github.com/linapex/ethereum-go-chinese@v0.0.0-20190316121929-f8b7a73c3fa1/core/blockchain_test.go

//<developer>
//    <name>linapex 曹一峰</name>
//    <email>linapex@163.com</email>
//    <wx>superexc</wx>
//    <qqgroup>128148617</qqgroup>
//    <url>https://jsq.ink</url>
//    <role>pku engineer</role>
//    <date>2019-03-16 19:16:35</date>
//</624450077707997184>


package core

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/big"
	"math/rand"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)

//所以我们可以确定地植入不同的区块链
var (
	canonicalSeed = 1
	forkSeed      = 2
)

//newcanonical创建一个链数据库，并注入一个确定性canonical
//链。根据完整标志，如果创建完整的区块链或
//仅限收割台链条。
func newCanonical(engine consensus.Engine, n int, full bool) (ethdb.Database, *BlockChain, error) {
	var (
		db      = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		genesis = new(Genesis).MustCommit(db)
	)

//仅使用Genesis块初始化新链
	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, engine, vm.Config{}, nil)
//创建并注入请求的链
	if n == 0 {
		return db, blockchain, nil
	}
	if full {
//请求完整的区块链
		blocks := makeBlockChain(genesis, n, engine, db, canonicalSeed)
		_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(blocks)
		return db, blockchain, err
	}
//仅请求头链
	headers := makeHeaderChain(genesis.Header(), n, engine, db, canonicalSeed)
	_, err := blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1)
	return db, blockchain, err
}

//从I区开始的长度为n的测试叉
func testFork(t *testing.T, blockchain *BlockChain, i, n int, full bool, comparator func(td1, td2 *big.Int)) {
//将旧链复制到新数据库中
	db, blockchain2, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), i, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("could not make new canonical in testFork", err)
	}
	defer blockchain2.Stop()

//断言链在i处具有相同的头/块
	var hash1, hash2 common.Hash
	if full {
		hash1 = blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i)).Hash()
		hash2 = blockchain2.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i)).Hash()
	} else {
		hash1 = blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(i)).Hash()
		hash2 = blockchain2.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(i)).Hash()
	}
	if hash1 != hash2 {
		t.Errorf("chain content mismatch at %d: have hash %v, want hash %v", i, hash2, hash1)
	}
//扩展新创建的链
	var (
		blockChainB  []*types.Block
		headerChainB []*types.Header
	)
	if full {
		blockChainB = makeBlockChain(blockchain2.CurrentBlock(), n, ethash.NewFaker(), db, forkSeed)
		if _, err := blockchain2.InsertChain(blockChainB); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert forking chain: %v", err)
		}
	} else {
		headerChainB = makeHeaderChain(blockchain2.CurrentHeader(), n, ethash.NewFaker(), db, forkSeed)
		if _, err := blockchain2.InsertHeaderChain(headerChainB, 1); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert forking chain: %v", err)
		}
	}
//健全性检查叉链是否可以导入原始
	var tdPre, tdPost *big.Int

	if full {
		tdPre = blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockchain.CurrentBlock().Hash())
		if err := testBlockChainImport(blockChainB, blockchain); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to import forked block chain: %v", err)
		}
		tdPost = blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockChainB[len(blockChainB)-1].Hash())
	} else {
		tdPre = blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockchain.CurrentHeader().Hash())
		if err := testHeaderChainImport(headerChainB, blockchain); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to import forked header chain: %v", err)
		}
		tdPost = blockchain.GetTdByHash(headerChainB[len(headerChainB)-1].Hash())
	}
//比较链条的总难度
	comparator(tdPre, tdPost)
}

func printChain(bc *BlockChain) {
	for i := bc.CurrentBlock().Number().Uint64(); i > 0; i-- {
		b := bc.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i))
		fmt.Printf("\t%x %v\n", b.Hash(), b.Difficulty())
	}
}

//TestBlockChainImport尝试处理一系列块，将它们写入
//如果成功，则返回数据库。
func testBlockChainImport(chain types.Blocks, blockchain *BlockChain) error {
	for _, block := range chain {
//尝试并处理块
		err := blockchain.engine.VerifyHeader(blockchain, block.Header(), true)
		if err == nil {
			err = blockchain.validator.ValidateBody(block)
		}
		if err != nil {
			if err == ErrKnownBlock {
				continue
			}
			return err
		}
		statedb, err := state.New(blockchain.GetBlockByHash(block.ParentHash()).Root(), blockchain.stateCache)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		receipts, _, usedGas, err := blockchain.Processor().Process(block, statedb, vm.Config{})
		if err != nil {
			blockchain.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
			return err
		}
		err = blockchain.validator.ValidateState(block, blockchain.GetBlockByHash(block.ParentHash()), statedb, receipts, usedGas)
		if err != nil {
			blockchain.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
			return err
		}
		blockchain.chainmu.Lock()
		rawdb.WriteTd(blockchain.db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), new(big.Int).Add(block.Difficulty(), blockchain.GetTdByHash(block.ParentHash())))
		rawdb.WriteBlock(blockchain.db, block)
		statedb.Commit(false)
		blockchain.chainmu.Unlock()
	}
	return nil
}

//testHeaderChainimport尝试处理一个头链，将其写入
//如果成功，则返回数据库。
func testHeaderChainImport(chain []*types.Header, blockchain *BlockChain) error {
	for _, header := range chain {
//尝试验证标题
		if err := blockchain.engine.VerifyHeader(blockchain, header, false); err != nil {
			return err
		}
//手动将头插入数据库，但不重新组织（允许后续测试）
		blockchain.chainmu.Lock()
		rawdb.WriteTd(blockchain.db, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64(), new(big.Int).Add(header.Difficulty, blockchain.GetTdByHash(header.ParentHash)))
		rawdb.WriteHeader(blockchain.db, header)
		blockchain.chainmu.Unlock()
	}
	return nil
}

func insertChain(done chan bool, blockchain *BlockChain, chain types.Blocks, t *testing.T) {
	_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		t.FailNow()
	}
	done <- true
}

func TestLastBlock(t *testing.T) {
	_, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 0, true)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer blockchain.Stop()

	blocks := makeBlockChain(blockchain.CurrentBlock(), 1, ethash.NewFullFaker(), blockchain.db, 0)
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert block: %v", err)
	}
	if blocks[len(blocks)-1].Hash() != rawdb.ReadHeadBlockHash(blockchain.db) {
		t.Fatalf("Write/Get HeadBlockHash failed")
	}
}

