github.com/goplus/gox@v1.14.13-0.20240308130321-6ff7f61cfae8/ast.go

/*
 Copyright 2021 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org)
 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at
     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
*/

package gox

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"go/ast"
	"go/constant"
	"go/token"
	"go/types"
	"log"
	"math/big"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/goplus/gox/internal"
)

var (
	errTemplateRecvMethodCallUnexpected = errors.New("matchFuncCall (TemplateRecvMethod) unexpected")
)

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

var (
	underscore = &ast.Ident{Name: "_"}
)

var (
	identTrue   = ident("true")
	identFalse  = ident("false")
	identNil    = ident("nil")
	identAppend = ident("append")
	identLen    = ident("len")
	identCap    = ident("cap")
	identNew    = ident("new")
	identMake   = ident("make")
	identIota   = ident("iota")
)

func ident(name string) *ast.Ident {
	return &ast.Ident{Name: name}
}

func boolean(v bool) *ast.Ident {
	if v {
		return identTrue
	}
	return identFalse
}

func stringLit(val string) *ast.BasicLit {
	return &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.STRING, Value: strconv.Quote(val)}
}

func toRecv(pkg *Package, recv *types.Var) *ast.FieldList {
	var names []*ast.Ident
	if name := recv.Name(); name != "" {
		names = []*ast.Ident{ident(name)}
	}
	fld := &ast.Field{Names: names, Type: toRecvType(pkg, recv.Type())}
	return &ast.FieldList{List: []*ast.Field{fld}}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// function type

func toFieldList(pkg *Package, t *types.Tuple) []*ast.Field {
	if t == nil {
		return nil
	}
	n := t.Len()
	flds := make([]*ast.Field, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		item := t.At(i)
		var names []*ast.Ident
		if name := item.Name(); name != "" {
			names = []*ast.Ident{ident(name)}
		}
		typ := toType(pkg, item.Type())
		flds[i] = &ast.Field{Names: names, Type: typ}
	}
	return flds
}

func toFields(pkg *Package, t *types.Struct) []*ast.Field {
	n := t.NumFields()
	flds := make([]*ast.Field, n)
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		item := t.Field(i)
		var names []*ast.Ident
		if !item.Embedded() {
			names = []*ast.Ident{{Name: item.Name()}}
		}
		typ := toType(pkg, item.Type())
		fld := &ast.Field{Names: names, Type: typ}
		if tag := t.Tag(i); tag != "" {
			fld.Tag = toTag(tag)
		}
		flds[i] = fld
	}
	return flds
}

func toTag(tag string) *ast.BasicLit {
	var s string
	if strings.ContainsAny(tag, "`\r\n") {
		s = strconv.Quote(tag)
	} else {
		s = "`" + tag + "`"
	}
	return &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.STRING, Value: s}
}

func toVariadic(fld *ast.Field) {
	t, ok := fld.Type.(*ast.ArrayType)
	if !ok || t.Len != nil {
		panic("TODO: not a slice type")
	}
	fld.Type = &ast.Ellipsis{Elt: t.Elt}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

func toType(pkg *Package, typ types.Type) ast.Expr {
retry:
	switch t := typ.(type) {
	case *types.Basic: // bool, int, etc
		return toBasicType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Pointer:
		return &ast.StarExpr{X: toType(pkg, t.Elem())}
	case *types.Named:
		return toNamedType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Interface:
		return toInterface(pkg, t)
	case *types.Slice:
		return toSliceType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Array:
		return toArrayType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Map:
		return toMapType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Struct:
		return toStructType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Chan:
		return toChanType(pkg, t)
	case *types.Signature:
		return toFuncType(pkg, t)
	case *unboundType:
		if t.tBound == nil {
			panic("unbound type")
		}
		typ = t.tBound
		goto retry
	case *TypeParam:
		return toObjectExpr(pkg, t.Obj())
	case *Union:
		return toUnionType(pkg, t)
	}
	log.Panicln("TODO: toType -", reflect.TypeOf(typ))
	return nil
}

func toBasicType(pkg *Package, t *types.Basic) ast.Expr {
	if t.Kind() == types.UnsafePointer {
		return toObjectExpr(pkg, unsafeRef("Pointer"))
	}
	if (t.Info() & types.IsUntyped) != 0 {
		panic("unexpected: untyped type")
	}
	return &ast.Ident{Name: t.Name()}
}

func isUntyped(pkg *Package, typ types.Type) bool {
	switch t := typ.(type) {
	case *types.Basic:
		return (t.Info() & types.IsUntyped) != 0
	case *types.Named:
		switch t {
		case pkg.utBigInt, pkg.utBigRat, pkg.utBigFlt:
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func toChanType(pkg *Package, t *types.Chan) ast.Expr {
	return &ast.ChanType{Value: toType(pkg, t.Elem()), Dir: chanDirs[t.Dir()]}
}

var (
	chanDirs = [...]ast.ChanDir{
		types.SendRecv: ast.SEND | ast.RECV,
		types.SendOnly: ast.SEND,
		types.RecvOnly: ast.RECV,
	}
)

func toStructType(pkg *Package, t *types.Struct) ast.Expr {
	list := toFields(pkg, t)
	return &ast.StructType{Fields: &ast.FieldList{List: list}}
}

