github.com/lightlus/netstack@v1.2.0/tcpip/transport/udp/endpoint.go

// Copyright 2018 The gVisor Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package udp

import (
	"sync"

	"github.com/lightlus/netstack/tcpip"
	"github.com/lightlus/netstack/tcpip/buffer"
	"github.com/lightlus/netstack/tcpip/header"
	"github.com/lightlus/netstack/tcpip/iptables"
	"github.com/lightlus/netstack/tcpip/stack"
	"github.com/lightlus/netstack/waiter"
)

// +stateify savable
type udpPacket struct {
	udpPacketEntry
	senderAddress tcpip.FullAddress
	data          buffer.VectorisedView
	timestamp     int64
}

// EndpointState represents the state of a UDP endpoint.
type EndpointState uint32

// Endpoint states. Note that are represented in a netstack-specific manner and
// may not be meaningful externally. Specifically, they need to be translated to
// Linux's representation for these states if presented to userspace.
const (
	StateInitial EndpointState = iota
	StateBound
	StateConnected
	StateClosed
)

// String implements fmt.Stringer.String.
func (s EndpointState) String() string {
	switch s {
	case StateInitial:
		return "INITIAL"
	case StateBound:
		return "BOUND"
	case StateConnected:
		return "CONNECTING"
	case StateClosed:
		return "CLOSED"
	default:
		return "UNKNOWN"
	}
}

// endpoint represents a UDP endpoint. This struct serves as the interface
// between users of the endpoint and the protocol implementation; it is legal to
// have concurrent goroutines make calls into the endpoint, they are properly
// synchronized.
//
// It implements tcpip.Endpoint.
//
// +stateify savable
type endpoint struct {
	stack.TransportEndpointInfo

	// The following fields are initialized at creation time and do not
	// change throughout the lifetime of the endpoint.
	stack       *stack.Stack
	waiterQueue *waiter.Queue
	uniqueID    uint64

	// The following fields are used to manage the receive queue, and are
	// protected by rcvMu.
	rcvMu         sync.Mutex
	rcvReady      bool
	rcvList       udpPacketList
	rcvBufSizeMax int
	rcvBufSize    int
	rcvClosed     bool

	// The following fields are protected by the mu mutex.
	mu             sync.RWMutex
	sndBufSize     int
	state          EndpointState
	route          stack.Route
	dstPort        uint16
	v6only         bool
	ttl            uint8
	multicastTTL   uint8
	multicastAddr  tcpip.Address
	multicastNICID tcpip.NICID
	multicastLoop  bool
	reusePort      bool
	bindToDevice   tcpip.NICID
	broadcast      bool

	// sendTOS represents IPv4 TOS or IPv6 TrafficClass,
	// applied while sending packets. Defaults to 0 as on Linux.
	sendTOS uint8

	// shutdownFlags represent the current shutdown state of the endpoint.
	shutdownFlags tcpip.ShutdownFlags

	// multicastMemberships that need to be remvoed when the endpoint is
	// closed. Protected by the mu mutex.
	multicastMemberships []multicastMembership

	// effectiveNetProtos contains the network protocols actually in use. In
	// most cases it will only contain "netProto", but in cases like IPv6
	// endpoints with v6only set to false, this could include multiple
	// protocols (e.g., IPv6 and IPv4) or a single different protocol (e.g.,
	// IPv4 when IPv6 endpoint is bound or connected to an IPv4 mapped
	// address).
	effectiveNetProtos []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber

	// TODO(b/142022063): Add ability to save and restore per endpoint stats.
	stats tcpip.TransportEndpointStats
}

// +stateify savable
type multicastMembership struct {
	nicID         tcpip.NICID
	multicastAddr tcpip.Address
}

func newEndpoint(s *stack.Stack, netProto tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber, waiterQueue *waiter.Queue) *endpoint {
	return &endpoint{
		stack: s,
		TransportEndpointInfo: stack.TransportEndpointInfo{
			NetProto:   netProto,
			TransProto: header.UDPProtocolNumber,
		},
		waiterQueue: waiterQueue,
		// RFC 1075 section 5.4 recommends a TTL of 1 for membership
		// requests.
		//
		// RFC 5135 4.2.1 appears to assume that IGMP messages have a
		// TTL of 1.
		//
		// RFC 5135 Appendix A defines TTL=1: A multicast source that
		// wants its traffic to not traverse a router (e.g., leave a
		// home network) may find it useful to send traffic with IP
		// TTL=1.
		//
		// Linux defaults to TTL=1.
		multicastTTL:  1,
		multicastLoop: true,
		rcvBufSizeMax: 32 * 1024,
		sndBufSize:    32 * 1024,
		state:         StateInitial,
		uniqueID:      s.UniqueID(),
	}
}