//测试给定一个给定大小的起始规范链，它可以被扩展
//有各种长度的链条。
func TestExtendCanonicalHeaders(t *testing.T) { testExtendCanonical(t, false) }
func TestExtendCanonicalBlocks(t *testing.T)  { testExtendCanonical(t, true) }

func testExtendCanonical(t *testing.T, full bool) {
	length := 5

//从创世纪开始制造第一条链条
	_, processor, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), length, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to make new canonical chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer processor.Stop()

//定义难度比较器
	better := func(td1, td2 *big.Int) {
		if td2.Cmp(td1) <= 0 {
			t.Errorf("total difficulty mismatch: have %v, expected more than %v", td2, td1)
		}
	}
//从当前高度开始拨叉
	testFork(t, processor, length, 1, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, length, 2, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, length, 5, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, length, 10, full, better)
}

//测试给定给定大小的起始规范链，创建较短的
//forks不具有规范的所有权。
func TestShorterForkHeaders(t *testing.T) { testShorterFork(t, false) }
func TestShorterForkBlocks(t *testing.T)  { testShorterFork(t, true) }

func testShorterFork(t *testing.T, full bool) {
	length := 10

//从创世纪开始制造第一条链条
	_, processor, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), length, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to make new canonical chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer processor.Stop()

//定义难度比较器
	worse := func(td1, td2 *big.Int) {
		if td2.Cmp(td1) >= 0 {
			t.Errorf("total difficulty mismatch: have %v, expected less than %v", td2, td1)
		}
	}
//数字之和必须小于“length”，才能成为较短的分叉
	testFork(t, processor, 0, 3, full, worse)
	testFork(t, processor, 0, 7, full, worse)
	testFork(t, processor, 1, 1, full, worse)
	testFork(t, processor, 1, 7, full, worse)
	testFork(t, processor, 5, 3, full, worse)
	testFork(t, processor, 5, 4, full, worse)
}

//测试给定给定大小的起始规范链，创建更长的
//forks确实拥有规范的所有权。
func TestLongerForkHeaders(t *testing.T) { testLongerFork(t, false) }
func TestLongerForkBlocks(t *testing.T)  { testLongerFork(t, true) }

func testLongerFork(t *testing.T, full bool) {
	length := 10

//从创世纪开始制造第一条链条
	_, processor, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), length, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to make new canonical chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer processor.Stop()

//定义难度比较器
	better := func(td1, td2 *big.Int) {
		if td2.Cmp(td1) <= 0 {
			t.Errorf("total difficulty mismatch: have %v, expected more than %v", td2, td1)
		}
	}
//数字之和必须大于“length”，才能成为较长的分叉
	testFork(t, processor, 0, 11, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, 0, 15, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, 1, 10, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, 1, 12, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, 5, 6, full, better)
	testFork(t, processor, 5, 8, full, better)
}

//测试给定给定大小的起始规范链，创建相等的
//forks确实拥有规范的所有权。
func TestEqualForkHeaders(t *testing.T) { testEqualFork(t, false) }
func TestEqualForkBlocks(t *testing.T)  { testEqualFork(t, true) }

func testEqualFork(t *testing.T, full bool) {
	length := 10

//从创世纪开始制造第一条链条
	_, processor, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), length, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to make new canonical chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer processor.Stop()

//定义难度比较器
	equal := func(td1, td2 *big.Int) {
		if td2.Cmp(td1) != 0 {
			t.Errorf("total difficulty mismatch: have %v, want %v", td2, td1)
		}
	}
//数字之和必须等于“length”，才能成为相等的叉
	testFork(t, processor, 0, 10, full, equal)
	testFork(t, processor, 1, 9, full, equal)
	testFork(t, processor, 2, 8, full, equal)
	testFork(t, processor, 5, 5, full, equal)
	testFork(t, processor, 6, 4, full, equal)
	testFork(t, processor, 9, 1, full, equal)
}

//处理器不接受链接缺失的测试。
func TestBrokenHeaderChain(t *testing.T) { testBrokenChain(t, false) }
func TestBrokenBlockChain(t *testing.T)  { testBrokenChain(t, true) }

func testBrokenChain(t *testing.T, full bool) {
//从Genesis开始制作链条
	db, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 10, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to make new canonical chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer blockchain.Stop()

//创建分叉链，并尝试插入缺少的链接
	if full {
		chain := makeBlockChain(blockchain.CurrentBlock(), 5, ethash.NewFaker(), db, forkSeed)[1:]
		if err := testBlockChainImport(chain, blockchain); err == nil {
			t.Errorf("broken block chain not reported")
		}
	} else {
		chain := makeHeaderChain(blockchain.CurrentHeader(), 5, ethash.NewFaker(), db, forkSeed)[1:]
		if err := testHeaderChainImport(chain, blockchain); err == nil {
			t.Errorf("broken header chain not reported")
		}
	}
}

//在短而容易的链条之后对长而难的链条进行重组的测试
//覆盖数据库中的规范数字和链接。
func TestReorgLongHeaders(t *testing.T) { testReorgLong(t, false) }
func TestReorgLongBlocks(t *testing.T)  { testReorgLong(t, true) }

func testReorgLong(t *testing.T, full bool) {
	testReorg(t, []int64{0, 0, -9}, []int64{0, 0, 0, -9}, 393280, full)
}