func toArrayType(pkg *Package, t *types.Array) ast.Expr {
	var len ast.Expr
	if n := t.Len(); n < 0 {
		len = &ast.Ellipsis{}
	} else {
		len = &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.INT, Value: strconv.FormatInt(t.Len(), 10)}
	}
	return &ast.ArrayType{Len: len, Elt: toType(pkg, t.Elem())}
}

func toSliceType(pkg *Package, t *types.Slice) ast.Expr {
	return &ast.ArrayType{Elt: toType(pkg, t.Elem())}
}

func toMapType(pkg *Package, t *types.Map) ast.Expr {
	return &ast.MapType{Key: toType(pkg, t.Key()), Value: toType(pkg, t.Elem())}
}

var (
	universeAny = types.Universe.Lookup("any")
)

func toInterface(pkg *Package, t *types.Interface) ast.Expr {
	if t == universeAny.Type() {
		return ast.NewIdent("any")
	} else if interfaceIsImplicit(t) && t.NumEmbeddeds() == 1 {
		return toType(pkg, t.EmbeddedType(0))
	}
	var flds []*ast.Field
	for i, n := 0, t.NumEmbeddeds(); i < n; i++ {
		typ := toType(pkg, t.EmbeddedType(i))
		fld := &ast.Field{Type: typ}
		flds = append(flds, fld)
	}
	for i, n := 0, t.NumExplicitMethods(); i < n; i++ {
		fn := t.ExplicitMethod(i)
		name := ident(fn.Name())
		typ := toFuncType(pkg, fn.Type().(*types.Signature))
		fld := &ast.Field{Names: []*ast.Ident{name}, Type: typ}
		flds = append(flds, fld)
	}
	return &ast.InterfaceType{Methods: &ast.FieldList{List: flds}}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// expression

func toExpr(pkg *Package, val interface{}, src ast.Node) *internal.Elem {
	if val == nil {
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  identNil,
			Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedNil],
			Src:  src,
		}
	}
	switch v := val.(type) {
	case *ast.BasicLit:
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  v,
			Type: types.Typ[toBasicKind(v.Kind)],
			CVal: constant.MakeFromLiteral(v.Value, v.Kind, 0),
			Src:  src,
		}
	case *types.TypeName:
		switch typ := v.Type(); typ.(type) {
		case *TyInstruction: // instruction as a type
			return toObject(pkg, v, src)
		default:
			if debugInstr {
				log.Printf("Val %v => Typ %v", v, typ)
			}
			return &internal.Elem{
				Val: toType(pkg, typ), Type: NewTypeType(typ), Src: src,
			}
		}
	case *types.Builtin:
		name := v.Name()
		o := pkg.builtin.TryRef(name)
		if o == nil {
			o = pkg.unsafe_.Ref(name)
		}
		return toObject(pkg, o, src)
	case types.Object:
		if v == iotaObj {
			v := pkg.cb.iotav
			return &internal.Elem{
				Val:  identIota,
				Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedInt],
				CVal: constant.MakeInt64(int64(v)),
				Src:  src,
			}
		}
		return toObject(pkg, v, src)
	case *Element:
		return v
	case int:
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.INT, Value: strconv.Itoa(v)},
			Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedInt],
			CVal: constant.MakeInt64(int64(v)),
			Src:  src,
		}
	case string:
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.STRING, Value: strconv.Quote(v)},
			Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedString],
			CVal: constant.MakeString(v),
			Src:  src,
		}
	case bool:
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  boolean(v),
			Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedBool],
			CVal: constant.MakeBool(v),
			Src:  src,
		}
	case rune:
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.CHAR, Value: strconv.QuoteRune(v)},
			Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedRune],
			CVal: constant.MakeInt64(int64(v)),
			Src:  src,
		}
	case float64:
		val := strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'g', -1, 64)
		if !strings.ContainsAny(val, ".e") {
			val += ".0"
		}
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val:  &ast.BasicLit{Kind: token.FLOAT, Value: val},
			Type: types.Typ[types.UntypedFloat],
			CVal: constant.MakeFloat64(v),
			Src:  src,
		}
	}
	panic("unexpected: unsupport value type")
}

var (
	iotaObj = types.Universe.Lookup("iota")
)

func toBasicKind(tok token.Token) types.BasicKind {
	return tok2BasicKinds[tok]
}

var (
	tok2BasicKinds = [...]types.BasicKind{
		token.INT:    types.UntypedInt,
		token.STRING: types.UntypedString,
		token.CHAR:   types.UntypedRune,
		token.FLOAT:  types.UntypedFloat,
		token.IMAG:   types.UntypedComplex,
	}
)

func chgObject(pkg *Package, v types.Object, old *internal.Elem) *internal.Elem {
	ret := toObject(pkg, v, old.Src)
	if denoted := getDenoted(old.Val); denoted != nil {
		setDenoted(ret.Val, denoted)
	}
	return ret
}

func toObject(pkg *Package, v types.Object, src ast.Node) *internal.Elem {
	var cval constant.Value
	if cv, ok := v.(*types.Const); ok {
		cval = cv.Val()
	}
	return &internal.Elem{
		Val: toObjectExpr(pkg, v), Type: realType(v.Type()), CVal: cval, Src: src,
	}
}