// UniqueID implements stack.TransportEndpoint.UniqueID.
func (e *endpoint) UniqueID() uint64 {
	return e.uniqueID
}

// Close puts the endpoint in a closed state and frees all resources
// associated with it.
func (e *endpoint) Close() {
	e.mu.Lock()
	e.shutdownFlags = tcpip.ShutdownRead | tcpip.ShutdownWrite

	switch e.state {
	case StateBound, StateConnected:
		e.stack.UnregisterTransportEndpoint(e.RegisterNICID, e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.ID, e, e.bindToDevice)
		e.stack.ReleasePort(e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.ID.LocalAddress, e.ID.LocalPort, e.bindToDevice)
	}

	for _, mem := range e.multicastMemberships {
		e.stack.LeaveGroup(e.NetProto, mem.nicID, mem.multicastAddr)
	}
	e.multicastMemberships = nil

	// Close the receive list and drain it.
	e.rcvMu.Lock()
	e.rcvClosed = true
	e.rcvBufSize = 0
	for !e.rcvList.Empty() {
		p := e.rcvList.Front()
		e.rcvList.Remove(p)
	}
	e.rcvMu.Unlock()

	e.route.Release()

	// Update the state.
	e.state = StateClosed

	e.mu.Unlock()

	e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventHUp | waiter.EventErr | waiter.EventIn | waiter.EventOut)
}

// ModerateRecvBuf implements tcpip.Endpoint.ModerateRecvBuf.
func (e *endpoint) ModerateRecvBuf(copied int) {}

// IPTables implements tcpip.Endpoint.IPTables.
func (e *endpoint) IPTables() (iptables.IPTables, error) {
	return e.stack.IPTables(), nil
}

// Read reads data from the endpoint. This method does not block if
// there is no data pending.
func (e *endpoint) Read(addr *tcpip.FullAddress) (buffer.View, tcpip.ControlMessages, *tcpip.Error) {
	e.rcvMu.Lock()

	if e.rcvList.Empty() {
		err := tcpip.ErrWouldBlock
		if e.rcvClosed {
			e.stats.ReadErrors.ReadClosed.Increment()
			err = tcpip.ErrClosedForReceive
		}
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()
		return buffer.View{}, tcpip.ControlMessages{}, err
	}

	p := e.rcvList.Front()
	e.rcvList.Remove(p)
	e.rcvBufSize -= p.data.Size()
	e.rcvMu.Unlock()

	if addr != nil {
		*addr = p.senderAddress
	}

	return p.data.ToView(), tcpip.ControlMessages{HasTimestamp: true, Timestamp: p.timestamp}, nil
}

// prepareForWrite prepares the endpoint for sending data. In particular, it
// binds it if it's still in the initial state. To do so, it must first
// reacquire the mutex in exclusive mode.
//
// Returns true for retry if preparation should be retried.
func (e *endpoint) prepareForWrite(to *tcpip.FullAddress) (retry bool, err *tcpip.Error) {
	switch e.state {
	case StateInitial:
	case StateConnected:
		return false, nil

	case StateBound:
		if to == nil {
			return false, tcpip.ErrDestinationRequired
		}
		return false, nil
	default:
		return false, tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
	}

	e.mu.RUnlock()
	defer e.mu.RLock()

	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	// The state changed when we released the shared locked and re-acquired
	// it in exclusive mode. Try again.
	if e.state != StateInitial {
		return true, nil
	}

	// The state is still 'initial', so try to bind the endpoint.
	if err := e.bindLocked(tcpip.FullAddress{}); err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	return true, nil
}

// connectRoute establishes a route to the specified interface or the
// configured multicast interface if no interface is specified and the
// specified address is a multicast address.
func (e *endpoint) connectRoute(nicID tcpip.NICID, addr tcpip.FullAddress, netProto tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber) (stack.Route, tcpip.NICID, *tcpip.Error) {
	localAddr := e.ID.LocalAddress
	if isBroadcastOrMulticast(localAddr) {
		// A packet can only originate from a unicast address (i.e., an interface).
		localAddr = ""
	}

	if header.IsV4MulticastAddress(addr.Addr) || header.IsV6MulticastAddress(addr.Addr) {
		if nicID == 0 {
			nicID = e.multicastNICID
		}
		if localAddr == "" && nicID == 0 {
			localAddr = e.multicastAddr
		}
	}

