github.com/mattn/go@v0.0.0-20171011075504-07f7db3ea99f/src/go/types/stmt.go (about)

     1  // Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  // This file implements typechecking of statements.
     6  
     7  package types
     8  
     9  import (
    10  	"fmt"
    11  	"go/ast"
    12  	"go/constant"
    13  	"go/token"
    14  )
    15  
    16  func (check *Checker) funcBody(decl *declInfo, name string, sig *Signature, body *ast.BlockStmt) {
    17  	if trace {
    18  		if name == "" {
    19  			name = "<function literal>"
    20  		}
    21  		fmt.Printf("--- %s: %s {\n", name, sig)
    22  		defer fmt.Println("--- <end>")
    23  	}
    24  
    25  	// set function scope extent
    26  	sig.scope.pos = body.Pos()
    27  	sig.scope.end = body.End()
    28  
    29  	// save/restore current context and setup function context
    30  	// (and use 0 indentation at function start)
    31  	defer func(ctxt context, indent int) {
    32  		check.context = ctxt
    33  		check.indent = indent
    34  	}(check.context, check.indent)
    35  	check.context = context{
    36  		decl:  decl,
    37  		scope: sig.scope,
    38  		sig:   sig,
    39  	}
    40  	check.indent = 0
    41  
    42  	check.stmtList(0, body.List)
    43  
    44  	if check.hasLabel {
    45  		check.labels(body)
    46  	}
    47  
    48  	if sig.results.Len() > 0 && !check.isTerminating(body, "") {
    49  		check.error(body.Rbrace, "missing return")
    50  	}
    51  
    52  	// spec: "Implementation restriction: A compiler may make it illegal to
    53  	// declare a variable inside a function body if the variable is never used."
    54  	// (One could check each scope after use, but that distributes this check
    55  	// over several places because CloseScope is not always called explicitly.)
    56  	check.usage(sig.scope)
    57  }
    58  
    59  func (check *Checker) usage(scope *Scope) {
    60  	for _, obj := range scope.elems {
    61  		if v, _ := obj.(*Var); v != nil && !v.used {
    62  			check.softErrorf(v.pos, "%s declared but not used", v.name)
    63  		}
    64  	}
    65  	for _, scope := range scope.children {
    66  		check.usage(scope)
    67  	}
    68  }
    69  
    70  // stmtContext is a bitset describing which
    71  // control-flow statements are permissible,
    72  // and provides additional context information
    73  // for better error messages.
    74  type stmtContext uint
    75  
    76  const (
    77  	// permissible control-flow statements
    78  	breakOk stmtContext = 1 << iota
    79  	continueOk
    80  	fallthroughOk
    81  
    82  	// additional context information
    83  	finalSwitchCase
    84  )
    85  
    86  func (check *Checker) simpleStmt(s ast.Stmt) {
    87  	if s != nil {
    88  		check.stmt(0, s)
    89  	}
    90  }
    91  
    92  func trimTrailingEmptyStmts(list []ast.Stmt) []ast.Stmt {
    93  	for i := len(list); i > 0; i-- {
    94  		if _, ok := list[i-1].(*ast.EmptyStmt); !ok {
    95  			return list[:i]
    96  		}
    97  	}
    98  	return nil
    99  }
   100  
   101  func (check *Checker) stmtList(ctxt stmtContext, list []ast.Stmt) {
   102  	ok := ctxt&fallthroughOk != 0
   103  	inner := ctxt &^ fallthroughOk
   104  	list = trimTrailingEmptyStmts(list) // trailing empty statements are "invisible" to fallthrough analysis
   105  	for i, s := range list {
   106  		inner := inner
   107  		if ok && i+1 == len(list) {
   108  			inner |= fallthroughOk
   109  		}
   110  		check.stmt(inner, s)
   111  	}
   112  }
   113  
   114  func (check *Checker) multipleDefaults(list []ast.Stmt) {
   115  	var first ast.Stmt
   116  	for _, s := range list {
   117  		var d ast.Stmt
   118  		switch c := s.(type) {
   119  		case *ast.CaseClause:
   120  			if len(c.List) == 0 {
   121  				d = s
   122  			}
   123  		case *ast.CommClause:
   124  			if c.Comm == nil {
   125  				d = s
   126  			}
   127  		default:
   128  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "case/communication clause expected")
   129  		}
   130  		if d != nil {
   131  			if first != nil {
   132  				check.errorf(d.Pos(), "multiple defaults (first at %s)", check.fset.Position(first.Pos()))
   133  			} else {
   134  				first = d
   135  			}
   136  		}
   137  	}
   138  }
   139  
   140  func (check *Checker) openScope(s ast.Stmt, comment string) {
   141  	scope := NewScope(check.scope, s.Pos(), s.End(), comment)
   142  	check.recordScope(s, scope)
   143  	check.scope = scope
   144  }
   145  
   146  func (check *Checker) closeScope() {
   147  	check.scope = check.scope.Parent()
   148  }
   149  
   150  func assignOp(op token.Token) token.Token {
   151  	// token_test.go verifies the token ordering this function relies on
   152  	if token.ADD_ASSIGN <= op && op <= token.AND_NOT_ASSIGN {
   153  		return op + (token.ADD - token.ADD_ASSIGN)
   154  	}
   155  	return token.ILLEGAL
   156  }
   157  
   158  func (check *Checker) suspendedCall(keyword string, call *ast.CallExpr) {
   159  	var x operand
   160  	var msg string
   161  	switch check.rawExpr(&x, call, nil) {
   162  	case conversion:
   163  		msg = "requires function call, not conversion"
   164  	case expression:
   165  		msg = "discards result of"
   166  	case statement:
   167  		return
   168  	default:
   169  		unreachable()
   170  	}
   171  	check.errorf(x.pos(), "%s %s %s", keyword, msg, &x)
   172  }
   173  
   174  // goVal returns the Go value for val, or nil.