func toObjectExpr(pkg *Package, v types.Object) ast.Expr {
	atPkg, name := v.Pkg(), v.Name()
	if atPkg == nil || atPkg == pkg.Types { // at universe or at this package
		return ident(name)
	}
	if atPkg == pkg.builtin.Types { // at builtin package
		if strings.HasPrefix(name, goxPrefix) {
			opName := name[len(goxPrefix):]
			if op, ok := nameToOps[opName]; ok {
				switch op.Arity {
				case 2:
					return &ast.BinaryExpr{Op: op.Tok}
				case 1:
					return &ast.UnaryExpr{Op: op.Tok}
				}
			}
		}
		return ident(name)
	}
	x := pkg.file.newImport(atPkg.Name(), atPkg.Path())
	return &ast.SelectorExpr{
		X:   x,
		Sel: ident(v.Name()),
	}
}

type operator struct {
	Tok   token.Token
	Arity int
}

var (
	nameToOps = map[string]operator{
		"Add":    {token.ADD, 2},
		"Sub":    {token.SUB, 2},
		"Mul":    {token.MUL, 2},
		"Quo":    {token.QUO, 2},
		"Rem":    {token.REM, 2},
		"Or":     {token.OR, 2},
		"Xor":    {token.XOR, 2},
		"And":    {token.AND, 2},
		"AndNot": {token.AND_NOT, 2},

		"LOr":  {token.LOR, 2},
		"LAnd": {token.LAND, 2},

		"Lsh": {token.SHL, 2},
		"Rsh": {token.SHR, 2},

		"LT": {token.LSS, 2},
		"LE": {token.LEQ, 2},
		"GT": {token.GTR, 2},
		"GE": {token.GEQ, 2},
		"EQ": {token.EQL, 2},
		"NE": {token.NEQ, 2},

		"Neg":  {token.SUB, 1},
		"Dup":  {token.ADD, 1},
		"Not":  {token.XOR, 1},
		"LNot": {token.NOT, 1},
		"Recv": {token.ARROW, 1},
		"Addr": {token.AND, 1},
	}
)

func toFuncCall(pkg *Package, fn *internal.Elem, args []*internal.Elem, flags InstrFlags) *internal.Elem {
	ret, err := matchFuncCall(pkg, fn, args, flags)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return ret
}

func unaryOp(pkg *Package, tok token.Token, args []*internal.Elem) constant.Value {
	if len(args) == 1 {
		if a := args[0].CVal; a != nil {
			var prec uint
			if isUnsigned(args[0].Type) {
				prec = uint(pkg.Sizeof(args[0].Type) * 8)
			}
			return constant.UnaryOp(tok, a, prec)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func isUnsigned(typ types.Type) bool {
retry:
	switch t := typ.(type) {
	case *types.Basic:
		return (t.Info() & types.IsUnsigned) != 0
	case *types.Named:
		typ = t.Underlying()
		goto retry
	}
	return false
}

func binaryOp(cb *CodeBuilder, tok token.Token, args []*internal.Elem) constant.Value {
	if len(args) == 2 {
		if a, b := args[0].CVal, args[1].CVal; a != nil && b != nil {
			if tok == token.QUO && isNormalInt(cb, args[0]) && isNormalInt(cb, args[1]) {
				tok = token.QUO_ASSIGN // issue #805
			}
			return doBinaryOp(a, tok, b)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func isBool(cb *CodeBuilder, arg *internal.Elem) bool { // is bool
	return isBasicKind(cb, arg, types.IsBoolean)
}

func isNormalInt(cb *CodeBuilder, arg *internal.Elem) bool { // is integer but not bigint
	return isBasicKind(cb, arg, types.IsInteger)
}

func isBasicKind(cb *CodeBuilder, arg *internal.Elem, kind types.BasicInfo) bool {
	argType := arg.Type
retry:
	switch t := argType.(type) {
	case *types.Basic:
		return (t.Info() & kind) != 0
	case *types.Named:
		argType = cb.getUnderlying(t)
		goto retry
	}
	return false
}

func doBinaryOp(a constant.Value, tok token.Token, b constant.Value) constant.Value {
	switch binaryOpKinds[tok] {
	case binaryOpNormal:
		return constant.BinaryOp(a, tok, b)
	case binaryOpCompare:
		return constant.MakeBool(constant.Compare(a, tok, b))
	default:
		a, b = constant.ToInt(a), constant.ToInt(b)
		if s, exact := constant.Int64Val(b); exact {
			return constant.Shift(a, tok, uint(s))
		}
		panic("constant value is overflow")
	}
}

const (
	binaryOpNormal = iota
	binaryOpCompare
	binaryOpShift
)

var (
	binaryOpKinds = [...]int{
		token.ADD: 0, // +
		token.SUB: 0, // -
		token.MUL: 0, // *
		token.QUO: 0, // /
		token.REM: 0, // %

		token.AND:     0,             // &
		token.OR:      0,             // |
		token.XOR:     0,             // ^
		token.AND_NOT: 0,             // &^
		token.SHL:     binaryOpShift, // <<
		token.SHR:     binaryOpShift, // >>

		token.LAND: 0, // &&
		token.LOR:  0, // ||

		token.LSS: binaryOpCompare,
		token.LEQ: binaryOpCompare,
		token.GTR: binaryOpCompare,
		token.GEQ: binaryOpCompare,
		token.EQL: binaryOpCompare,
		token.NEQ: binaryOpCompare,
	}
)

func getParamLen(sig *types.Signature) int {
	n := sig.Params().Len()
	if sig.Recv() != nil {
		n++
	}
	return n
}

func getParam(sig *types.Signature, i int) *types.Var {
	if sig.Recv() != nil {
		i--
	}
	if i < 0 {
		return sig.Recv()
	}
	return sig.Params().At(i)
}

func getParam1st(sig *types.Signature) int {
	if sig.Recv() != nil {
		return 1
	}
	return 0
}