//在一个长而容易的链之后重新组织一个短而难的链的测试
//覆盖数据库中的规范数字和链接。
func TestReorgShortHeaders(t *testing.T) { testReorgShort(t, false) }
func TestReorgShortBlocks(t *testing.T)  { testReorgShort(t, true) }

func testReorgShort(t *testing.T, full bool) {
//创建一个长而容易的链条与短而重的链条。由于调整困难
//我们需要一个相当长的、有不同困难的区块链。
//比长的更重。96是一个经验值。
	easy := make([]int64, 96)
	for i := 0; i < len(easy); i++ {
		easy[i] = 60
	}
	diff := make([]int64, len(easy)-1)
	for i := 0; i < len(diff); i++ {
		diff[i] = -9
	}
	testReorg(t, easy, diff, 12615120, full)
}

func testReorg(t *testing.T, first, second []int64, td int64, full bool) {
//创建原始链和数据库
	db, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 0, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer blockchain.Stop()

//然后插入一个容易和困难的链条
	easyBlocks, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, blockchain.CurrentBlock(), ethash.NewFaker(), db, len(first), func(i int, b *BlockGen) {
		b.OffsetTime(first[i])
	})
	diffBlocks, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, blockchain.CurrentBlock(), ethash.NewFaker(), db, len(second), func(i int, b *BlockGen) {
		b.OffsetTime(second[i])
	})
	if full {
		if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(easyBlocks); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert easy chain: %v", err)
		}
		if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(diffBlocks); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert difficult chain: %v", err)
		}
	} else {
		easyHeaders := make([]*types.Header, len(easyBlocks))
		for i, block := range easyBlocks {
			easyHeaders[i] = block.Header()
		}
		diffHeaders := make([]*types.Header, len(diffBlocks))
		for i, block := range diffBlocks {
			diffHeaders[i] = block.Header()
		}
		if _, err := blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(easyHeaders, 1); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert easy chain: %v", err)
		}
		if _, err := blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(diffHeaders, 1); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert difficult chain: %v", err)
		}
	}
//检查链条是否为有效的数字和链接方式
	if full {
		prev := blockchain.CurrentBlock()
		for block := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(blockchain.CurrentBlock().NumberU64() - 1); block.NumberU64() != 0; prev, block = block, blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(block.NumberU64()-1) {
			if prev.ParentHash() != block.Hash() {
				t.Errorf("parent block hash mismatch: have %x, want %x", prev.ParentHash(), block.Hash())
			}
		}
	} else {
		prev := blockchain.CurrentHeader()
		for header := blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(blockchain.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64() - 1); header.Number.Uint64() != 0; prev, header = header, blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(header.Number.Uint64()-1) {
			if prev.ParentHash != header.Hash() {
				t.Errorf("parent header hash mismatch: have %x, want %x", prev.ParentHash, header.Hash())
			}
		}
	}
//确保链条的总难度是正确的。
	want := new(big.Int).Add(blockchain.genesisBlock.Difficulty(), big.NewInt(td))
	if full {
		if have := blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockchain.CurrentBlock().Hash()); have.Cmp(want) != 0 {
			t.Errorf("total difficulty mismatch: have %v, want %v", have, want)
		}
	} else {
		if have := blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockchain.CurrentHeader().Hash()); have.Cmp(want) != 0 {
			t.Errorf("total difficulty mismatch: have %v, want %v", have, want)
		}
	}
}

//测试插入函数是否检测禁止的哈希。
func TestBadHeaderHashes(t *testing.T) { testBadHashes(t, false) }
func TestBadBlockHashes(t *testing.T)  { testBadHashes(t, true) }

func testBadHashes(t *testing.T, full bool) {
//创建原始链和数据库
	db, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 0, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer blockchain.Stop()

//创建链，禁止散列并尝试导入
	if full {
		blocks := makeBlockChain(blockchain.CurrentBlock(), 3, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 10)

		BadHashes[blocks[2].Header().Hash()] = true
		defer func() { delete(BadHashes, blocks[2].Header().Hash()) }()

		_, err = blockchain.InsertChain(blocks)
	} else {
		headers := makeHeaderChain(blockchain.CurrentHeader(), 3, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 10)

		BadHashes[headers[2].Hash()] = true
		defer func() { delete(BadHashes, headers[2].Hash()) }()

		_, err = blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1)
	}
	if err != ErrBlacklistedHash {
		t.Errorf("error mismatch: have: %v, want: %v", err, ErrBlacklistedHash)
	}
}

//测试在引导时检测到错误的哈希，并将链回滚到
//坏哈希前的良好状态。
func TestReorgBadHeaderHashes(t *testing.T) { testReorgBadHashes(t, false) }
func TestReorgBadBlockHashes(t *testing.T)  { testReorgBadHashes(t, true) }

func testReorgBadHashes(t *testing.T, full bool) {
//创建原始链和数据库
	db, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 0, full)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
	}
//创建一个链，然后导入和禁止
	headers := makeHeaderChain(blockchain.CurrentHeader(), 4, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 10)
	blocks := makeBlockChain(blockchain.CurrentBlock(), 4, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 10)

	if full {
		if _, err = blockchain.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("failed to import blocks: %v", err)
		}
		if blockchain.CurrentBlock().Hash() != blocks[3].Hash() {
			t.Errorf("last block hash mismatch: have: %x, want %x", blockchain.CurrentBlock().Hash(), blocks[3].Header().Hash())
		}
		BadHashes[blocks[3].Header().Hash()] = true
		defer func() { delete(BadHashes, blocks[3].Header().Hash()) }()
	} else {
		if _, err = blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
			t.Errorf("failed to import headers: %v", err)
		}
		if blockchain.CurrentHeader().Hash() != headers[3].Hash() {
			t.Errorf("last header hash mismatch: have: %x, want %x", blockchain.CurrentHeader().Hash(), headers[3].Hash())
		}
		BadHashes[headers[3].Hash()] = true
		defer func() { delete(BadHashes, headers[3].Hash()) }()
	}
	blockchain.Stop()

