github.com/krum110487/go-htaccess@v0.0.0-20240316004156-60641c8e7598/tests/data/apache_2_2_34/manual/vhosts/mass.html.en (about) 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head> 4 <meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> 5 <!-- 6 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 7 This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT 8 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 9 --> 10 <title>Dynamically configured mass virtual hosting - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</title> 11 <link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> 12 <link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> 13 <link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" /> 14 <script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> 15 </script> 16 17 <link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /><link href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/vhosts/mass.html" rel="canonical" /></head> 18 <body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> 19 <p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> 20 <p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</p> 21 <img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div> 22 <div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div> 23 <div id="path"> 24 <a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.2</a> > <a href="./">Virtual Hosts</a></div><div id="page-content"><div class="retired"><h4>Please note</h4> 25 <p> This document refers to a legacy release (<strong>2.2</strong>) of Apache httpd. The active release (<strong>2.4</strong>) is documented <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current">here</a>. If you have not already upgraded, please follow <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/upgrading.html">this link</a> for more information.</p> 26 <p>You may follow <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/vhosts/mass.html">this link</a> to go to the current version of this document.</p></div><div id="preamble"><h1>Dynamically configured mass virtual hosting</h1> 27 <div class="toplang"> 28 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/vhosts/mass.html" title="English"> en </a> | 29 <a href="../ko/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | 30 <a href="../tr/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p> 31 </div> 32 33 34 <p>This document describes how to efficiently serve an 35 arbitrary number of virtual hosts with Apache. 36 </p> 37 38 </div> 39 <div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li> 40 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#overview">Overview</a></li> 41 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple">Simple dynamic virtual hosts</a></li> 42 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#homepages">A virtually hosted homepages system</a></li> 43 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#combinations">Using more than 44 one virtual hosting system on the same server</a></li> 45 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ipbased">More efficient IP-based virtual hosting</a></li> 46 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#simple.rewrite">Simple dynamic 47 virtual hosts using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></li> 48 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#homepages.rewrite">A 49 homepages system using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></li> 50 <li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#xtra-conf">Using a separate virtual 51 host configuration file</a></li> 52 </ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> 53 <div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 54 <div class="section"> 55 <h2><a name="motivation" id="motivation">Motivation</a></h2> 56 57 <p>The techniques described here are of interest if your 58 <code>httpd.conf</code> contains many 59 <code><VirtualHost></code> sections that are 60 substantially the same, for example:</p> 61 62 <div class="example"><p><code> 63 NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44<br /> 64 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44><br /> 65 <span class="indent"> 66 ServerName www.customer-1.com<br /> 67 DocumentRoot /www/hosts/www.customer-1.com/docs<br /> 68 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/www.customer-1.com/cgi-bin<br /> 69 </span> 70 </VirtualHost><br /> 71 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44><br /> 72 <span class="indent"> 73 ServerName www.customer-2.com<br /> 74 DocumentRoot /www/hosts/www.customer-2.com/docs<br /> 75 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/www.customer-2.com/cgi-bin<br /> 76 </span> 77 </VirtualHost><br /> 78 # blah blah blah<br /> 79 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44><br /> 80 <span class="indent"> 81 ServerName www.customer-N.com<br /> 82 DocumentRoot /www/hosts/www.customer-N.com/docs<br /> 83 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/www.customer-N.com/cgi-bin<br /> 84 </span> 85 </VirtualHost> 86 </code></p></div> 87 88 <p>The basic idea is to replace all of the static 89 <code><VirtualHost></code> configuration with a mechanism 90 that works it out dynamically. This has a number of 91 advantages:</p> 92 93 <ol> 94 <li>Your configuration file is smaller so Apache starts 95 faster and uses less memory.