// TODO: check if fn.recv != nil
func matchFuncCall(pkg *Package, fn *internal.Elem, args []*internal.Elem, flags InstrFlags) (ret *internal.Elem, err error) {
	fnType := fn.Type
	if debugMatch {
		ft := fnType
		if t, ok := fnType.(*types.Signature); ok {
			if ftex, ok := CheckSigFuncEx(t); ok {
				ft = ftex
			}
		}
		log.Println("==> MatchFuncCall", ft, "args:", len(args), "flags:", flags)
	}
	var it *instantiated
	var sig *types.Signature
	var cval constant.Value
retry:
	switch t := fnType.(type) {
	case *types.Signature:
		if t.TypeParams() != nil {
			if (flags & instrFlagGopxFunc) == 0 {
				rt, err := inferFunc(pkg, fn, t, nil, args, flags)
				if err != nil {
					return nil, pkg.cb.newCodeError(getSrcPos(fn.Src), err.Error())
				}
				sig = rt.(*types.Signature)
				if debugMatch {
					log.Println("==> InferFunc", sig)
				}
			} else {
				fn, sig, args, err = boundTypeParams(pkg, fn, t, args, flags)
				if err != nil {
					return
				}
				flags &= ^instrFlagGopxFunc
			}
			break
		}
		if fex, ok := CheckFuncEx(t); ok {
			switch ft := fex.(type) {
			case *TyOverloadFunc:
				backup := backupArgs(args)
				for _, o := range ft.Funcs {
					if ret, err = matchFuncCall(pkg, chgObject(pkg, o, fn), args, flags); err == nil {
						if ret.CVal == nil && isUntyped(pkg, ret.Type) {
							ret.CVal = builtinCall(fn, args)
						}
						if pkg.cb.rec != nil {
							pkg.cb.rec.Call(fn.Src, o)
						}
						return
					}
					restoreArgs(args, backup)
				}
				return
			case *TyOverloadMethod:
				backup := backupArgs(args)
				for _, o := range ft.Methods {
					mfn := *fn
					if (flags & instrFlagBinaryOp) != 0 { // from cb.BinaryOp
						mfn.Type = methodToFuncSig(pkg, o, &mfn)
					} else {
						mfn.Val.(*ast.SelectorExpr).Sel = ident(o.Name())
						mfn.Type = methodCallSig(o.Type())
					}
					if ret, err = matchFuncCall(pkg, &mfn, args, flags); err == nil {
						fn.Val, fn.Type = mfn.Val, mfn.Type
						if pkg.cb.rec != nil {
							pkg.cb.rec.Call(fn.Src, o)
						}
						return
					}
					restoreArgs(args, backup)
				}
				return
			case *TyTemplateRecvMethod:
				err = errTemplateRecvMethodCallUnexpected
				if denoted := getDenoted(fn.Val); denoted != nil {
					if recv, ok := denoted.Data.(*Element); ok {
						backup := backupArgs(args)
						for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
							tfn := toObject(pkg, ft.Func, fn.Src)
							targs := make([]*internal.Elem, len(args)+1)
							targ0 := *recv
							if i == 1 {
								targ0.Val = &ast.UnaryExpr{Op: token.AND, X: targ0.Val}
								targ0.Type = types.NewPointer(targ0.Type)
							}
							targs[0] = &targ0
							for j, arg := range args {
								targs[j+1] = arg
							}
							if ret, err = matchFuncCall(pkg, tfn, targs, flags|instrFlagGoptFunc); err == nil {
								if pkg.cb.rec != nil {
									if _, ok := CheckFuncEx(ft.Func.Type().(*types.Signature)); !ok {
										pkg.cb.rec.Call(fn.Src, ft.Func)
									}
								}
								return
							}
							if isPointer(targ0.Type) {
								break
							}
							restoreArgs(args, backup)
						}
					}
				}
				return
			case *tyTypeAsParams:
				return matchFuncCall(pkg, chgObject(pkg, ft.obj, fn), args, flags|instrFlagGopxFunc)
			}
		} else if IsCSignature(t) {
			sig = types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, t.Params(), t.Results(), t.Variadic())
		} else {
			sig = t
		}
	case *TemplateSignature: // template function
		sig, it = t.instantiate()
		if t.isUnaryOp() {
			cval = unaryOp(pkg, t.tok(), args)
		} else if t.isOp() {
			cval = binaryOp(&pkg.cb, t.tok(), args)
		} else if t.hasApproxType() {
			flags |= instrFlagApproxType
		}
	case *TyInstruction:
		return t.instr.Call(pkg, args, flags, fn.Src)
	case *TypeType: // type convert
		if on, ok := CheckOverloadNamed(t.typ); ok {
			return matchOverloadNamedTypeCast(pkg, on.Obj, fn.Src, args, flags)
		}
		return matchTypeCast(pkg, t.typ, fn, args, flags)
	case *types.Named:
		fnType = pkg.cb.getUnderlying(t)
		goto retry
	case *inferFuncType:
		sig = t.InstanceWithArgs(args, flags)
		if debugMatch {
			log.Println("==> InferFunc", sig)
		}
	default:
		src, pos := pkg.cb.loadExpr(fn.Src)
		pkg.cb.panicCodeErrorf(pos, "cannot call non-function %s (type %v)", src, fn.Type)
	}
	if err = matchFuncType(pkg, args, flags, sig, fn); err != nil {
		return
	}
	tyRet := toRetType(sig.Results(), it)
	if cval != nil { // untyped bigint/bigrat
		if ret, ok := untypeBig(pkg, cval, tyRet); ok {
			return ret, nil
		}
	}
	switch t := fn.Val.(type) {
	case *ast.BinaryExpr:
		t.X, t.Y = checkParenExpr(args[0].Val), checkParenExpr(args[1].Val)
		return &internal.Elem{Val: t, Type: tyRet, CVal: cval}, nil
	case *ast.UnaryExpr:
		t.X = args[0].Val
		return &internal.Elem{Val: t, Type: tyRet, CVal: cval}, nil
	}
	var valArgs []ast.Expr
	var recv = getParam1st(sig)
	if n := len(args); n > recv { // for method, args[0] is already in fn.Val
		valArgs = make([]ast.Expr, n-recv)
		for i := recv; i < n; i++ {
			valArgs[i-recv] = args[i].Val
		}
	}
	return &internal.Elem{
		Type: tyRet, CVal: cval,
		Val: &ast.CallExpr{
			Fun: fn.Val, Args: valArgs, Ellipsis: token.Pos(flags & InstrFlagEllipsis)},
	}, nil
}