//创建一个新的区块链并检查它是否回滚状态。
	ncm, err := NewBlockChain(blockchain.db, nil, blockchain.chainConfig, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create new chain manager: %v", err)
	}
	if full {
		if ncm.CurrentBlock().Hash() != blocks[2].Header().Hash() {
			t.Errorf("last block hash mismatch: have: %x, want %x", ncm.CurrentBlock().Hash(), blocks[2].Header().Hash())
		}
		if blocks[2].Header().GasLimit != ncm.GasLimit() {
			t.Errorf("last  block gasLimit mismatch: have: %d, want %d", ncm.GasLimit(), blocks[2].Header().GasLimit)
		}
	} else {
		if ncm.CurrentHeader().Hash() != headers[2].Hash() {
			t.Errorf("last header hash mismatch: have: %x, want %x", ncm.CurrentHeader().Hash(), headers[2].Hash())
		}
	}
	ncm.Stop()
}

//在包含无效nonce的实体的面上测试链插入。
func TestHeadersInsertNonceError(t *testing.T) { testInsertNonceError(t, false) }
func TestBlocksInsertNonceError(t *testing.T)  { testInsertNonceError(t, true) }

func testInsertNonceError(t *testing.T, full bool) {
	for i := 1; i < 25 && !t.Failed(); i++ {
//创建原始链和数据库
		db, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 0, full)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
		}
		defer blockchain.Stop()

//创建并插入带有失败的nonce的链
		var (
			failAt  int
			failRes int
			failNum uint64
		)
		if full {
			blocks := makeBlockChain(blockchain.CurrentBlock(), i, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 0)

			failAt = rand.Int() % len(blocks)
			failNum = blocks[failAt].NumberU64()

			blockchain.engine = ethash.NewFakeFailer(failNum)
			failRes, err = blockchain.InsertChain(blocks)
		} else {
			headers := makeHeaderChain(blockchain.CurrentHeader(), i, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 0)

			failAt = rand.Int() % len(headers)
			failNum = headers[failAt].Number.Uint64()

			blockchain.engine = ethash.NewFakeFailer(failNum)
			blockchain.hc.engine = blockchain.engine
			failRes, err = blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1)
		}
//检查返回的错误是否指示故障
		if failRes != failAt {
			t.Errorf("test %d: failure (%v) index mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, err, failRes, failAt)
		}
//检查插入故障块后的所有块
		for j := 0; j < i-failAt; j++ {
			if full {
				if block := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(failNum + uint64(j)); block != nil {
					t.Errorf("test %d: invalid block in chain: %v", i, block)
				}
			} else {
				if header := blockchain.GetHeaderByNumber(failNum + uint64(j)); header != nil {
					t.Errorf("test %d: invalid header in chain: %v", i, header)
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

//测试快速导入块链是否产生与
//经典的全块处理。
func TestFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T) {
//配置并生成示例区块链
	var (
		gendb   = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000)
		gspec   = &Genesis{
			Config: params.TestChainConfig,
			Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}},
		}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(gendb)
		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
	)
	blocks, receipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), gendb, 1024, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{0x00})

//如果区块号是3的倍数，则向矿工发送一些奖金交易。
		if i%3 == 2 {
			for j := 0; j < i%4+1; j++ {
				tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key)
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				block.AddTx(tx)
			}
		}
//如果区块编号是5的倍数，则在区块中添加一些奖金叔叔。
		if i%5 == 5 {
			block.AddUncle(&types.Header{ParentHash: block.PrevBlock(i - 1).Hash(), Number: big.NewInt(int64(i - 1))})
		}
	})
//将链作为比较基准的存档节点导入
	archiveDb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	gspec.MustCommit(archiveDb)
	archive, _ := NewBlockChain(archiveDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer archive.Stop()

	if n, err := archive.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to process block %d: %v", n, err)
	}
//将链快速导入为要测试的非存档节点
	fastDb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	gspec.MustCommit(fastDb)
	fast, _ := NewBlockChain(fastDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer fast.Stop()

	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
	for i, block := range blocks {
		headers[i] = block.Header()
	}
	if n, err := fast.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
	}
	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
	}
//遍历所有链数据组件，并交叉引用
	for i := 0; i < len(blocks); i++ {
		num, hash := blocks[i].NumberU64(), blocks[i].Hash()

		if ftd, atd := fast.GetTdByHash(hash), archive.GetTdByHash(hash); ftd.Cmp(atd) != 0 {
			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: td mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, ftd, atd)
		}
		if fheader, aheader := fast.GetHeaderByHash(hash), archive.GetHeaderByHash(hash); fheader.Hash() != aheader.Hash() {
			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: header mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fheader, aheader)
		}
		if fblock, ablock := fast.GetBlockByHash(hash), archive.GetBlockByHash(hash); fblock.Hash() != ablock.Hash() {
			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: block mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fblock, ablock)
		} else if types.DeriveSha(fblock.Transactions()) != types.DeriveSha(ablock.Transactions()) {
			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: transactions mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fblock.Transactions(), ablock.Transactions())
		} else if types.CalcUncleHash(fblock.Uncles()) != types.CalcUncleHash(ablock.Uncles()) {
			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: uncles mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fblock.Uncles(), ablock.Uncles())
		}
		if freceipts, areceipts := rawdb.ReadReceipts(fastDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(fastDb, hash)), rawdb.ReadReceipts(archiveDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(archiveDb, hash)); types.DeriveSha(freceipts) != types.DeriveSha(areceipts) {
			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: receipts mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, freceipts, areceipts)
		}
	}
//检查数据库之间的规范链是否相同
	for i := 0; i < len(blocks)+1; i++ {
		if fhash, ahash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(fastDb, uint64(i)), rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(archiveDb, uint64(i)); fhash != ahash {
			t.Errorf("block #%d: canonical hash mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, fhash, ahash)
		}
	}
}