	// Find a route to the desired destination.
	r, err := e.stack.FindRoute(nicID, localAddr, addr.Addr, netProto, e.multicastLoop)
	if err != nil {
		return stack.Route{}, 0, err
	}
	return r, nicID, nil
}

// Write writes data to the endpoint's peer. This method does not block
// if the data cannot be written.
func (e *endpoint) Write(p tcpip.Payloader, opts tcpip.WriteOptions) (int64, <-chan struct{}, *tcpip.Error) {
	n, ch, err := e.write(p, opts)
	switch err {
	case nil:
		e.stats.PacketsSent.Increment()
	case tcpip.ErrMessageTooLong, tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue:
		e.stats.WriteErrors.InvalidArgs.Increment()
	case tcpip.ErrClosedForSend:
		e.stats.WriteErrors.WriteClosed.Increment()
	case tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState:
		e.stats.WriteErrors.InvalidEndpointState.Increment()
	case tcpip.ErrNoLinkAddress:
		e.stats.SendErrors.NoLinkAddr.Increment()
	case tcpip.ErrNoRoute, tcpip.ErrBroadcastDisabled, tcpip.ErrNetworkUnreachable:
		// Errors indicating any problem with IP routing of the packet.
		e.stats.SendErrors.NoRoute.Increment()
	default:
		// For all other errors when writing to the network layer.
		e.stats.SendErrors.SendToNetworkFailed.Increment()
	}
	return n, ch, err
}

func (e *endpoint) write(p tcpip.Payloader, opts tcpip.WriteOptions) (int64, <-chan struct{}, *tcpip.Error) {
	// MSG_MORE is unimplemented. (This also means that MSG_EOR is a no-op.)
	if opts.More {
		return 0, nil, tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue
	}

	to := opts.To

	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()

	// If we've shutdown with SHUT_WR we are in an invalid state for sending.
	if e.shutdownFlags&tcpip.ShutdownWrite != 0 {
		return 0, nil, tcpip.ErrClosedForSend
	}

	// Prepare for write.
	for {
		retry, err := e.prepareForWrite(to)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, nil, err
		}

		if !retry {
			break
		}
	}

	var route *stack.Route
	var dstPort uint16
	if to == nil {
		route = &e.route
		dstPort = e.dstPort

		if route.IsResolutionRequired() {
			// Promote lock to exclusive if using a shared route, given that it may need to
			// change in Route.Resolve() call below.
			e.mu.RUnlock()
			defer e.mu.RLock()

			e.mu.Lock()
			defer e.mu.Unlock()

			// Recheck state after lock was re-acquired.
			if e.state != StateConnected {
				return 0, nil, tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
			}
		}
	} else {
		// Reject destination address if it goes through a different
		// NIC than the endpoint was bound to.
		nicID := to.NIC
		if e.BindNICID != 0 {
			if nicID != 0 && nicID != e.BindNICID {
				return 0, nil, tcpip.ErrNoRoute
			}

			nicID = e.BindNICID
		}

		if to.Addr == header.IPv4Broadcast && !e.broadcast {
			return 0, nil, tcpip.ErrBroadcastDisabled
		}

		netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(to, false)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, nil, err
		}

		r, _, err := e.connectRoute(nicID, *to, netProto)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, nil, err
		}
		defer r.Release()

		route = &r
		dstPort = to.Port
	}

	if route.IsResolutionRequired() {
		if ch, err := route.Resolve(nil); err != nil {
			if err == tcpip.ErrWouldBlock {
				return 0, ch, tcpip.ErrNoLinkAddress
			}
			return 0, nil, err
		}
	}

	v, err := p.FullPayload()
	if err != nil {
		return 0, nil, err
	}
	if len(v) > header.UDPMaximumPacketSize {
		// Payload can't possibly fit in a packet.
		return 0, nil, tcpip.ErrMessageTooLong
	}

	ttl := e.ttl
	useDefaultTTL := ttl == 0

	if header.IsV4MulticastAddress(route.RemoteAddress) || header.IsV6MulticastAddress(route.RemoteAddress) {
		ttl = e.multicastTTL
		// Multicast allows a 0 TTL.
		useDefaultTTL = false
	}

	if err := sendUDP(route, buffer.View(v).ToVectorisedView(), e.ID.LocalPort, dstPort, ttl, useDefaultTTL, e.sendTOS); err != nil {
		return 0, nil, err
	}
	return int64(len(v)), nil, nil
}

// Peek only returns data from a single datagram, so do nothing here.
func (e *endpoint) Peek([][]byte) (int64, tcpip.ControlMessages, *tcpip.Error) {
	return 0, tcpip.ControlMessages{}, nil
}