</li> 96 97 <li>Adding virtual hosts is simply a matter of creating the 98 appropriate directories in the filesystem and entries in the 99 DNS - you don't need to reconfigure or restart Apache.</li> 100 </ol> 101 102 <p>The main disadvantage is that you cannot have a different 103 log file for each virtual host; however if you have very many 104 virtual hosts then doing this is dubious anyway because it eats 105 file descriptors. It is better to log to a pipe or a fifo and 106 arrange for the process at the other end to distribute the logs 107 to the customers (it can also accumulate statistics, etc.).</p> 108 109 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 110 <div class="section"> 111 <h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2> 112 113 <p>A virtual host is defined by two pieces of information: its 114 IP address, and the contents of the <code>Host:</code> header 115 in the HTTP request. The dynamic mass virtual hosting technique 116 is based on automatically inserting this information into the 117 pathname of the file that is used to satisfy the request. This 118 is done most easily using <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code>, 119 but if you are using a version of Apache up to 1.3.6 then you 120 must use <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>. 121 Both of these modules are disabled by default; you must enable 122 one of them when configuring and building Apache if you want to 123 use this technique.</p> 124 125 <p>A couple of things need to be `faked' to make the dynamic 126 virtual host look like a normal one. The most important is the 127 server name which is used by Apache to generate 128 self-referential URLs, etc. It is configured with the 129 <code>ServerName</code> directive, and it is available to CGIs 130 via the <code>SERVER_NAME</code> environment variable. The 131 actual value used at run time is controlled by the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#usecanonicalname">UseCanonicalName</a></code> 132 setting. With <code>UseCanonicalName Off</code> the server name 133 comes from the contents of the <code>Host:</code> header in the 134 request. With <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code> it comes from a 135 reverse DNS lookup of the virtual host's IP address. The former 136 setting is used for name-based dynamic virtual hosting, and the 137 latter is used for IP-based hosting. If Apache cannot work out 138 the server name because there is no <code>Host:</code> header 139 or the DNS lookup fails then the value configured with 140 <code>ServerName</code> is used instead.</p> 141 142 <p>The other thing to `fake' is the document root (configured 143 with <code>DocumentRoot</code> and available to CGIs via the 144 <code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code> environment variable). In a normal 145 configuration this setting is used by the core module when 146 mapping URIs to filenames, but when the server is configured to 147 do dynamic virtual hosting that job is taken over by another 148 module (either <code>mod_vhost_alias</code> or 149 <code>mod_rewrite</code>) which has a different way of doing 150 the mapping. Neither of these modules is responsible for 151 setting the <code>DOCUMENT_ROOT</code> environment variable so 152 if any CGIs or SSI documents make use of it they will get a 153 misleading value.</p> 154 155 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 156 <div class="section"> 157 <h2><a name="simple" id="simple">Simple dynamic virtual hosts</a></h2> 158 159 <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> implements the 160 virtual host arrangement outlined in the <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a> section above, but in a 161 generic fashion using <code>mod_vhost_alias</code>.</p> 162 163 <div class="example"><p><code> 164 # get the server name from the Host: header<br /> 165 UseCanonicalName Off<br /> 166 <br /> 167 # this log format can be split per-virtual-host based on the first field<br /> 168 LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br /> 169 CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br /> 170 <br /> 171 # include the server name in the filenames used to satisfy requests<br /> 172 VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%0/docs<br /> 173 VirtualScriptAlias /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin 174 </code></p></div> 175 176 <p>This configuration can be changed into an IP-based virtual 177 hosting solution by just turning <code>UseCanonicalName 178 Off</code> into <code>UseCanonicalName DNS</code>. The server 179 name that is inserted into the filename is then derived from 180 the IP address of the virtual host.</p> 181 182 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 183 <div class="section"> 184 <h2><a name="homepages" id="homepages">A virtually hosted homepages system</a></h2> 185 186 <p>This is an adjustment of the above system tailored for an 187 ISP's homepages server. Using a slightly more complicated 188 configuration we can select substrings of the server name to 189 use in the filename so that e.g. the documents for 190 <code>www.user.isp.com</code> are found in 191 <code>/home/user/</code>. It uses a single <code>cgi-bin</code> 192 directory instead of one per virtual host.