),
		}
		return p
	}

	// Check for case-insensitive collisions of import paths.
	fold := str.ToFold(p.ImportPath)
	if other := foldPath[fold]; other == "" {
		foldPath[fold] = p.ImportPath
	} else if other != p.ImportPath {
		p.Error = &PackageError{
			ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
			Err:         fmt.Sprintf("case-insensitive import collision: %q and %q", p.ImportPath, other),
		}
		return p
	}

	if p.BinaryOnly {
		// For binary-only package, use build ID from supplied package binary.
		buildID, err := buildid.ReadBuildID(p.Name, p.Target)
		if err == nil {
			p.Internal.BuildID = buildID
		}
	} else {
		computeBuildID(p)
	}
	return p
}

// usesSwig reports whether the package needs to run SWIG.
func (p *Package) UsesSwig() bool {
	return len(p.SwigFiles) > 0 || len(p.SwigCXXFiles) > 0
}

// usesCgo reports whether the package needs to run cgo
func (p *Package) UsesCgo() bool {
	return len(p.CgoFiles) > 0
}

// packageList returns the list of packages in the dag rooted at roots
// as visited in a depth-first post-order traversal.
func PackageList(roots []*Package) []*Package {
	seen := map[*Package]bool{}
	all := []*Package{}
	var walk func(*Package)
	walk = func(p *Package) {
		if seen[p] {
			return
		}
		seen[p] = true
		for _, p1 := range p.Internal.Imports {
			walk(p1)
		}
		all = append(all, p)
	}
	for _, root := range roots {
		walk(root)
	}
	return all
}

// computeStale computes the Stale flag in the package dag that starts
// at the named pkgs (command-line arguments).
func ComputeStale(pkgs ...*Package) {
	for _, p := range PackageList(pkgs) {
		p.Stale, p.StaleReason = isStale(p)
	}
}

// The runtime version string takes one of two forms:
// "go1.X[.Y]" for Go releases, and "devel +hash" at tip.
// Determine whether we are in a released copy by
// inspecting the version.
var isGoRelease = strings.HasPrefix(runtime.Version(), "go1")