// SetSockOptInt implements tcpip.Endpoint.SetSockOptInt.
func (e *endpoint) SetSockOptInt(opt tcpip.SockOpt, v int) *tcpip.Error {
	return nil
}

// SetSockOpt implements tcpip.Endpoint.SetSockOpt.
func (e *endpoint) SetSockOpt(opt interface{}) *tcpip.Error {
	switch v := opt.(type) {
	case tcpip.V6OnlyOption:
		// We only recognize this option on v6 endpoints.
		if e.NetProto != header.IPv6ProtocolNumber {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
		}

		e.mu.Lock()
		defer e.mu.Unlock()

		// We only allow this to be set when we're in the initial state.
		if e.state != StateInitial {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
		}

		e.v6only = v != 0

	case tcpip.TTLOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.ttl = uint8(v)
		e.mu.Unlock()

	case tcpip.MulticastTTLOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.multicastTTL = uint8(v)
		e.mu.Unlock()

	case tcpip.MulticastInterfaceOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		defer e.mu.Unlock()

		fa := tcpip.FullAddress{Addr: v.InterfaceAddr}
		netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(&fa, false)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		nic := v.NIC
		addr := fa.Addr

		if nic == 0 && addr == "" {
			e.multicastAddr = ""
			e.multicastNICID = 0
			break
		}

		if nic != 0 {
			if !e.stack.CheckNIC(nic) {
				return tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress
			}
		} else {
			nic = e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(0, netProto, addr)
			if nic == 0 {
				return tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress
			}
		}

		if e.BindNICID != 0 && e.BindNICID != nic {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
		}

		e.multicastNICID = nic
		e.multicastAddr = addr

	case tcpip.AddMembershipOption:
		if !header.IsV4MulticastAddress(v.MulticastAddr) && !header.IsV6MulticastAddress(v.MulticastAddr) {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue
		}

		nicID := v.NIC

		// The interface address is considered not-set if it is empty or contains
		// all-zeros. The former represent the zero-value in golang, the latter the
		// same in a setsockopt(IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &ip_mreqn) syscall.
		allZeros := header.IPv4Any
		if len(v.InterfaceAddr) == 0 || v.InterfaceAddr == allZeros {
			if nicID == 0 {
				r, err := e.stack.FindRoute(0, "", v.MulticastAddr, header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, false /* multicastLoop */)
				if err == nil {
					nicID = r.NICID()
					r.Release()
				}
			}
		} else {
			nicID = e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(nicID, e.NetProto, v.InterfaceAddr)
		}
		if nicID == 0 {
			return tcpip.ErrUnknownDevice
		}

		memToInsert := multicastMembership{nicID: nicID, multicastAddr: v.MulticastAddr}

		e.mu.Lock()
		defer e.mu.Unlock()

		for _, mem := range e.multicastMemberships {
			if mem == memToInsert {
				return tcpip.ErrPortInUse
			}
		}

		if err := e.stack.JoinGroup(e.NetProto, nicID, v.MulticastAddr); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		e.multicastMemberships = append(e.multicastMemberships, memToInsert)

	case tcpip.RemoveMembershipOption:
		if !header.IsV4MulticastAddress(v.MulticastAddr) && !header.IsV6MulticastAddress(v.MulticastAddr) {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue
		}

		nicID := v.NIC
		if v.InterfaceAddr == header.IPv4Any {
			if nicID == 0 {
				r, err := e.stack.FindRoute(0, "", v.MulticastAddr, header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, false /* multicastLoop */)
				if err == nil {
					nicID = r.NICID()
					r.Release()
				}
			}
		} else {
			nicID = e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(nicID, e.NetProto, v.InterfaceAddr)
		}
		if nicID == 0 {
			return tcpip.ErrUnknownDevice
		}

		memToRemove := multicastMembership{nicID: nicID, multicastAddr: v.MulticastAddr}
		memToRemoveIndex := -1

		e.mu.Lock()
		defer e.mu.Unlock()

		for i, mem := range e.multicastMemberships {
			if mem == memToRemove {
				memToRemoveIndex = i
				break
			}
		}
		if memToRemoveIndex == -1 {
			return tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress
		}

		if err := e.stack.LeaveGroup(e.NetProto, nicID, v.MulticastAddr); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		e.multicastMemberships[memToRemoveIndex] = e.multicastMemberships[len(e.multicastMemberships)-1]
		e.multicastMemberships = e.multicastMemberships[:len(e.multicastMemberships)-1]