//测试各种导入方法是否将链头指针移动到正确的
//位置。
func TestLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T) {
//配置并生成示例区块链
	var (
		gendb   = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000)
		gspec   = &Genesis{Config: params.TestChainConfig, Alloc: GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}}}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(gendb)
	)
	height := uint64(1024)
	blocks, receipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), gendb, int(height), nil)

//配置子链以回滚
	remove := []common.Hash{}
	for _, block := range blocks[height/2:] {
		remove = append(remove, block.Hash())
	}
//创建一个小断言方法来检查三个头
	assert := func(t *testing.T, kind string, chain *BlockChain, header uint64, fast uint64, block uint64) {
		if num := chain.CurrentBlock().NumberU64(); num != block {
			t.Errorf("%s head block mismatch: have #%v, want #%v", kind, num, block)
		}
		if num := chain.CurrentFastBlock().NumberU64(); num != fast {
			t.Errorf("%s head fast-block mismatch: have #%v, want #%v", kind, num, fast)
		}
		if num := chain.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64(); num != header {
			t.Errorf("%s head header mismatch: have #%v, want #%v", kind, num, header)
		}
	}
//将链作为存档节点导入，并确保更新所有指针
	archiveDb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	gspec.MustCommit(archiveDb)

	archive, _ := NewBlockChain(archiveDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	if n, err := archive.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to process block %d: %v", n, err)
	}
	defer archive.Stop()

	assert(t, "archive", archive, height, height, height)
	archive.Rollback(remove)
	assert(t, "archive", archive, height/2, height/2, height/2)

//将链作为非存档节点导入，并确保更新所有指针
	fastDb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	gspec.MustCommit(fastDb)
	fast, _ := NewBlockChain(fastDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer fast.Stop()

	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
	for i, block := range blocks {
		headers[i] = block.Header()
	}
	if n, err := fast.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
	}
	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
	}
	assert(t, "fast", fast, height, height, 0)
	fast.Rollback(remove)
	assert(t, "fast", fast, height/2, height/2, 0)

//将链作为轻型节点导入，并确保更新所有指针
	lightDb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	gspec.MustCommit(lightDb)

	light, _ := NewBlockChain(lightDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	if n, err := light.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
	}
	defer light.Stop()

	assert(t, "light", light, height, 0, 0)
	light.Rollback(remove)
	assert(t, "light", light, height/2, 0, 0)
}

//链重组处理事务移除和重新插入的测试。
func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		key2, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("8a1f9a8f95be41cd7ccb6168179afb4504aefe388d1e14474d32c45c72ce7b7a")
		key3, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("49a7b37aa6f6645917e7b807e9d1c00d4fa71f18343b0d4122a4d2df64dd6fee")
		addr1   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
		addr3   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)
		db      = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		gspec   = &Genesis{
			Config:   params.TestChainConfig,
			GasLimit: 3141592,
			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
				addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000)},
				addr2: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000)},
				addr3: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000)},
			},
		}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
	)

//创建链之间共享的两个事务：
//-延期：在分叉链的后一个块中包含事务
//-交换：在分叉链中同一个块编号处包含的事务
	postponed, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
	swapped, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)

//创建将由分叉链删除的两个事务：
//-pastdrop:从上一个块追溯删除的事务
//-freshdrop:事务正好在检测到REORG的块上删除
	var pastDrop, freshDrop *types.Transaction

//创建将添加到分叉链中的三个事务：
//-pastadd:在检测到重组之前添加的事务
//-freshadd：在检测到REORG的确切块处添加的事务
//-futureread:在REORG完成后添加的事务
	var pastAdd, freshAdd, futureAdd *types.Transaction

	chain, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 3, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
		switch i {
		case 0:
			pastDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)

gen.AddTx(pastDrop)  //此事务将从拆分点下方放到分叉中。
gen.AddTx(postponed) //此交易将推迟到fork的block 3

		case 2:
			freshDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)

gen.AddTx(freshDrop) //此事务将从拆分点完全删除到分叉中。
gen.AddTx(swapped)   //此事务将在准确的高度交换出去

gen.OffsetTime(9) //降低块难度以模拟较弱的链
		}
	})
//导入链。这将运行所有块验证规则。
	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	if i, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert original chain[%d]: %v", i, err)
	}
	defer blockchain.Stop()

//覆盖旧链
	chain, _ = GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 5, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
		switch i {
		case 0:
			pastAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
gen.AddTx(pastAdd) //此事务需要在REORG期间注入

		case 2:
gen.AddTx(postponed) //此交易从原始链中的块1推迟。
gen.AddTx(swapped)   //此交易是从原始链中的确切当前点交换的

			freshAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
gen.AddTx(freshAdd) //此事务将在REORG时完全添加

		case 3:
			futureAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
gen.AddTx(futureAdd) //此事务将在完全重新排序后添加
		}
	})
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert forked chain: %v", err)
	}

//移除TX
	for i, tx := range (types.Transactions{pastDrop, freshDrop}) {
		if txn, _, _, _ := rawdb.ReadTransaction(db, tx.Hash()); txn != nil {
			t.Errorf("drop %d: tx %v found while shouldn't have been", i, txn)
		}
		if rcpt, _, _, _ := rawdb.ReadReceipt(db, tx.Hash()); rcpt != nil {
			t.Errorf("drop %d: receipt %v found while shouldn't have been", i, rcpt)
		}
	}
//添加TX
	for i, tx := range (types.Transactions{pastAdd, freshAdd, futureAdd}) {
		if txn, _, _, _ := rawdb.ReadTransaction(db, tx.Hash()); txn == nil {
			t.Errorf("add %d: expected tx to be found", i)
		}
		if rcpt, _, _, _ := rawdb.ReadReceipt(db, tx.Hash()); rcpt == nil {
			t.Errorf("add %d: expected receipt to be found", i)
		}
	}
//共享TX
	for i, tx := range (types.Transactions{postponed, swapped}) {
		if txn, _, _, _ := rawdb.ReadTransaction(db, tx.Hash()); txn == nil {
			t.Errorf("share %d: expected tx to be found", i)
		}
		if rcpt, _, _, _ := rawdb.ReadReceipt(db, tx.Hash()); rcpt == nil {
			t.Errorf("share %d: expected receipt to be found", i)
		}
	}
}

func TestLogReorgs(t *testing.T) {

	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		addr1   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		db      = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
//此代码生成日志
		code    = common.Hex2Bytes("60606040525b7f24ec1d3ff24c2f6ff210738839dbc339cd45a5294d85c79361016243157aae7b60405180905060405180910390a15b600a8060416000396000f360606040526008565b00")
		gspec   = &Genesis{Config: params.TestChainConfig, Alloc: GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000)}}}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
	)