// isStale and computeBuildID
//
// Theory of Operation
//
// There is an installed copy of the package (or binary).
// Can we reuse the installed copy, or do we need to build a new one?
//
// We can use the installed copy if it matches what we'd get
// by building a new one. The hard part is predicting that without
// actually running a build.
//
// To start, we must know the set of inputs to the build process that can
// affect the generated output. At a minimum, that includes the source
// files for the package and also any compiled packages imported by those
// source files. The *Package has these, and we use them. One might also
// argue for including in the input set: the build tags, whether the race
// detector is in use, the target operating system and architecture, the
// compiler and linker binaries being used, the additional flags being
// passed to those, the cgo binary being used, the additional flags cgo
// passes to the host C compiler, the host C compiler being used, the set
// of host C include files and installed C libraries, and so on.
// We include some but not all of this information.
//
// Once we have decided on a set of inputs, we must next decide how to
// tell whether the content of that set has changed since the last build
// of p. If there have been no changes, then we assume a new build would
// produce the same result and reuse the installed package or binary.
// But if there have been changes, then we assume a new build might not
// produce the same result, so we rebuild.
//
// There are two common ways to decide whether the content of the set has
// changed: modification times and content hashes. We use a mixture of both.
//
// The use of modification times (mtimes) was pioneered by make:
// assuming that a file's mtime is an accurate record of when that file was last written,
// and assuming that the modification time of an installed package or
// binary is the time that it was built, if the mtimes of the inputs
// predate the mtime of the installed object, then the build of that
// object saw those versions of the files, and therefore a rebuild using
// those same versions would produce the same object. In contrast, if any
// mtime of an input is newer than the mtime of the installed object, a
// change has occurred since the build, and the build should be redone.
//
// Modification times are attractive because the logic is easy to
// understand and the file system maintains the mtimes automatically
// (less work for us). Unfortunately, there are a variety of ways in
// which the mtime approach fails to detect a change and reuses a stale
// object file incorrectly. (Making the opposite mistake, rebuilding
// unnecessarily, is only a performance problem and not a correctness
// problem, so we ignore that one.)
//
// As a warmup, one problem is that to be perfectly precise, we need to
// compare the input mtimes against the time at the beginning of the
// build, but the object file time is the time at the end of the build.
// If an input file changes after being read but before the object is
// written, the next build will see an object newer than the input and
// will incorrectly decide that the object is up to date. We make no
// attempt to detect or solve this problem.
//
// Another problem is that due to file system imprecision, an input and
// output that are actually ordered in time have the same mtime.
// This typically happens on file systems with 1-second (or, worse,
// 2-second) mtime granularity and with automated scripts that write an
// input and then immediately run a build, or vice versa. If an input and
// an output have the same mtime, the conservative behavior is to treat
// the output as out-of-date and rebuild. This can cause one or more
// spurious rebuilds, but only for 1 second, until the object finally has
// an mtime later than the input.
//
// Another problem is that binary distributions often set the mtime on
// all files to the same time. If the distribution includes both inputs
// and cached build outputs, the conservative solution to the previous
// problem will cause unnecessary rebuilds. Worse, in such a binary
// distribution, those rebuilds might not even have permission to update
// the cached build output. To avoid these write errors, if an input and
// output have the same mtime, we assume the output is up-to-date.
// This is the opposite of what the previous problem would have us do,
// but binary distributions are more common than instances of the
// previous problem.
//
// A variant of the last problem is that some binary distributions do not
// set the mtime on all files to the same time. Instead they let the file
// system record mtimes as the distribution is unpacked. If the outputs
// are unpacked before the inputs, they'll be older and a build will try
// to rebuild them. That rebuild might hit the same write errors as in
// the last scenario. We don't make any attempt to solve this, and we
// haven't had many reports of it. Perhaps the only time this happens is
// when people manually unpack the distribution, and most of the time
// that's done as the same user who will be using it, so an initial
// rebuild on first use succeeds quietly.
//
// More generally, people and programs change mtimes on files. The last
// few problems were specific examples of this, but it's a general problem.
// For example, instead of a binary distribution, copying a home
// directory from one directory or machine to another might copy files
// but not preserve mtimes. If the inputs are new than the outputs on the
// first machine but copied first, they end up older than the outputs on
// the second machine.
//
// Because many other build systems have the same sensitivity to mtimes,
// most programs manipulating source code take pains not to break the
// mtime assumptions. For example, Git does not set the mtime of files
// during a checkout operation, even when checking out an old version of
// the code. This decision was made specifically to work well with
// mtime-based build systems.
//
// The killer problem, though, for mtime-based build systems is that the
// build only has access to the mtimes of the inputs that still exist.
// If it is possible to remove an input without changing any other inputs,
// a later build will think the object is up-to-date when it is not.
// This happens for Go because a package is made up of all source
// files in a directory. If a source file is removed, there is no newer
// mtime available recording that fact. The mtime on the directory could
// be used, but it also changes when unrelated files are added to or
// removed from the directory, so including the directory mtime would
// cause unnecessary rebuilds, possibly many. It would also exacerbate
// the problems mentioned earlier, since even programs that are careful
// to maintain mtimes on files rarely maintain mtimes on directories.
//
// A variant of the last problem is when the inputs change for other
// reasons. For example, Go 1.4 and Go 1.5 both install $GOPATH/src/mypkg
// into the same target, $GOPATH/pkg/$GOOS_$GOARCH/mypkg.a.
// If Go 1.4 has built mypkg into mypkg.a, a build using Go 1.5 must
// rebuild mypkg.a, but from mtimes alone mypkg.a looks up-to-date.
// If Go 1.5 has just been installed, perhaps the compiler will have a
// newer mtime; since the compiler is considered an input, that would