	case tcpip.MulticastLoopOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.multicastLoop = bool(v)
		e.mu.Unlock()

	case tcpip.ReusePortOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.reusePort = v != 0
		e.mu.Unlock()

	case tcpip.BindToDeviceOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		defer e.mu.Unlock()
		if v == "" {
			e.bindToDevice = 0
			return nil
		}
		for nicID, nic := range e.stack.NICInfo() {
			if nic.Name == string(v) {
				e.bindToDevice = nicID
				return nil
			}
		}
		return tcpip.ErrUnknownDevice

	case tcpip.BroadcastOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.broadcast = v != 0
		e.mu.Unlock()

		return nil

	case tcpip.IPv4TOSOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.sendTOS = uint8(v)
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return nil

	case tcpip.IPv6TrafficClassOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		e.sendTOS = uint8(v)
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return nil
	}
	return nil
}

// GetSockOptInt implements tcpip.Endpoint.GetSockOptInt.
func (e *endpoint) GetSockOptInt(opt tcpip.SockOpt) (int, *tcpip.Error) {
	switch opt {
	case tcpip.ReceiveQueueSizeOption:
		v := 0
		e.rcvMu.Lock()
		if !e.rcvList.Empty() {
			p := e.rcvList.Front()
			v = p.data.Size()
		}
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()
		return v, nil

	case tcpip.SendBufferSizeOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		v := e.sndBufSize
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return v, nil

	case tcpip.ReceiveBufferSizeOption:
		e.rcvMu.Lock()
		v := e.rcvBufSizeMax
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()
		return v, nil
	}

	return -1, tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption
}

// GetSockOpt implements tcpip.Endpoint.GetSockOpt.
func (e *endpoint) GetSockOpt(opt interface{}) *tcpip.Error {
	switch o := opt.(type) {
	case tcpip.ErrorOption:
		return nil

	case *tcpip.V6OnlyOption:
		// We only recognize this option on v6 endpoints.
		if e.NetProto != header.IPv6ProtocolNumber {
			return tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption
		}

		e.mu.Lock()
		v := e.v6only
		e.mu.Unlock()

		*o = 0
		if v {
			*o = 1
		}
		return nil

	case *tcpip.TTLOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		*o = tcpip.TTLOption(e.ttl)
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return nil

	case *tcpip.MulticastTTLOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		*o = tcpip.MulticastTTLOption(e.multicastTTL)
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return nil

	case *tcpip.MulticastInterfaceOption:
		e.mu.Lock()
		*o = tcpip.MulticastInterfaceOption{
			e.multicastNICID,
			e.multicastAddr,
		}
		e.mu.Unlock()
		return nil

	case *tcpip.MulticastLoopOption:
		e.mu.RLock()
		v := e.multicastLoop
		e.mu.RUnlock()

		*o = tcpip.MulticastLoopOption(v)
		return nil

	case *tcpip.ReuseAddressOption:
		*o = 0
		return nil

	case *tcpip.ReusePortOption:
		e.mu.RLock()
		v := e.reusePort
		e.mu.RUnlock()

		*o = 0
		if v {
			*o = 1
		}
		return nil

	case *tcpip.BindToDeviceOption:
		e.mu.RLock()
		defer e.mu.RUnlock()
		if nic, ok := e.stack.NICInfo()[e.bindToDevice]; ok {
			*o = tcpip.BindToDeviceOption(nic.Name)
			return nil
		}
		*o = tcpip.BindToDeviceOption("")
		return nil

	case *tcpip.KeepaliveEnabledOption:
		*o = 0
		return nil

	case *tcpip.BroadcastOption:
		e.mu.RLock()
		v := e.broadcast
		e.mu.RUnlock()

		*o = 0
		if v {
			*o = 1
		}
		return nil

	case *tcpip.IPv4TOSOption:
		e.mu.RLock()
		*o = tcpip.IPv4TOSOption(e.sendTOS)
		e.mu.RUnlock()
		return nil

	case *tcpip.IPv6TrafficClassOption:
		e.mu.RLock()
		*o = tcpip.IPv6TrafficClassOption(e.sendTOS)
		e.mu.RUnlock()
		return nil

	default:
		return tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption
	}
}

// sendUDP sends a UDP segment via the provided network endpoint and under the
// provided identity.
func sendUDP(r *stack.Route, data buffer.VectorisedView, localPort, remotePort uint16, ttl uint8, useDefaultTTL bool, tos uint8) *tcpip.Error {
	// Allocate a buffer for the UDP header.
	hdr := buffer.NewPrependable(header.UDPMinimumSize + int(r.MaxHeaderLength()))