func matchOverloadNamedTypeCast(pkg *Package, t *types.TypeName, src ast.Node, args []*internal.Elem, flags InstrFlags) (ret *internal.Elem, err error) {
	cast := gopxPrefix + t.Name() + "_Cast"
	o := t.Pkg().Scope().Lookup(cast)
	if o == nil {
		err := pkg.cb.newCodeErrorf(getSrcPos(src), "typecast %v not found", t.Type())
		return nil, err
	}
	fn := toObject(pkg, o, src)
	return matchFuncCall(pkg, fn, args, flags|instrFlagGopxFunc)
}

func matchTypeCast(pkg *Package, typ types.Type, fn *internal.Elem, args []*internal.Elem, flags InstrFlags) (ret *internal.Elem, err error) {
	fnVal := fn.Val
	switch typ.(type) {
	case *types.Pointer, *types.Chan:
		fnVal = &ast.ParenExpr{X: fnVal}
	}
	if len(args) == 1 && ConvertibleTo(pkg, args[0].Type, typ) {
		if args[0].CVal != nil {
			if t, ok := typ.(*types.Named); ok {
				o := t.Obj()
				if at := o.Pkg(); at != nil {
					tname := o.Name()
					if checkUntypedOverflows(at.Scope(), tname, args[0]) {
						src, pos := pkg.cb.loadExpr(args[0].Src)
						err = pkg.cb.newCodeError(pos, fmt.Sprintf("cannot convert %v (untyped int constant %v) to type %v", src, args[0].CVal, tname))
						return
					}
				}
			}
		}
		goto finish
	}

	switch t := typ.(type) {
	case *types.Basic:
		if len(args) == 1 {
			if ret, ok := CastFromBool(&pkg.cb, typ, args[0]); ok {
				return ret, nil
			}
		}
	case *types.Named:
		o := t.Obj()
		if at := o.Pkg(); at != nil {
			tname := o.Name()
			scope := at.Scope()
			name := tname + "_Cast"
			if cast := scope.Lookup(name); cast != nil {
				if len(args) == 1 && args[0].CVal != nil {
					if checkUntypedOverflows(scope, tname, args[0]) {
						src, pos := pkg.cb.loadExpr(args[0].Src)
						err = pkg.cb.newCodeError(pos, fmt.Sprintf("cannot convert %v (untyped int constant %v) to type %v", src, args[0].CVal, tname))
						return
					}
				}
				castFn := &internal.Elem{Val: toObjectExpr(pkg, cast), Type: cast.Type()}
				if ret, err = matchFuncCall(pkg, castFn, args, flags); err == nil {
					if ret.CVal == nil && len(args) == 1 && checkUntypedType(scope, tname) {
						ret.CVal = args[0].CVal
					}
					return
				}
			}
		}
	}

	switch len(args) {
	case 1:
		arg := args[0]
		switch t := arg.Type.(type) {
		case *types.Named:
			if m := lookupMethod(t, "Gop_Rcast"); m != nil {
				switch mt := m.Type().(type) {
				case *types.Signature:
					if funcs, ok := CheckOverloadMethod(mt); ok {
						for _, o := range funcs {
							if ret, err = matchRcast(pkg, arg, o, typ, flags); err == nil {
								return
							}
						}
					} else if ret, err = matchRcast(pkg, arg, m, typ, flags); err == nil {
						return
					}
				}
			}
		}
	case 0:
		// T() means to return zero value of T
		return pkg.cb.ZeroLit(typ).stk.Pop(), nil
	}

finish:
	valArgs := make([]ast.Expr, len(args))
	for i, v := range args { // TODO: type check
		valArgs[i] = v.Val
	}
	ret = &internal.Elem{
		Val:  &ast.CallExpr{Fun: fnVal, Args: valArgs, Ellipsis: token.Pos(flags & InstrFlagEllipsis)},
		Type: typ,
	}
	if len(args) == 1 { // TODO: const value may changed by type-convert
		ret.CVal = args[0].CVal
	}
	return
}