// trigger a rebuild. But only once, and only the last Go 1.4 build of
// mypkg.a happened before Go 1.5 was installed. If a user has the two
// versions installed in different locations and flips back and forth,
// mtimes alone cannot tell what to do. Changing the toolchain is
// changing the set of inputs, without affecting any mtimes.
//
// To detect the set of inputs changing, we turn away from mtimes and to
// an explicit data comparison. Specifically, we build a list of the
// inputs to the build, compute its SHA1 hash, and record that as the
// ``build ID'' in the generated object. At the next build, we can
// recompute the build ID and compare it to the one in the generated
// object. If they differ, the list of inputs has changed, so the object
// is out of date and must be rebuilt.
//
// Because this build ID is computed before the build begins, the
// comparison does not have the race that mtime comparison does.
//
// Making the build sensitive to changes in other state is
// straightforward: include the state in the build ID hash, and if it
// changes, so does the build ID, triggering a rebuild.
//
// To detect changes in toolchain, we include the toolchain version in
// the build ID hash for package runtime, and then we include the build
// IDs of all imported packages in the build ID for p.
//
// It is natural to think about including build tags in the build ID, but
// the naive approach of just dumping the tags into the hash would cause
// spurious rebuilds. For example, 'go install' and 'go install -tags neverusedtag'
// produce the same binaries (assuming neverusedtag is never used).
// A more precise approach would be to include only tags that have an
// effect on the build. But the effect of a tag on the build is to
// include or exclude a file from the compilation, and that file list is
// already in the build ID hash. So the build ID is already tag-sensitive
// in a perfectly precise way. So we do NOT explicitly add build tags to
// the build ID hash.
//
// We do not include as part of the build ID the operating system,
// architecture, or whether the race detector is enabled, even though all
// three have an effect on the output, because that information is used
// to decide the install location. Binaries for linux and binaries for
// darwin are written to different directory trees; including that
// information in the build ID is unnecessary (although it would be
// harmless).
//
// TODO(rsc): Investigate the cost of putting source file content into
// the build ID hash as a replacement for the use of mtimes. Using the
// file content would avoid all the mtime problems, but it does require
// reading all the source files, something we avoid today (we read the
// beginning to find the build tags and the imports, but we stop as soon
// as we see the import block is over). If the package is stale, the compiler
// is going to read the files anyway. But if the package is up-to-date, the
// read is overhead.
//
// TODO(rsc): Investigate the complexity of making the build more
// precise about when individual results are needed. To be fully precise,
// there are two results of a compilation: the entire .a file used by the link
// and the subpiece used by later compilations (__.PKGDEF only).
// If a rebuild is needed but produces the previous __.PKGDEF, then
// no more recompilation due to the rebuilt package is needed, only
// relinking. To date, there is nothing in the Go command to express this.
//
// Special Cases
//
// When the go command makes the wrong build decision and does not
// rebuild something it should, users fall back to adding the -a flag.
// Any common use of the -a flag should be considered prima facie evidence
// that isStale is returning an incorrect false result in some important case.
// Bugs reported in the behavior of -a itself should prompt the question
// ``Why is -a being used at all? What bug does that indicate?''
//
// There is a long history of changes to isStale to try to make -a into a
// suitable workaround for bugs in the mtime-based decisions.
// It is worth recording that history to inform (and, as much as possible, deter) future changes.
//
// (1) Before the build IDs were introduced, building with alternate tags
// would happily reuse installed objects built without those tags.
// For example, "go build -tags netgo myprog.go" would use the installed
// copy of package net, even if that copy had been built without netgo.
// (The netgo tag controls whether package net uses cgo or pure Go for
// functionality such as name resolution.)
// Using the installed non-netgo package defeats the purpose.
//
// Users worked around this with "go build -tags netgo -a myprog.go".
//
// Build IDs have made that workaround unnecessary:
// "go build -tags netgo myprog.go"
// cannot use a non-netgo copy of package net.
//
// (2) Before the build IDs were introduced, building with different toolchains,
// especially changing between toolchains, tried to reuse objects stored in
// $GOPATH/pkg, resulting in link-time errors about object file mismatches.
//
// Users worked around this with "go install -a ./...".
//
// Build IDs have made that workaround unnecessary:
// "go install ./..." will rebuild any objects it finds that were built against
// a different toolchain.
//
// (3) The common use of "go install -a ./..." led to reports of problems
// when the -a forced the rebuild of the standard library, which for some
// users was not writable. Because we didn't understand that the real
// problem was the bug -a was working around, we changed -a not to
// apply to the standard library.
//
// (4) The common use of "go build -tags netgo -a myprog.go" broke
// when we changed -a not to apply to the standard library, because
// if go build doesn't rebuild package net, it uses the non-netgo version.
//
// Users worked around this with "go build -tags netgo -installsuffix barf myprog.go".
// The -installsuffix here is making the go command look for packages
// in pkg/$GOOS_$GOARCH_barf instead of pkg/$GOOS_$GOARCH.
// Since the former presumably doesn't exist, go build decides to rebuild
// everything, including the standard library. Since go build doesn't
// install anything it builds, nothing is ever written to pkg/$GOOS_$GOARCH_barf,
// so repeated invocations continue to work.
//
// If the use of -a wasn't a red flag, the use of -installsuffix to point to
// a non-existent directory in a command that installs nothing should
// have been.
//
// (5) Now that (1) and (2) no longer need -a, we have removed the kludge
// introduced in (3): once again, -a means ``rebuild everything,'' not
// ``rebuild everything except the standard library.'' Only Go 1.4 had
// the restricted meaning.
//
// In addition to these cases trying to trigger rebuilds, there are
// special cases trying NOT to trigger rebuilds. The main one is that for
// a variety of reasons (see above), the install process for a Go release
// cannot be relied upon to set the mtimes such that the go command will
// think the standard library is up to date. So the mtime evidence is
// ignored for the standard library if we find ourselves in a release
// version of Go. Build ID-based staleness checks still apply to the
// standard library, even in release versions. This makes
// 'go build -tags netgo' work, among other things.