	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer blockchain.Stop()

	rmLogsCh := make(chan RemovedLogsEvent)
	blockchain.SubscribeRemovedLogsEvent(rmLogsCh)
	chain, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
		if i == 1 {
			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(gen.TxNonce(addr1), new(big.Int), 1000000, new(big.Int), code), signer, key1)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("failed to create tx: %v", err)
			}
			gen.AddTx(tx)
		}
	})
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert chain: %v", err)
	}

	chain, _ = GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 3, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {})
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert forked chain: %v", err)
	}

	timeout := time.NewTimer(1 * time.Second)
	select {
	case ev := <-rmLogsCh:
		if len(ev.Logs) == 0 {
			t.Error("expected logs")
		}
	case <-timeout.C:
		t.Fatal("Timeout. There is no RemovedLogsEvent has been sent.")
	}
}

func TestReorgSideEvent(t *testing.T) {
	var (
		db      = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		key1, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		addr1   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		gspec   = &Genesis{
			Config: params.TestChainConfig,
			Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000)}},
		}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
		signer  = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
	)

	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer blockchain.Stop()

	chain, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 3, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {})
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert chain: %v", err)
	}

	replacementBlocks, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 4, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
		tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(gen.TxNonce(addr1), new(big.Int), 1000000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key1)
		if i == 2 {
			gen.OffsetTime(-9)
		}
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to create tx: %v", err)
		}
		gen.AddTx(tx)
	})
	chainSideCh := make(chan ChainSideEvent, 64)
	blockchain.SubscribeChainSideEvent(chainSideCh)
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(replacementBlocks); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert chain: %v", err)
	}

//第二链的前两个区块被考虑了一小段时间。
//侧链，因为在这一点上，第一个被认为是
//较重的链。
	expectedSideHashes := map[common.Hash]bool{
		replacementBlocks[0].Hash(): true,
		replacementBlocks[1].Hash(): true,
		chain[0].Hash():             true,
		chain[1].Hash():             true,
		chain[2].Hash():             true,
	}

	i := 0

	const timeoutDura = 10 * time.Second
	timeout := time.NewTimer(timeoutDura)
done:
	for {
		select {
		case ev := <-chainSideCh:
			block := ev.Block
			if _, ok := expectedSideHashes[block.Hash()]; !ok {
				t.Errorf("%d: didn't expect %x to be in side chain", i, block.Hash())
			}
			i++

			if i == len(expectedSideHashes) {
				timeout.Stop()

				break done
			}
			timeout.Reset(timeoutDura)

		case <-timeout.C:
			t.Fatal("Timeout. Possibly not all blocks were triggered for sideevent")
		}
	}

//确保不再触发事件
	select {
	case e := <-chainSideCh:
		t.Errorf("unexpected event fired: %v", e)
	case <-time.After(250 * time.Millisecond):
	}

}

//测试在链插入期间是否可以从数据库中提取规范块。
func TestCanonicalBlockRetrieval(t *testing.T) {
	_, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 0, true)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
	}
	defer blockchain.Stop()

	chain, _ := GenerateChain(blockchain.chainConfig, blockchain.genesisBlock, ethash.NewFaker(), blockchain.db, 10, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {})

	var pend sync.WaitGroup
	pend.Add(len(chain))

	for i := range chain {
		go func(block *types.Block) {
			defer pend.Done()

//尝试通过其规范哈希检索块，并查看是否可以检索块数据。
			for {
				ch := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(blockchain.db, block.NumberU64())
				if ch == (common.Hash{}) {
continue //正忙等待规范哈希被写入
				}
				if ch != block.Hash() {
					t.Fatalf("unknown canonical hash, want %s, got %s", block.Hash().Hex(), ch.Hex())
				}
				fb := rawdb.ReadBlock(blockchain.db, ch, block.NumberU64())
				if fb == nil {
					t.Fatalf("unable to retrieve block %d for canonical hash: %s", block.NumberU64(), ch.Hex())
				}
				if fb.Hash() != block.Hash() {
					t.Fatalf("invalid block hash for block %d, want %s, got %s", block.NumberU64(), block.Hash().Hex(), fb.Hash().Hex())
				}
				return
			}
		}(chain[i])

		if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{chain[i]}); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to insert block %d: %v", i, err)
		}
	}
	pend.Wait()
}

func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
//配置并生成示例区块链
	var (
		db         = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		key, _     = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		address    = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
		funds      = big.NewInt(1000000000)
		deleteAddr = common.Address{1}
		gspec      = &Genesis{
			Config: &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(1), EIP155Block: big.NewInt(2), HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)},
			Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}, deleteAddr: {Balance: new(big.Int)}},
		}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
	)

	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer blockchain.Stop()

	blocks, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 4, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
		var (
			tx      *types.Transaction
			err     error
			basicTx = func(signer types.Signer) (*types.Transaction, error) {
				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
			}
		)
		switch i {
		case 0:
			tx, err = basicTx(types.HomesteadSigner{})
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)
		case 2:
			tx, err = basicTx(types.HomesteadSigner{})
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)

			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)
		case 3:
			tx, err = basicTx(types.HomesteadSigner{})
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)

			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)
		}
	})