func matchRcast(pkg *Package, fn *internal.Elem, m types.Object, typ types.Type, flags InstrFlags) (ret *internal.Elem, err error) {
	sig := m.Type().(*types.Signature)
	if sig.Params().Len() != 0 {
		log.Panicf("TODO: method %v should haven't no arguments\n", m)
	}
	n := 1
	if (flags & InstrFlagTwoValue) != 0 {
		n = 2
	}
	results := sig.Results()
	if results.Len() != n {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: %v should return %d results", m, n)
	}
	if types.Identical(results.At(0).Type(), typ) {
		return pkg.cb.Val(fn).MemberVal(m.Name()).CallWith(0, flags).stk.Pop(), nil
	}
	return nil, &MatchError{
		Src: fn.Src, Arg: fn.Type, Param: typ, At: "Gop_Rcast",
		Fset: pkg.cb.fset, intr: pkg.cb.interp,
	}
}

// CastFromBool tries to cast a bool expression into integer. typ must be an integer type.
func CastFromBool(cb *CodeBuilder, typ types.Type, v *Element) (ret *Element, ok bool) {
	if ok = isBool(cb, v); ok {
		if v.CVal != nil { // untyped bool
			var val int
			if constant.BoolVal(v.CVal) {
				val = 1
			}
			return toExpr(nil, val, v.Src), true
		}
		pkg := cb.pkg
		results := types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg.Types, "", typ))
		ret = cb.NewClosure(nil, results, false).BodyStart(pkg).
			If().Val(v).Then().Val(1).Return(1).
			Else().Val(0).Return(1).
			End().
			End().Call(0).
			stk.Pop()
	}
	return
}

func isPointer(typ types.Type) bool {
	_, ok := typ.(*types.Pointer)
	return ok
}

func checkParenExpr(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	switch v := x.(type) {
	case *ast.CompositeLit:
		return &ast.ParenExpr{X: x}
	case *ast.SelectorExpr:
		v.X = checkParenExpr(v.X)
	}
	return x
}

type backupElem struct {
	typ types.Type
	val ast.Expr
}

func backupArgs(args []*internal.Elem) []backupElem {
	backup := make([]backupElem, len(args))
	for i, arg := range args {
		backup[i].typ, backup[i].val = arg.Type, arg.Val
	}
	return backup
}

func restoreArgs(args []*internal.Elem, backup []backupElem) {
	for i, arg := range args {
		arg.Type, arg.Val = backup[i].typ, backup[i].val
	}
}

func copyArgs(args []*internal.Elem) []*internal.Elem {
	backup := make([]*internal.Elem, len(args))
	copy(backup, args)
	return backup
}

func untypeBig(pkg *Package, cval constant.Value, tyRet types.Type) (*internal.Elem, bool) {
	switch tyRet {
	case pkg.utBigInt:
		var val *big.Int
		switch v := constant.Val(cval).(type) {
		case int64:
			val = big.NewInt(v)
		case *big.Int:
			val = v
		case *big.Rat:
			return pkg.cb.UntypedBigRat(v).stk.Pop(), true
		default:
			panic("unexpected constant")
		}
		return pkg.cb.UntypedBigInt(val).stk.Pop(), true
	case pkg.utBigRat:
		var val *big.Rat
		switch v := constant.Val(cval).(type) {
		case int64:
			val = big.NewRat(v, 1)
		case *big.Rat:
			val = v
		case *big.Int:
			val = new(big.Rat).SetInt(v)
		default:
			panic("unexpected constant")
		}
		return pkg.cb.UntypedBigRat(val).stk.Pop(), true
	case types.Typ[types.UntypedBool], types.Typ[types.Bool]:
		return &internal.Elem{
			Val: boolean(constant.BoolVal(cval)), Type: tyRet, CVal: cval,
		}, true
	}
	return nil, false
}

func toRetType(t *types.Tuple, it *instantiated) types.Type {
	if t == nil {
		return nil
	} else if t.Len() == 1 {
		return it.normalize(t.At(0).Type())
	}
	return it.normalizeTuple(t)
}

func matchFuncType(
	pkg *Package, args []*internal.Elem, flags InstrFlags, sig *types.Signature, fn *internal.Elem) error {
	if (flags & InstrFlagTwoValue) != 0 {
		if n := sig.Results().Len(); n != 2 {
			caller, pos := getFunExpr(fn)
			return pkg.cb.newCodeErrorf(pos, "assignment mismatch: 2 variables but %v returns %v values", caller, n)
		}
	}
	var t *types.Tuple
	n := len(args)
	if len(args) == 1 && checkTuple(&t, args[0].Type) {
		n = t.Len()
		args = make([]*internal.Elem, n)
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			args[i] = &internal.Elem{Type: t.At(i).Type()}
		}
	} else if (flags&instrFlagApproxType) != 0 && n > 0 {
		if typ, ok := args[0].Type.(*types.Named); ok {
			switch t := pkg.cb.getUnderlying(typ).(type) {
			case *types.Slice, *types.Map, *types.Chan:
				args[0].Type = t
			}
		}
	}
	var at interface{}
	if fn == nil {
		at = "closure argument" // fn = nil means it is a closure
	} else {
		at = func() string {
			src, _ := pkg.cb.loadExpr(fn.Src)
			return "argument to " + src
		}
	}
	if sig.Variadic() {
		if (flags & InstrFlagEllipsis) == 0 {
			n1 := getParamLen(sig) - 1
			if n < n1 {
				caller, pos := getFunExpr(fn)
				return pkg.cb.newCodeErrorf(pos, "not enough arguments in call to %v\n\thave (%v)\n\twant %v",
					caller, getTypes(args), sig.Params())
			}
			tyVariadic, ok := getParam(sig, n1).Type().(*types.Slice)
			if !ok {
				return errors.New("TODO: tyVariadic not a slice")
			}
			if err := matchFuncArgs(pkg, args[:n1], sig, at); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			return matchElemType(pkg, args[n1:], tyVariadic.Elem(), at)
		}
	} else if (flags & InstrFlagEllipsis) != 0 {
		caller, pos := getFunExpr(fn)
		return pkg.cb.newCodeErrorf(pos, "cannot use ... in call to non-variadic %v", caller)
	}
	if nreq := getParamLen(sig); nreq != n {
		fewOrMany := "not enough"
		if n > nreq {
			fewOrMany = "too many"
		}
		caller, pos := getFunExpr(fn)
		return pkg.cb.newCodeErrorf(pos,
			"%s arguments in call to %s\n\thave (%v)\n\twant %v", fewOrMany, caller, getTypes(args), sig.Params())
	}
	return matchFuncArgs(pkg, args, sig, at)
}