// isStale reports whether package p needs to be rebuilt,
// along with the reason why.
func isStale(p *Package) (bool, string) {
	if p.Standard && (p.ImportPath == "unsafe" || cfg.BuildContext.Compiler == "gccgo") {
		// fake, builtin package
		return false, "builtin package"
	}
	if p.Error != nil {
		return true, "errors loading package"
	}
	if p.Stale {
		return true, p.StaleReason
	}

	// If this is a package with no source code, it cannot be rebuilt.
	// If the binary is missing, we mark the package stale so that
	// if a rebuild is needed, that rebuild attempt will produce a useful error.
	// (Some commands, such as 'go list', do not attempt to rebuild.)
	if p.BinaryOnly {
		if p.Internal.Target == "" {
			// Fail if a build is attempted.
			return true, "no source code for package, but no install target"
		}
		if _, err := os.Stat(p.Internal.Target); err != nil {
			// Fail if a build is attempted.
			return true, "no source code for package, but cannot access install target: " + err.Error()
		}
		return false, "no source code for package"
	}

	// If the -a flag is given, rebuild everything.
	if cfg.BuildA {
		return true, "build -a flag in use"
	}

	// If there's no install target, we have to rebuild.
	if p.Internal.Target == "" {
		return true, "no install target"
	}

	// Package is stale if completely unbuilt.
	fi, err := os.Stat(p.Internal.Target)
	if err != nil {
		return true, "cannot stat install target"
	}