</p> 193 194 <div class="example"><p><code> 195 # all the preliminary stuff is the same as above, then<br /> 196 <br /> 197 # include part of the server name in the filenames<br /> 198 VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%2/docs<br /> 199 <br /> 200 # single cgi-bin directory<br /> 201 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/<br /> 202 </code></p></div> 203 204 <p>There are examples of more complicated 205 <code>VirtualDocumentRoot</code> settings in the 206 <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> documentation.</p> 207 208 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 209 <div class="section"> 210 <h2><a name="combinations" id="combinations">Using more than 211 one virtual hosting system on the same server</a></h2> 212 213 <p>With more complicated setups you can use Apache's normal 214 <code><VirtualHost></code> directives to control the 215 scope of the various virtual hosting configurations. For 216 example, you could have one IP address for homepages customers 217 and another for commercial customers with the following setup. 218 This can of course be combined with conventional 219 <code><VirtualHost></code> configuration sections.</p> 220 221 <div class="example"><p><code> 222 UseCanonicalName Off<br /> 223 <br /> 224 LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br /> 225 <br /> 226 <Directory /www/commercial><br /> 227 <span class="indent"> 228 Options FollowSymLinks<br /> 229 AllowOverride All<br /> 230 </span> 231 </Directory><br /> 232 <br /> 233 <Directory /www/homepages><br /> 234 <span class="indent"> 235 Options FollowSymLinks<br /> 236 AllowOverride None<br /> 237 </span> 238 </Directory><br /> 239 <br /> 240 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44><br /> 241 <span class="indent"> 242 ServerName www.commercial.isp.com<br /> 243 <br /> 244 CustomLog logs/access_log.commercial vcommon<br /> 245 <br /> 246 VirtualDocumentRoot /www/commercial/%0/docs<br /> 247 VirtualScriptAlias /www/commercial/%0/cgi-bin<br /> 248 </span> 249 </VirtualHost><br /> 250 <br /> 251 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.45><br /> 252 <span class="indent"> 253 ServerName www.homepages.isp.com<br /> 254 <br /> 255 CustomLog logs/access_log.homepages vcommon<br /> 256 <br /> 257 VirtualDocumentRoot /www/homepages/%0/docs<br /> 258 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/<br /> 259 </span> 260 </VirtualHost> 261 </code></p></div> 262 263 <div class="note"> 264 <h3>Note</h3> 265 <p>If the first VirtualHost block does <em>not</em> include a 266 <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#servername">ServerName</a></code> directive, the reverse 267 DNS of the relevant IP will be used instead. 268 If this is not the server name you 269 wish to use, a bogus entry (<code>ServerName 270 none.example.com</code>) can be added to get around this 271 behaviour.</p> 272 </div> 273 274 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 275 <div class="section"> 276 <h2><a name="ipbased" id="ipbased">More efficient IP-based virtual hosting</a></h2> 277 278 <p>After <a href="#simple">the first example</a> I noted that 279 it is easy to turn it into an IP-based virtual hosting setup. 280 Unfortunately that configuration is not very efficient because 281 it requires a DNS lookup for every request. This can be avoided 282 by laying out the filesystem according to the IP addresses 283 themselves rather than the corresponding names and changing the 284 logging similarly. Apache will then usually not need to work 285 out the server name and so incur a DNS lookup.</p> 286 287 <div class="example"><p><code> 288 # get the server name from the reverse DNS of the IP address<br /> 289 UseCanonicalName DNS<br /> 290 <br /> 291 # include the IP address in the logs so they may be split<br /> 292 LogFormat "%A %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br /> 293 CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br /> 294 <br /> 295 # include the IP address in the filenames<br /> 296 VirtualDocumentRootIP /www/hosts/%0/docs<br /> 297 VirtualScriptAliasIP /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin<br /> 298 </code></p></div> 299 300 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 301 <div class="section"> 302 <h2><a name="simple.rewrite" id="simple.rewrite">Simple dynamic 303 virtual hosts using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></h2> 304 305 <p>This extract from <code>httpd.conf</code> does the same 306 thing as <a href="#simple">the first example</a>. The first 307 half is very similar to the corresponding part above but with 308 some changes for backward compatibility and to make the 309 <code>mod_rewrite</code> part work properly; the second half 310 configures <code>mod_rewrite</code> to do the actual work.