	// Initialize the header.
	udp := header.UDP(hdr.Prepend(header.UDPMinimumSize))

	length := uint16(hdr.UsedLength() + data.Size())
	udp.Encode(&header.UDPFields{
		SrcPort: localPort,
		DstPort: remotePort,
		Length:  length,
	})

	// Only calculate the checksum if offloading isn't supported.
	if r.Capabilities()&stack.CapabilityTXChecksumOffload == 0 {
		xsum := r.PseudoHeaderChecksum(ProtocolNumber, length)
		for _, v := range data.Views() {
			xsum = header.Checksum(v, xsum)
		}
		udp.SetChecksum(^udp.CalculateChecksum(xsum))
	}

	if useDefaultTTL {
		ttl = r.DefaultTTL()
	}
	if err := r.WritePacket(nil /* gso */, stack.NetworkHeaderParams{Protocol: ProtocolNumber, TTL: ttl, TOS: tos}, tcpip.PacketBuffer{
		Header: hdr,
		Data:   data,
	}); err != nil {
		r.Stats().UDP.PacketSendErrors.Increment()
		return err
	}

	// Track count of packets sent.
	r.Stats().UDP.PacketsSent.Increment()
	return nil
}

func (e *endpoint) checkV4Mapped(addr *tcpip.FullAddress, allowMismatch bool) (tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber, *tcpip.Error) {
	netProto := e.NetProto
	if len(addr.Addr) == 0 {
		return netProto, nil
	}
	if header.IsV4MappedAddress(addr.Addr) {
		// Fail if using a v4 mapped address on a v6only endpoint.
		if e.v6only {
			return 0, tcpip.ErrNoRoute
		}

		netProto = header.IPv4ProtocolNumber
		addr.Addr = addr.Addr[header.IPv6AddressSize-header.IPv4AddressSize:]
		if addr.Addr == header.IPv4Any {
			addr.Addr = ""
		}

		// Fail if we are bound to an IPv6 address.
		if !allowMismatch && len(e.ID.LocalAddress) == 16 {
			return 0, tcpip.ErrNetworkUnreachable
		}
	}

	// Fail if we're bound to an address length different from the one we're
	// checking.
	if l := len(e.ID.LocalAddress); l != 0 && l != len(addr.Addr) {
		return 0, tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
	}

	return netProto, nil
}

// Disconnect implements tcpip.Endpoint.Disconnect.
func (e *endpoint) Disconnect() *tcpip.Error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	if e.state != StateConnected {
		return nil
	}
	id := stack.TransportEndpointID{}
	// Exclude ephemerally bound endpoints.
	if e.BindNICID != 0 || e.ID.LocalAddress == "" {
		var err *tcpip.Error
		id = stack.TransportEndpointID{
			LocalPort:    e.ID.LocalPort,
			LocalAddress: e.ID.LocalAddress,
		}
		id, err = e.registerWithStack(e.RegisterNICID, e.effectiveNetProtos, id)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		e.state = StateBound
	} else {
		if e.ID.LocalPort != 0 {
			// Release the ephemeral port.
			e.stack.ReleasePort(e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.ID.LocalAddress, e.ID.LocalPort, e.bindToDevice)
		}
		e.state = StateInitial
	}

	e.stack.UnregisterTransportEndpoint(e.RegisterNICID, e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.ID, e, e.bindToDevice)
	e.ID = id
	e.route.Release()
	e.route = stack.Route{}
	e.dstPort = 0

	return nil
}

// Connect connects the endpoint to its peer. Specifying a NIC is optional.
func (e *endpoint) Connect(addr tcpip.FullAddress) *tcpip.Error {
	netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(&addr, false)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if addr.Port == 0 {
		// We don't support connecting to port zero.
		return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
	}

	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	nicID := addr.NIC
	var localPort uint16
	switch e.state {
	case StateInitial:
	case StateBound, StateConnected:
		localPort = e.ID.LocalPort
		if e.BindNICID == 0 {
			break
		}

		if nicID != 0 && nicID != e.BindNICID {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
		}

		nicID = e.BindNICID
	default:
		return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
	}

	r, nicID, err := e.connectRoute(nicID, addr, netProto)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer r.Release()

	id := stack.TransportEndpointID{
		LocalAddress:  e.ID.LocalAddress,
		LocalPort:     localPort,
		RemotePort:    addr.Port,
		RemoteAddress: r.RemoteAddress,
	}