	// Package is stale if the expected build ID differs from the
	// recorded build ID. This catches changes like a source file
	// being removed from a package directory. See issue 3895.
	// It also catches changes in build tags that affect the set of
	// files being compiled. See issue 9369.
	// It also catches changes in toolchain, like when flipping between
	// two versions of Go compiling a single GOPATH.
	// See issue 8290 and issue 10702.
	targetBuildID, err := buildid.ReadBuildID(p.Name, p.Target)
	if err == nil && targetBuildID != p.Internal.BuildID {
		return true, "build ID mismatch"
	}

	// Package is stale if a dependency is.
	for _, p1 := range p.Internal.Deps {
		if p1.Stale {
			return true, "stale dependency"
		}
	}

	// The checks above are content-based staleness.
	// We assume they are always accurate.
	//
	// The checks below are mtime-based staleness.
	// We hope they are accurate, but we know that they fail in the case of
	// prebuilt Go installations that don't preserve the build mtimes
	// (for example, if the pkg/ mtimes are before the src/ mtimes).
	// See the large comment above isStale for details.

	// If we are running a release copy of Go and didn't find a content-based
	// reason to rebuild the standard packages, do not rebuild them.
	// They may not be writable anyway, but they are certainly not changing.
	// This makes 'go build' skip the standard packages when
	// using an official release, even when the mtimes have been changed.
	// See issue 3036, issue 3149, issue 4106, issue 8290.
	// (If a change to a release tree must be made by hand, the way to force the
	// install is to run make.bash, which will remove the old package archives
	// before rebuilding.)
	if p.Standard && isGoRelease {
		return false, "standard package in Go release distribution"
	}

	// Time-based staleness.

	built := fi.ModTime()

	olderThan := func(file string) bool {
		fi, err := os.Stat(file)
		return err != nil || fi.ModTime().After(built)
	}

	// Package is stale if a dependency is, or if a dependency is newer.
	for _, p1 := range p.Internal.Deps {
		if p1.Internal.Target != "" && olderThan(p1.Internal.Target) {
			return true, "newer dependency"
		}
	}

	// As a courtesy to developers installing new versions of the compiler
	// frequently, define that packages are stale if they are
	// older than the compiler, and commands if they are older than
	// the linker. This heuristic will not work if the binaries are
	// back-dated, as some binary distributions may do, but it does handle
	// a very common case.
	// See issue 3036.
	// Exclude $GOROOT, under the assumption that people working on
	// the compiler may want to control when everything gets rebuilt,
	// and people updating the Go repository will run make.bash or all.bash
	// and get a full rebuild anyway.
	// Excluding $GOROOT used to also fix issue 4106, but that's now
	// taken care of above (at least when the installed Go is a released version).
	if p.Root != cfg.GOROOT {
		if olderThan(cfg.BuildToolchainCompiler()) {
			return true, "newer compiler"
		}
		if p.Internal.Build.IsCommand() && olderThan(cfg.BuildToolchainLinker()) {
			return true, "newer linker"
		}
	}