</p> 311 312 <p>There are a couple of especially tricky bits: By default, 313 <code>mod_rewrite</code> runs before the other URI translation 314 modules (<code>mod_alias</code> etc.) so if they are used then 315 <code>mod_rewrite</code> must be configured to accommodate 316 them. Also, some magic must be performed to do a 317 per-dynamic-virtual-host equivalent of 318 <code>ScriptAlias</code>.</p> 319 320 <div class="example"><p><code> 321 # get the server name from the Host: header<br /> 322 UseCanonicalName Off<br /> 323 <br /> 324 # splittable logs<br /> 325 LogFormat "%{Host}i %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon<br /> 326 CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon<br /> 327 <br /> 328 <Directory /www/hosts><br /> 329 <span class="indent"> 330 # ExecCGI is needed here because we can't force<br /> 331 # CGI execution in the way that ScriptAlias does<br /> 332 Options FollowSymLinks ExecCGI<br /> 333 </span> 334 </Directory><br /> 335 <br /> 336 # now for the hard bit<br /> 337 <br /> 338 RewriteEngine On<br /> 339 <br /> 340 # a ServerName derived from a Host: header may be any case at all<br /> 341 RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower<br /> 342 <br /> 343 ## deal with normal documents first:<br /> 344 # allow Alias /icons/ to work - repeat for other aliases<br /> 345 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/icons/<br /> 346 # allow CGIs to work<br /> 347 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cgi-bin/<br /> 348 # do the magic<br /> 349 RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ /www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/docs/$1<br /> 350 <br /> 351 ## and now deal with CGIs - we have to force a MIME type<br /> 352 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/cgi-bin/<br /> 353 RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ /www/hosts/${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}/cgi-bin/$1 [T=application/x-httpd-cgi]<br /> 354 <br /> 355 # that's it! 356 </code></p></div> 357 358 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 359 <div class="section"> 360 <h2><a name="homepages.rewrite" id="homepages.rewrite">A 361 homepages system using <code>mod_rewrite</code></a></h2> 362 363 <p>This does the same thing as <a href="#homepages">the second 364 example</a>.</p> 365 366 <div class="example"><p><code> 367 RewriteEngine on<br /> 368 <br /> 369 RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower<br /> 370 <br /> 371 # allow CGIs to work<br /> 372 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cgi-bin/<br /> 373 <br /> 374 # check the hostname is right so that the RewriteRule works<br /> 375 RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^www\.[a-z-]+\.isp\.com$<br /> 376 <br /> 377 # concatenate the virtual host name onto the start of the URI<br /> 378 # the [C] means do the next rewrite on the result of this one<br /> 379 RewriteRule ^(.+) ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}}$1 [C]<br /> 380 <br /> 381 # now create the real file name<br /> 382 RewriteRule ^www\.([a-z-]+)\.isp\.com/(.*) /home/$1/$2<br /> 383 <br /> 384 # define the global CGI directory<br /> 385 ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/ 386 </code></p></div> 387 388 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> 389 <div class="section"> 390 <h2><a name="xtra-conf" id="xtra-conf">Using a separate virtual 391 host configuration file</a></h2> 392 393 <p>This arrangement uses more advanced <code>mod_rewrite</code> 394 features to get the translation from virtual host to document 395 root from a separate configuration file. This provides more 396 flexibility but requires more complicated configuration.</p> 397 398 <p>The <code>vhost.map</code> file contains something like 399 this:</p> 400 401 <div class="example"><p><code> 402 www.customer-1.com /www/customers/1<br /> 403 www.customer-2.com /www/customers/2<br /> 404 # ...<br /> 405 www.customer-N.com /www/customers/N<br /> 406 </code></p></div> 407 408 <p>The <code>http.conf</code> contains this:</p> 409 410 <div class="example"><p><code> 411 RewriteEngine on<br /> 412 <br /> 413 RewriteMap lowercase int:tolower<br /> 414 <br /> 415 # define the map file<br /> 416 RewriteMap vhost txt:/www/conf/vhost.map<br /> 417 <br /> 418 # deal with aliases as above<br /> 419 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/icons/<br /> 420 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/cgi-bin/<br /> 421 RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^(.+)$<br /> 422 # this does the file-based remap<br /> 423 RewriteCond ${vhost:%1} ^(/.*)$<br /> 424 RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ %1/docs/$1<br /> 425 <br /> 426 RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/cgi-bin/<br /> 427 RewriteCond ${lowercase:%{SERVER_NAME}} ^(.+)$<br /> 428 RewriteCond ${vhost:%1} ^(/.*)$<br /> 429 RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ %1/cgi-bin/$1 430 </code></p></div> 431 432 </div></div> 433 <div class="bottomlang"> 434 <p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/vhosts/mass.html" title="English"> en </a> | 435 <a href="../ko/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | 436 <a href="../tr/vhosts/mass.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p> 437 </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. 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