func matchFuncArgs(
	pkg *Package, args []*internal.Elem, sig *types.Signature, at interface{}) error {
	for i, arg := range args {
		if err := matchType(pkg, arg, getParam(sig, i).Type(), at); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func checkFuncResults(pkg *Package, rets []*internal.Elem, results *types.Tuple, src ast.Node) {
	n := len(rets)
	need := results.Len()
	switch n {
	case 0:
		if need > 0 && isUnnamedParams(results) {
			pos := getSrcPos(src)
			pkg.cb.panicCodeErrorf(
				pos, "not enough arguments to return\n\thave ()\n\twant %v", results)
		}
		return
	case 1:
		if t, ok := rets[0].Type.(*types.Tuple); ok {
			if n1 := t.Len(); n1 != need {
				fewOrMany := "few"
				if n1 > need {
					fewOrMany = "many"
				}
				pos := getSrcPos(src)
				pkg.cb.panicCodeErrorf(
					pos, "too %s arguments to return\n\thave %v\n\twant %v", fewOrMany, t, results)
			}
			for i := 0; i < need; i++ {
				arg := &internal.Elem{Type: t.At(i).Type(), Src: src}
				if err := matchType(pkg, arg, results.At(i).Type(), "return argument"); err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
			}
			return
		}
	}
	if n == need {
		for i := 0; i < need; i++ {
			if err := matchType(pkg, rets[i], results.At(i).Type(), "return argument"); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}
		return
	}
	fewOrMany := "few"
	if n > need {
		fewOrMany = "many"
	}
	pos := getSrcPos(src)
	pkg.cb.panicCodeErrorf(
		pos, "too %s arguments to return\n\thave (%v)\n\twant %v", fewOrMany, getTypes(rets), results)
}

func getTypes(rets []*internal.Elem) string {
	typs := make([]string, len(rets))
	for i, ret := range rets {
		typs[i] = ret.Type.String()
	}
	return strings.Join(typs, ", ")
}

func isUnnamedParams(t *types.Tuple) bool {
	if t == nil {
		return true
	}
	for i, n := 0, t.Len(); i < n; i++ {
		if t.At(i).Name() == "" {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func matchElemType(pkg *Package, vals []*internal.Elem, elt types.Type, at interface{}) error {
	for _, val := range vals {
		if err := matchType(pkg, val, elt, at); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func checkAssignType(pkg *Package, varRef types.Type, val *internal.Elem) {
	if rt, ok := varRef.(*refType); ok {
		if err := matchType(pkg, val, rt.typ, "assignment"); err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
	} else if varRef == nil { // underscore
		// do nothing
		if t, ok := val.Type.(*inferFuncType); ok {
			t.Instance()
		}
	} else {
		panic("TODO: unassignable")
	}
}

func checkAssign(pkg *Package, ref *internal.Elem, val types.Type, at string) {
	if rt, ok := ref.Type.(*refType); ok {
		elem := &internal.Elem{Type: val}
		if err := matchType(pkg, elem, rt.typ, at); err != nil {
			src, pos := pkg.cb.loadExpr(ref.Src)
			pkg.cb.panicCodeErrorf(
				pos, "cannot assign type %v to %s (type %v) in %s", val, src, rt.typ, at)
		}
	} else if ref.Type == nil { // underscore
		// do nothing
	} else {
		panic("TODO: unassignable")
	}
}

type MatchError struct {
	Fset  dbgPositioner
	Src   ast.Node
	Arg   types.Type
	Param types.Type
	At    interface{}

	intr  NodeInterpreter
	fstmt bool
}

func strval(at interface{}) string {
	switch v := at.(type) {
	case string:
		return v
	case func() string:
		return v()
	default:
		panic("strval unexpected: unknown type")
	}
}

func (p *MatchError) Message(fileLine string) string {
	if p.fstmt {
		return fmt.Sprintf(
			"%scannot use %v value as type %v in %s", fileLine, p.Arg, p.Param, strval(p.At))
	}
	src := ""
	if p.Src != nil {
		src = p.intr.LoadExpr(p.Src)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf(
		"%scannot use %s (type %v) as type %v in %s", fileLine, src, p.Arg, p.Param, strval(p.At))
}

func (p *MatchError) Pos() token.Pos {
	return getSrcPos(p.Src)
}

func (p *MatchError) Error() string {
	pos := p.Fset.Position(p.Pos())
	return p.Message(pos.String() + ": ")
}