	// Note: Until Go 1.5, we had an additional shortcut here.
	// We built a list of the workspace roots ($GOROOT, each $GOPATH)
	// containing targets directly named on the command line,
	// and if p were not in any of those, it would be treated as up-to-date
	// as long as it is built. The goal was to avoid rebuilding a system-installed
	// $GOROOT, unless something from $GOROOT were explicitly named
	// on the command line (like go install math).
	// That's now handled by the isGoRelease clause above.
	// The other effect of the shortcut was to isolate different entries in
	// $GOPATH from each other. This had the unfortunate effect that
	// if you had (say), GOPATH listing two entries, one for commands
	// and one for libraries, and you did a 'git pull' in the library one
	// and then tried 'go install commands/...', it would build the new libraries
	// during the first build (because they wouldn't have been installed at all)
	// but then subsequent builds would not rebuild the libraries, even if the
	// mtimes indicate they are stale, because the different GOPATH entries
	// were treated differently. This behavior was confusing when using
	// non-trivial GOPATHs, which were particularly common with some
	// code management conventions, like the original godep.
	// Since the $GOROOT case (the original motivation) is handled separately,
	// we no longer put a barrier between the different $GOPATH entries.
	//
	// One implication of this is that if there is a system directory for
	// non-standard Go packages that is included in $GOPATH, the mtimes
	// on those compiled packages must be no earlier than the mtimes
	// on the source files. Since most distributions use the same mtime
	// for all files in a tree, they will be unaffected. People using plain
	// tar x to extract system-installed packages will need to adjust mtimes,
	// but it's better to force them to get the mtimes right than to ignore
	// the mtimes and thereby do the wrong thing in common use cases.
	//
	// So there is no GOPATH vs GOPATH shortcut here anymore.
	//
	// If something needs to come back here, we could try writing a dummy
	// file with a random name to the $GOPATH/pkg directory (and removing it)
	// to test for write access, and then skip GOPATH roots we don't have write
	// access to. But hopefully we can just use the mtimes always.

	srcs := str.StringList(p.GoFiles, p.CFiles, p.CXXFiles, p.MFiles, p.HFiles, p.FFiles, p.SFiles, p.CgoFiles, p.SysoFiles, p.SwigFiles, p.SwigCXXFiles)
	for _, src := range srcs {
		if olderThan(filepath.Join(p.Dir, src)) {
			return true, "newer source file"
		}
	}

	return false, ""
}

// computeBuildID computes the build ID for p, leaving it in p.Internal.BuildID.
// Build ID is a hash of the information we want to detect changes in.
// See the long comment in isStale for details.
func computeBuildID(p *Package) {
	h := sha1.New()

	// Include the list of files compiled as part of the package.
	// This lets us detect removed files. See issue 3895.
	inputFiles := str.StringList(
		p.GoFiles,
		p.CgoFiles,
		p.CFiles,
		p.CXXFiles,
		p.FFiles,
		p.MFiles,
		p.HFiles,
		p.SFiles,
		p.SysoFiles,
		p.SwigFiles,
		p.SwigCXXFiles,
	)
	for _, file := range inputFiles {
		fmt.Fprintf(h, "file %s\n", file)
	}

	// Include the content of runtime/internal/sys/zversion.go in the hash
	// for package runtime. This will give package runtime a
	// different build ID in each Go release.
	if p.Standard && p.ImportPath == "runtime/internal/sys" && cfg.BuildContext.Compiler != "gccgo" {
		data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filepath.Join(p.Dir, "zversion.go"))
		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
			p.Stale = true
			p.StaleReason = fmt.Sprintf("missing zversion.go")
		} else if err != nil {
			base.Fatalf("go: %s", err)
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(h, "zversion %q\n", string(data))

		// Add environment variables that affect code generation.
		switch cfg.BuildContext.GOARCH {
		case "arm":
			fmt.Fprintf(h, "GOARM=%s\n", cfg.GOARM)
		case "386":
			fmt.Fprintf(h, "GO386=%s\n", cfg.GO386)
		}
	}

	// Include the build IDs of any dependencies in the hash.
	// This, combined with the runtime/zversion content,
	// will cause packages to have different build IDs when
	// compiled with different Go releases.
	// This helps the go command know to recompile when
	// people use the same GOPATH but switch between
	// different Go releases. See issue 10702.
	// This is also a better fix for issue 8290.
	for _, p1 := range p.Internal.Deps {
		fmt.Fprintf(h, "dep %s %s\n", p1.ImportPath, p1.Internal.BuildID)
	}

	p.Internal.BuildID = fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil))
}

var cmdCache = map[string]*Package{}

func ClearCmdCache() {
	for name := range cmdCache {
		delete(cmdCache, name)
	}
}