	if e.state == StateInitial {
		id.LocalAddress = r.LocalAddress
	}

	// Even if we're connected, this endpoint can still be used to send
	// packets on a different network protocol, so we register both even if
	// v6only is set to false and this is an ipv6 endpoint.
	netProtos := []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{netProto}
	if netProto == header.IPv6ProtocolNumber && !e.v6only {
		netProtos = []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{
			header.IPv4ProtocolNumber,
			header.IPv6ProtocolNumber,
		}
	}

	id, err = e.registerWithStack(nicID, netProtos, id)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Remove the old registration.
	if e.ID.LocalPort != 0 {
		e.stack.UnregisterTransportEndpoint(e.RegisterNICID, e.effectiveNetProtos, ProtocolNumber, e.ID, e, e.bindToDevice)
	}

	e.ID = id
	e.route = r.Clone()
	e.dstPort = addr.Port
	e.RegisterNICID = nicID
	e.effectiveNetProtos = netProtos

	e.state = StateConnected

	e.rcvMu.Lock()
	e.rcvReady = true
	e.rcvMu.Unlock()

	return nil
}

// ConnectEndpoint is not supported.
func (*endpoint) ConnectEndpoint(tcpip.Endpoint) *tcpip.Error {
	return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
}

// Shutdown closes the read and/or write end of the endpoint connection
// to its peer.
func (e *endpoint) Shutdown(flags tcpip.ShutdownFlags) *tcpip.Error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	// A socket in the bound state can still receive multicast messages,
	// so we need to notify waiters on shutdown.
	if e.state != StateBound && e.state != StateConnected {
		return tcpip.ErrNotConnected
	}

	e.shutdownFlags |= flags

	if flags&tcpip.ShutdownRead != 0 {
		e.rcvMu.Lock()
		wasClosed := e.rcvClosed
		e.rcvClosed = true
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()

		if !wasClosed {
			e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventIn)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Listen is not supported by UDP, it just fails.
func (*endpoint) Listen(int) *tcpip.Error {
	return tcpip.ErrNotSupported
}

// Accept is not supported by UDP, it just fails.
func (*endpoint) Accept() (tcpip.Endpoint, *waiter.Queue, *tcpip.Error) {
	return nil, nil, tcpip.ErrNotSupported
}

func (e *endpoint) registerWithStack(nicID tcpip.NICID, netProtos []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber, id stack.TransportEndpointID) (stack.TransportEndpointID, *tcpip.Error) {
	if e.ID.LocalPort == 0 {
		port, err := e.stack.ReservePort(netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id.LocalAddress, id.LocalPort, e.reusePort, e.bindToDevice)
		if err != nil {
			return id, err
		}
		id.LocalPort = port
	}

	err := e.stack.RegisterTransportEndpoint(nicID, netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id, e, e.reusePort, e.bindToDevice)
	if err != nil {
		e.stack.ReleasePort(netProtos, ProtocolNumber, id.LocalAddress, id.LocalPort, e.bindToDevice)
	}
	return id, err
}

func (e *endpoint) bindLocked(addr tcpip.FullAddress) *tcpip.Error {
	// Don't allow binding once endpoint is not in the initial state
	// anymore.
	if e.state != StateInitial {
		return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
	}

	netProto, err := e.checkV4Mapped(&addr, true)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Expand netProtos to include v4 and v6 if the caller is binding to a
	// wildcard (empty) address, and this is an IPv6 endpoint with v6only
	// set to false.
	netProtos := []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{netProto}
	if netProto == header.IPv6ProtocolNumber && !e.v6only && addr.Addr == "" {
		netProtos = []tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber{
			header.IPv6ProtocolNumber,
			header.IPv4ProtocolNumber,
		}
	}

	nicID := addr.NIC
	if len(addr.Addr) != 0 && !isBroadcastOrMulticast(addr.Addr) {
		// A local unicast address was specified, verify that it's valid.
		nicID = e.stack.CheckLocalAddress(addr.NIC, netProto, addr.Addr)
		if nicID == 0 {
			return tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress
		}
	}

	id := stack.TransportEndpointID{
		LocalPort:    addr.Port,
		LocalAddress: addr.Addr,
	}
	id, err = e.registerWithStack(nicID, netProtos, id)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	e.ID = id
	e.RegisterNICID = nicID
	e.effectiveNetProtos = netProtos