	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	block := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(1)
	if block.Transactions()[0].Protected() {
		t.Error("Expected block[0].txs[0] to not be replay protected")
	}

	block = blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(3)
	if block.Transactions()[0].Protected() {
		t.Error("Expected block[3].txs[0] to not be replay protected")
	}
	if !block.Transactions()[1].Protected() {
		t.Error("Expected block[3].txs[1] to be replay protected")
	}
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(blocks[4:]); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

//生成无效的链ID事务
	config := &params.ChainConfig{ChainID: big.NewInt(2), EIP155Block: big.NewInt(2), HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)}
	blocks, _ = GenerateChain(config, blocks[len(blocks)-1], ethash.NewFaker(), db, 4, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
		var (
			tx      *types.Transaction
			err     error
			basicTx = func(signer types.Signer) (*types.Transaction, error) {
				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
			}
		)
		if i == 0 {
			tx, err = basicTx(types.NewEIP155Signer(big.NewInt(2)))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)
		}
	})
	_, err := blockchain.InsertChain(blocks)
	if err != types.ErrInvalidChainId {
		t.Error("expected error:", types.ErrInvalidChainId)
	}
}

func TestEIP161AccountRemoval(t *testing.T) {
//配置并生成示例区块链
	var (
		db      = ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000)
		theAddr = common.Address{1}
		gspec   = &Genesis{
			Config: &params.ChainConfig{
				ChainID:        big.NewInt(1),
				HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int),
				EIP155Block:    new(big.Int),
				EIP158Block:    big.NewInt(2),
			},
			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}},
		}
		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(db)
	)
	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
	defer blockchain.Stop()

	blocks, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 3, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
		var (
			tx     *types.Transaction
			err    error
			signer = types.NewEIP155Signer(gspec.Config.ChainID)
		)
		switch i {
		case 0:
			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
		case 1:
			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
		case 2:
			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
		}
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		block.AddTx(tx)
	})
//账户必须存在于EIP 161之前
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{blocks[0]}); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if st, _ := blockchain.State(); !st.Exist(theAddr) {
		t.Error("expected account to exist")
	}

//在EIP 161之后需要删除帐户
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{blocks[1]}); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if st, _ := blockchain.State(); st.Exist(theAddr) {
		t.Error("account should not exist")
	}

//不能在EIP 161后创建帐户库
	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(types.Blocks{blocks[2]}); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if st, _ := blockchain.State(); st.Exist(theAddr) {
		t.Error("account should not exist")
	}
}

//这是一个回归测试（也就是说，尽管很奇怪，但永远不要删除它），它
//测试在奇怪的重组条件下，区块链及其内部头段-
//链返回相同的最新块/头。
//
//https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/15941
func TestBlockchainHeaderchainReorgConsistency(t *testing.T) {
//生成规范链作为主数据集
	engine := ethash.NewFaker()

	db := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	genesis := new(Genesis).MustCommit(db)
	blocks, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, engine, db, 64, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1}) })

//生成一组分叉块，每侧都从规范链分叉
	forks := make([]*types.Block, len(blocks))
	for i := 0; i < len(forks); i++ {
		parent := genesis
		if i > 0 {
			parent = blocks[i-1]
		}
		fork, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, engine, db, 1, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{2}) })
		forks[i] = fork[0]
	}
//并排导入规范链和叉链，验证当前块
//和当前标题一致性
	diskdb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	new(Genesis).MustCommit(diskdb)

	chain, err := NewBlockChain(diskdb, nil, params.TestChainConfig, engine, vm.Config{}, nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create tester chain: %v", err)
	}
	for i := 0; i < len(blocks); i++ {
		if _, err := chain.InsertChain(blocks[i : i+1]); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("block %d: failed to insert into chain: %v", i, err)
		}
		if chain.CurrentBlock().Hash() != chain.CurrentHeader().Hash() {
			t.Errorf("block %d: current block/header mismatch: block #%d [%x…], header #%d [%x…]", i, chain.CurrentBlock().Number(), chain.CurrentBlock().Hash().Bytes()[:4], chain.CurrentHeader().Number, chain.CurrentHeader().Hash().Bytes()[:4])
		}
		if _, err := chain.InsertChain(forks[i : i+1]); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf(" fork %d: failed to insert into chain: %v", i, err)
		}
		if chain.CurrentBlock().Hash() != chain.CurrentHeader().Hash() {
			t.Errorf(" fork %d: current block/header mismatch: block #%d [%x…], header #%d [%x…]", i, chain.CurrentBlock().Number(), chain.CurrentBlock().Hash().Bytes()[:4], chain.CurrentHeader().Number, chain.CurrentHeader().Hash().Bytes()[:4])
		}
	}
}

//测试导入小型侧叉不会在trie数据库中留下垃圾
//缓存（最终会导致内存问题）。
func TestTrieForkGC(t *testing.T) {
//生成规范链作为主数据集
	engine := ethash.NewFaker()

	db := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	genesis := new(Genesis).MustCommit(db)
	blocks, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, engine, db, 2*triesInMemory, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1}) })

//生成一组分叉块，每侧都从规范链分叉
	forks := make([]*types.Block, len(blocks))
	for i := 0; i < len(forks); i++ {
		parent := genesis
		if i > 0 {
			parent = blocks[i-1]
		}
		fork, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, engine, db, 1, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{2}) })
		forks[i] = fork[0]
	}
//并排导入规范链和分叉链，强制trie缓存同时缓存
	diskdb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	new(Genesis).MustCommit(diskdb)

	chain, err := NewBlockChain(diskdb, nil, params.TestChainConfig, engine, vm.Config{}, nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create tester chain: %v", err)
	}
	for i := 0; i < len(blocks); i++ {
		if _, err := chain.InsertChain(blocks[i : i+1]); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("block %d: failed to insert into chain: %v", i, err)
		}
		if _, err := chain.InsertChain(forks[i : i+1]); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("fork %d: failed to insert into chain: %v", i, err)
		}
	}
//取消引用所有最近的尝试，并确保没有留下过去的trie
	for i := 0; i < triesInMemory; i++ {
		chain.stateCache.TrieDB().Dereference(blocks[len(blocks)-1-i].Root())
		chain.stateCache.TrieDB().Dereference(forks[len(blocks)-1-i].Root())
	}
	if len(chain.stateCache.TrieDB().Nodes()) > 0 {
		t.Fatalf("stale tries still alive after garbase collection")
	}
}