// loadPackage is like loadImport but is used for command-line arguments,
// not for paths found in import statements. In addition to ordinary import paths,
// loadPackage accepts pseudo-paths beginning with cmd/ to denote commands
// in the Go command directory, as well as paths to those directories.
func LoadPackage(arg string, stk *ImportStack) *Package {
	if build.IsLocalImport(arg) {
		dir := arg
		if !filepath.IsAbs(dir) {
			if abs, err := filepath.Abs(dir); err == nil {
				// interpret relative to current directory
				dir = abs
			}
		}
		if sub, ok := hasSubdir(cfg.GOROOTsrc, dir); ok && strings.HasPrefix(sub, "cmd/") && !strings.Contains(sub[4:], "/") {
			arg = sub
		}
	}
	if strings.HasPrefix(arg, "cmd/") && !strings.Contains(arg[4:], "/") {
		if p := cmdCache[arg]; p != nil {
			return p
		}
		stk.Push(arg)
		defer stk.Pop()

		bp, err := cfg.BuildContext.ImportDir(filepath.Join(cfg.GOROOTsrc, arg), 0)
		bp.ImportPath = arg
		bp.Goroot = true
		bp.BinDir = cfg.GOROOTbin
		if cfg.GOROOTbin != "" {
			bp.BinDir = cfg.GOROOTbin
		}
		bp.Root = cfg.GOROOT
		bp.SrcRoot = cfg.GOROOTsrc
		p := new(Package)
		cmdCache[arg] = p
		p.load(stk, bp, err)
		if p.Error == nil && p.Name != "main" {
			p.Error = &PackageError{
				ImportStack: stk.Copy(),
				Err:         fmt.Sprintf("expected package main but found package %s in %s", p.Name, p.Dir),
			}
		}
		return p
	}

	// Wasn't a command; must be a package.
	// If it is a local import path but names a standard package,
	// we treat it as if the user specified the standard package.
	// This lets you run go test ./ioutil in package io and be
	// referring to io/ioutil rather than a hypothetical import of
	// "./ioutil".
	if build.IsLocalImport(arg) {
		bp, _ := cfg.BuildContext.ImportDir(filepath.Join(base.Cwd, arg), build.FindOnly)
		if bp.ImportPath != "" && bp.ImportPath != "." {
			arg = bp.ImportPath
		}
	}

	return LoadImport(arg, base.Cwd, nil, stk, nil, 0)
}

// packages returns the packages named by the
// command line arguments 'args'. If a named package
// cannot be loaded at all (for example, if the directory does not exist),
// then packages prints an error and does not include that
// package in the results. However, if errors occur trying
// to load dependencies of a named package, the named
// package is still returned, with p.Incomplete = true
// and details in p.DepsErrors.
func Packages(args []string) []*Package {
	var pkgs []*Package
	for _, pkg := range PackagesAndErrors(args) {
		if pkg.Error != nil {
			base.Errorf("can't load package: %s", pkg.Error)
			continue
		}
		pkgs = append(pkgs, pkg)
	}
	return pkgs
}

// packagesAndErrors is like 'packages' but returns a
// *Package for every argument, even the ones that
// cannot be loaded at all.
// The packages that fail to load will have p.Error != nil.
func PackagesAndErrors(args []string) []*Package {
	if len(args) > 0 && strings.HasSuffix(args[0], ".go") {
		return []*Package{GoFilesPackage(args)}
	}

	args = ImportPaths(args)
	var (
		pkgs    []*Package
		stk     ImportStack
		seenArg = make(map[string]bool)
		seenPkg = make(map[*Package]bool)
	)

	for _, arg := range args {
		if seenArg[arg] {
			continue
		}
		seenArg[arg] = true
		pkg := LoadPackage(arg, &stk)
		if seenPkg[pkg] {
			continue
		}
		seenPkg[pkg] = true
		pkgs = append(pkgs, pkg)
	}
	ComputeStale(pkgs...)