	// Mark endpoint as bound.
	e.state = StateBound

	e.rcvMu.Lock()
	e.rcvReady = true
	e.rcvMu.Unlock()

	return nil
}

// Bind binds the endpoint to a specific local address and port.
// Specifying a NIC is optional.
func (e *endpoint) Bind(addr tcpip.FullAddress) *tcpip.Error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	err := e.bindLocked(addr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Save the effective NICID generated by bindLocked.
	e.BindNICID = e.RegisterNICID

	return nil
}

// GetLocalAddress returns the address to which the endpoint is bound.
func (e *endpoint) GetLocalAddress() (tcpip.FullAddress, *tcpip.Error) {
	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()

	return tcpip.FullAddress{
		NIC:  e.RegisterNICID,
		Addr: e.ID.LocalAddress,
		Port: e.ID.LocalPort,
	}, nil
}

// GetRemoteAddress returns the address to which the endpoint is connected.
func (e *endpoint) GetRemoteAddress() (tcpip.FullAddress, *tcpip.Error) {
	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()

	if e.state != StateConnected {
		return tcpip.FullAddress{}, tcpip.ErrNotConnected
	}

	return tcpip.FullAddress{
		NIC:  e.RegisterNICID,
		Addr: e.ID.RemoteAddress,
		Port: e.ID.RemotePort,
	}, nil
}

// Readiness returns the current readiness of the endpoint. For example, if
// waiter.EventIn is set, the endpoint is immediately readable.
func (e *endpoint) Readiness(mask waiter.EventMask) waiter.EventMask {
	// The endpoint is always writable.
	result := waiter.EventOut & mask

	// Determine if the endpoint is readable if requested.
	if (mask & waiter.EventIn) != 0 {
		e.rcvMu.Lock()
		if !e.rcvList.Empty() || e.rcvClosed {
			result |= waiter.EventIn
		}
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()
	}

	return result
}

// HandlePacket is called by the stack when new packets arrive to this transport
// endpoint.
func (e *endpoint) HandlePacket(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, pkt tcpip.PacketBuffer) {
	// Get the header then trim it from the view.
	hdr := header.UDP(pkt.Data.First())
	if int(hdr.Length()) > pkt.Data.Size() {
		// Malformed packet.
		e.stack.Stats().UDP.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment()
		e.stats.ReceiveErrors.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment()
		return
	}

	pkt.Data.TrimFront(header.UDPMinimumSize)

	e.rcvMu.Lock()
	e.stack.Stats().UDP.PacketsReceived.Increment()
	e.stats.PacketsReceived.Increment()

	// Drop the packet if our buffer is currently full.
	if !e.rcvReady || e.rcvClosed {
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()
		e.stack.Stats().UDP.ReceiveBufferErrors.Increment()
		e.stats.ReceiveErrors.ClosedReceiver.Increment()
		return
	}

	if e.rcvBufSize >= e.rcvBufSizeMax {
		e.rcvMu.Unlock()
		e.stack.Stats().UDP.ReceiveBufferErrors.Increment()
		e.stats.ReceiveErrors.ReceiveBufferOverflow.Increment()
		return
	}

	wasEmpty := e.rcvBufSize == 0

	// Push new packet into receive list and increment the buffer size.
	packet := &udpPacket{
		senderAddress: tcpip.FullAddress{
			NIC:  r.NICID(),
			Addr: id.RemoteAddress,
			Port: hdr.SourcePort(),
		},
	}
	packet.data = pkt.Data
	e.rcvList.PushBack(packet)
	e.rcvBufSize += pkt.Data.Size()

	packet.timestamp = e.stack.NowNanoseconds()

	e.rcvMu.Unlock()

	// Notify any waiters that there's data to be read now.
	if wasEmpty {
		e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventIn)
	}
}

// HandleControlPacket implements stack.TransportEndpoint.HandleControlPacket.
func (e *endpoint) HandleControlPacket(id stack.TransportEndpointID, typ stack.ControlType, extra uint32, pkt tcpip.PacketBuffer) {
}

// State implements tcpip.Endpoint.State.
func (e *endpoint) State() uint32 {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()
	return uint32(e.state)
}

// Info returns a copy of the endpoint info.
func (e *endpoint) Info() tcpip.EndpointInfo {
	e.mu.RLock()
	// Make a copy of the endpoint info.
	ret := e.TransportEndpointInfo
	e.mu.RUnlock()
	return &ret
}

// Stats returns a pointer to the endpoint stats.
func (e *endpoint) Stats() tcpip.EndpointStats {
	return &e.stats
}

// Wait implements tcpip.Endpoint.Wait.
func (*endpoint) Wait() {}

func isBroadcastOrMulticast(a tcpip.Address) bool {
	return a == header.IPv4Broadcast || header.IsV4MulticastAddress(a) || header.IsV6MulticastAddress(a)
}