//即使状态与
//分叉点不再可用。
func TestLargeReorgTrieGC(t *testing.T) {
//生成原始的公共链段和两个竞争分支
	engine := ethash.NewFaker()

	db := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	genesis := new(Genesis).MustCommit(db)

	shared, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, engine, db, 64, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1}) })
	original, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, shared[len(shared)-1], engine, db, 2*triesInMemory, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{2}) })
	competitor, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, shared[len(shared)-1], engine, db, 2*triesInMemory+1, func(i int, b *BlockGen) { b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{3}) })

//导入共享链和原始规范链
	diskdb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	new(Genesis).MustCommit(diskdb)

	chain, err := NewBlockChain(diskdb, nil, params.TestChainConfig, engine, vm.Config{}, nil)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create tester chain: %v", err)
	}
	if _, err := chain.InsertChain(shared); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert shared chain: %v", err)
	}
	if _, err := chain.InsertChain(original); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert original chain: %v", err)
	}
//确保修剪掉与分叉点关联的状态
	if node, _ := chain.stateCache.TrieDB().Node(shared[len(shared)-1].Root()); node != nil {
		t.Fatalf("common-but-old ancestor still cache")
	}
//在不超过canonical的td的情况下导入竞争对手链并确保
//我们没有处理任何块（防止恶意块）
	if _, err := chain.InsertChain(competitor[:len(competitor)-2]); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to insert competitor chain: %v", err)
	}
	for i, block := range competitor[:len(competitor)-2] {
		if node, _ := chain.stateCache.TrieDB().Node(block.Root()); node != nil {
			t.Fatalf("competitor %d: low TD chain became processed", i)
		}
	}
//导入竞争对手链的负责人，触发REORG并确保
//成功地重新处理所有隐藏的块。
	if _, err := chain.InsertChain(competitor[len(competitor)-2:]); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to finalize competitor chain: %v", err)
	}
	for i, block := range competitor[:len(competitor)-triesInMemory] {
		if node, _ := chain.stateCache.TrieDB().Node(block.Root()); node != nil {
			t.Fatalf("competitor %d: competing chain state missing", i)
		}
	}
}

//将价值转移到非现有账户的大型区块作为基准
func benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b *testing.B, numTxs, numBlocks int, recipientFn func(uint64) common.Address, dataFn func(uint64) []byte) {
	var (
		signer          = types.HomesteadSigner{}
		testBankKey, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
		testBankAddress = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testBankKey.PublicKey)
		bankFunds       = big.NewInt(100000000000000000)
		gspec           = Genesis{
			Config: params.TestChainConfig,
			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
				testBankAddress: {Balance: bankFunds},
				common.HexToAddress("0xc0de"): {
					Code:    []byte{0x60, 0x01, 0x50},
					Balance: big.NewInt(0),
}, //推1，流行
			},
GasLimit: 100e6, //100米
		}
	)
//生成原始的公共链段和两个竞争分支
	engine := ethash.NewFaker()
	db := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(db)

	blockGenerator := func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1})
		for txi := 0; txi < numTxs; txi++ {
			uniq := uint64(i*numTxs + txi)
			recipient := recipientFn(uniq)
//收件人：=common.bigtoAddress（big.newint（0）.setuint64（1337+uniq））
			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uniq, recipient, big.NewInt(1), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, testBankKey)
			if err != nil {
				b.Error(err)
			}
			block.AddTx(tx)
		}
	}

	shared, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, engine, db, numBlocks, blockGenerator)
	b.StopTimer()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
//导入共享链和原始规范链
		diskdb := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
		gspec.MustCommit(diskdb)

		chain, err := NewBlockChain(diskdb, nil, params.TestChainConfig, engine, vm.Config{}, nil)
		if err != nil {
			b.Fatalf("failed to create tester chain: %v", err)
		}
		b.StartTimer()
		if _, err := chain.InsertChain(shared); err != nil {
			b.Fatalf("failed to insert shared chain: %v", err)
		}
		b.StopTimer()
		if got := chain.CurrentBlock().Transactions().Len(); got != numTxs*numBlocks {
			b.Fatalf("Transactions were not included, expected %d, got %d", (numTxs * numBlocks), got)

		}
	}
}
func BenchmarkBlockChain_1x1000ValueTransferToNonexisting(b *testing.B) {
	var (
		numTxs    = 1000
		numBlocks = 1
	)

	recipientFn := func(nonce uint64) common.Address {
		return common.BigToAddress(big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(1337 + nonce))
	}
	dataFn := func(nonce uint64) []byte {
		return nil
	}

	benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b, numTxs, numBlocks, recipientFn, dataFn)
}
func BenchmarkBlockChain_1x1000ValueTransferToExisting(b *testing.B) {
	var (
		numTxs    = 1000
		numBlocks = 1
	)
	b.StopTimer()
	b.ResetTimer()

	recipientFn := func(nonce uint64) common.Address {
		return common.BigToAddress(big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(1337))
	}
	dataFn := func(nonce uint64) []byte {
		return nil
	}

	benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b, numTxs, numBlocks, recipientFn, dataFn)
}
func BenchmarkBlockChain_1x1000Executions(b *testing.B) {
	var (
		numTxs    = 1000
		numBlocks = 1
	)
	b.StopTimer()
	b.ResetTimer()

	recipientFn := func(nonce uint64) common.Address {
		return common.BigToAddress(big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(0xc0de))
	}
	dataFn := func(nonce uint64) []byte {
		return nil
	}

	benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b, numTxs, numBlocks, recipientFn, dataFn)
}