	return pkgs
}

// packagesForBuild is like 'packages' but fails if any of
// the packages or their dependencies have errors
// (cannot be built).
func PackagesForBuild(args []string) []*Package {
	pkgs := PackagesAndErrors(args)
	printed := map[*PackageError]bool{}
	for _, pkg := range pkgs {
		if pkg.Error != nil {
			base.Errorf("can't load package: %s", pkg.Error)
		}
		for _, err := range pkg.DepsErrors {
			// Since these are errors in dependencies,
			// the same error might show up multiple times,
			// once in each package that depends on it.
			// Only print each once.
			if !printed[err] {
				printed[err] = true
				base.Errorf("%s", err)
			}
		}
	}
	base.ExitIfErrors()

	// Check for duplicate loads of the same package.
	// That should be impossible, but if it does happen then
	// we end up trying to build the same package twice,
	// usually in parallel overwriting the same files,
	// which doesn't work very well.
	seen := map[string]bool{}
	reported := map[string]bool{}
	for _, pkg := range PackageList(pkgs) {
		if seen[pkg.ImportPath] && !reported[pkg.ImportPath] {
			reported[pkg.ImportPath] = true
			base.Errorf("internal error: duplicate loads of %s", pkg.ImportPath)
		}
		seen[pkg.ImportPath] = true
	}
	base.ExitIfErrors()

	return pkgs
}

// GoFilesPackage creates a package for building a collection of Go files
// (typically named on the command line). The target is named p.a for
// package p or named after the first Go file for package main.
func GoFilesPackage(gofiles []string) *Package {
	// TODO: Remove this restriction.
	for _, f := range gofiles {
		if !strings.HasSuffix(f, ".go") {
			base.Fatalf("named files must be .go files")
		}
	}

	var stk ImportStack
	ctxt := cfg.BuildContext
	ctxt.UseAllFiles = true

	// Synthesize fake "directory" that only shows the named files,
	// to make it look like this is a standard package or
	// command directory. So that local imports resolve
	// consistently, the files must all be in the same directory.
	var dirent []os.FileInfo
	var dir string
	for _, file := range gofiles {
		fi, err := os.Stat(file)
		if err != nil {
			base.Fatalf("%s", err)
		}
		if fi.IsDir() {
			base.Fatalf("%s is a directory, should be a Go file", file)
		}
		dir1, _ := filepath.Split(file)
		if dir1 == "" {
			dir1 = "./"
		}
		if dir == "" {
			dir = dir1
		} else if dir != dir1 {
			base.Fatalf("named files must all be in one directory; have %s and %s", dir, dir1)
		}
		dirent = append(dirent, fi)
	}
	ctxt.ReadDir = func(string) ([]os.FileInfo, error) { return dirent, nil }

	var err error
	if dir == "" {
		dir = base.Cwd
	}
	dir, err = filepath.Abs(dir)
	if err != nil {
		base.Fatalf("%s", err)
	}

	bp, err := ctxt.ImportDir(dir, 0)
	pkg := new(Package)
	pkg.Internal.Local = true
	pkg.Internal.Cmdline = true
	stk.Push("main")
	pkg.load(&stk, bp, err)
	stk.Pop()
	pkg.Internal.LocalPrefix = dirToImportPath(dir)
	pkg.ImportPath = "command-line-arguments"
	pkg.Internal.Target = ""

	if pkg.Name == "main" {
		_, elem := filepath.Split(gofiles[0])
		exe := elem[:len(elem)-len(".go")] + cfg.ExeSuffix
		if cfg.BuildO == "" {
			cfg.BuildO = exe
		}
		if cfg.GOBIN != "" {
			pkg.Internal.Target = filepath.Join(cfg.GOBIN, exe)
		}
	}

	pkg.Target = pkg.Internal.Target
	pkg.Stale = true
	pkg.StaleReason = "files named on command line"

	ComputeStale(pkg)
	return pkg
}