// TODO: use matchType to all assignable check
func matchType(pkg *Package, arg *internal.Elem, param types.Type, at interface{}) error {
	if debugMatch {
		cval := ""
		if arg.CVal != nil {
			cval = fmt.Sprintf(" (%v)", arg.CVal)
		}
		log.Printf("==> MatchType %v%s, %v\n", arg.Type, cval, param)
	}
	if arg.Type == nil {
		src, pos := pkg.cb.loadExpr(arg.Src)
		return pkg.cb.newCodeError(pos, fmt.Sprintf("%v (no value) used as value", src))
	}
	// check untyped big int/rat/flt => interface
	switch arg.Type {
	case pkg.utBigInt, pkg.utBigRat, pkg.utBigFlt:
		typ := param
	retry:
		switch t := typ.(type) {
		case *types.Interface:
			arg.Type = DefaultConv(pkg, arg.Type, arg)
			if t.NumMethods() == 0 {
				return nil
			}
		case *types.Named:
			typ = t.Underlying()
			goto retry
		}
	}
	switch t := param.(type) {
	case *types.Named:
		if t2, ok := arg.Type.(*types.Basic); ok {
			if t == pkg.utBigInt {
				switch t2.Kind() {
				case types.UntypedInt:
					val, _ := new(big.Int).SetString(arg.CVal.ExactString(), 10)
					arg.Val = pkg.cb.UntypedBigInt(val).stk.Pop().Val
					return nil
				case types.UntypedFloat:
					val, ok := new(big.Int).SetString(arg.CVal.ExactString(), 10)
					if !ok {
						code, pos := pkg.cb.loadExpr(arg.Src)
						pkg.cb.panicCodeErrorf(pos, "cannot convert %v (untyped float constant) to %v", code, t)
					}
					arg.Val = pkg.cb.UntypedBigInt(val).stk.Pop().Val
					return nil
				}
			}
		}
	case *unboundType: // variable to bound type
		if t2, ok := arg.Type.(*unboundType); ok {
			if t2.tBound == nil {
				if t == t2 {
					return nil
				}
				return fmt.Errorf("TODO: can't match two unboundTypes")
			}
			arg.Type = t2.tBound
		}
		if t.tBound == nil {
			arg.Type = DefaultConv(pkg, arg.Type, arg)
			t.boundTo(pkg, arg.Type)
		}
		param = t.tBound
	case *unboundMapElemType:
		if t2, ok := arg.Type.(*unboundType); ok {
			if t2.tBound == nil {
				panic("TODO: don't pass unbound variables")
			}
			arg.Type = t2.tBound
		}
		arg.Type = DefaultConv(pkg, arg.Type, arg)
		mapTy := types.NewMap(Default(pkg, t.key), arg.Type)
		t.typ.boundTo(pkg, mapTy)
		return nil
	default:
		if isUnboundParam(param) {
			if t, ok := arg.Type.(*unboundType); ok {
				if t.tBound == nil {
					// panic("TODO: don't pass unbound variables as template function params.")
					return nil
				}
				arg.Type = t.tBound
			}
			return boundType(pkg, arg.Type, param, arg)
		}
	}
	if AssignableConv(pkg, arg.Type, param, arg) {
		return nil
	}
	return &MatchError{
		Src: arg.Src, Arg: arg.Type, Param: param, At: at, fstmt: arg.Val == nil,
		Fset: pkg.cb.fset, intr: pkg.cb.interp,
	}
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

func boundElementType(pkg *Package, elts []*internal.Elem, base, max, step int) types.Type {
	var tBound types.Type
	for i := base; i < max; i += step {
		e := elts[i]
		if tBound == e.Type {
			// nothing to do
		} else if tBound == nil || AssignableTo(pkg, tBound, e.Type) {
			tBound = e.Type
		} else if !AssignableTo(pkg, e.Type, tBound) {
			return TyEmptyInterface
		}
	}
	return tBound
}

func constantToBigInt(v constant.Value) (*big.Int, bool) {
	if v.Kind() == constant.Int {
		return new(big.Int).SetString(v.String(), 10)
	}
	return new(big.Int).SetString(v.ExactString(), 10)
}

func checkUntypedType(scope *types.Scope, tname string) bool {
	c, ok := scope.Lookup(tname + "_IsUntyped").(*types.Const)
	if ok {
		if val := c.Val(); val != nil && val.Kind() == constant.Bool {
			return constant.BoolVal(val)
		}
	}
	return false
}

func checkUntypedOverflows(scope *types.Scope, tname string, arg *internal.Elem) bool {
	cmax, ok1 := scope.Lookup(tname + "_Max").(*types.Const)
	cmin, ok2 := scope.Lookup(tname + "_Min").(*types.Const)
	if ok1 || ok2 {
		cv, ok := constantToBigInt(arg.CVal)
		if ok {
			if ok1 {
				if max, ok := constantToBigInt(cmax.Val()); ok {
					if cv.Cmp(max) > 0 {
						return true
					}
				}
			}
			if ok2 {
				if min, ok := constantToBigInt(cmin.Val()); ok {
					if cv.Cmp(min) < 0 {
						return true
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------