   175  func goVal(val constant.Value) interface{} {
   176  	// val should exist, but be conservative and check
   177  	if val == nil {
   178  		return nil
   179  	}
   180  	// Match implementation restriction of other compilers.
   181  	// gc only checks duplicates for integer, floating-point
   182  	// and string values, so only create Go values for these
   183  	// types.
   184  	switch val.Kind() {
   185  	case constant.Int:
   186  		if x, ok := constant.Int64Val(val); ok {
   187  			return x
   188  		}
   189  		if x, ok := constant.Uint64Val(val); ok {
   190  			return x
   191  		}
   192  	case constant.Float:
   193  		if x, ok := constant.Float64Val(val); ok {
   194  			return x
   195  		}
   196  	case constant.String:
   197  		return constant.StringVal(val)
   198  	}
   199  	return nil
   200  }
   201  
   202  // A valueMap maps a case value (of a basic Go type) to a list of positions
   203  // where the same case value appeared, together with the corresponding case
   204  // types.
   205  // Since two case values may have the same "underlying" value but different
   206  // types we need to also check the value's types (e.g., byte(1) vs myByte(1))
   207  // when the switch expression is of interface type.
   208  type (
   209  	valueMap  map[interface{}][]valueType // underlying Go value -> valueType
   210  	valueType struct {
   211  		pos token.Pos
   212  		typ Type
   213  	}
   214  )
   215  
   216  func (check *Checker) caseValues(x *operand, values []ast.Expr, seen valueMap) {
   217  L:
   218  	for _, e := range values {
   219  		var v operand
   220  		check.expr(&v, e)
   221  		if x.mode == invalid || v.mode == invalid {
   222  			continue L
   223  		}
   224  		check.convertUntyped(&v, x.typ)
   225  		if v.mode == invalid {
   226  			continue L
   227  		}
   228  		// Order matters: By comparing v against x, error positions are at the case values.
   229  		res := v // keep original v unchanged
   230  		check.comparison(&res, x, token.EQL)
   231  		if res.mode == invalid {
   232  			continue L
   233  		}
   234  		if v.mode != constant_ {
   235  			continue L // we're done
   236  		}
   237  		// look for duplicate values
   238  		if val := goVal(v.val); val != nil {
   239  			// look for duplicate types for a given value
   240  			// (quadratic algorithm, but these lists tend to be very short)
   241  			for _, vt := range seen[val] {
   242  				if Identical(v.typ, vt.typ) {
   243  					check.errorf(v.pos(), "duplicate case %s in expression switch", &v)
   244  					check.error(vt.pos, "\tprevious case") // secondary error, \t indented
   245  					continue L
   246  				}
   247  			}
   248  			seen[val] = append(seen[val], valueType{v.pos(), v.typ})
   249  		}
   250  	}
   251  }
   252  
   253  func (check *Checker) caseTypes(x *operand, xtyp *Interface, types []ast.Expr, seen map[Type]token.Pos) (T Type) {
   254  L:
   255  	for _, e := range types {
   256  		T = check.typOrNil(e)
   257  		if T == Typ[Invalid] {
   258  			continue L
   259  		}
   260  		// look for duplicate types
   261  		// (quadratic algorithm, but type switches tend to be reasonably small)
   262  		for t, pos := range seen {
   263  			if T == nil && t == nil || T != nil && t != nil && Identical(T, t) {
   264  				// talk about "case" rather than "type" because of nil case
   265  				Ts := "nil"
   266  				if T != nil {
   267  					Ts = T.String()
   268  				}
   269  				check.errorf(e.Pos(), "duplicate case %s in type switch", Ts)
   270  				check.error(pos, "\tprevious case") // secondary error, \t indented
   271  				continue L
   272  			}
   273  		}
   274  		seen[T] = e.Pos()
   275  		if T != nil {
   276  			check.typeAssertion(e.Pos(), x, xtyp, T)
   277  		}
   278  	}
   279  	return
   280  }
   281  
   282  // stmt typechecks statement s.
   283  func (check *Checker) stmt(ctxt stmtContext, s ast.Stmt) {
   284  	// statements cannot use iota in general
   285  	// (constant declarations set it explicitly)
   286  	assert(check.iota == nil)
   287  
   288  	// statements must end with the same top scope as they started with
   289  	if debug {
   290  		defer func(scope *Scope) {
   291  			// don't check if code is panicking
   292  			if p := recover(); p != nil {
   293  				panic(p)
   294  			}
   295  			assert(scope == check.scope)
   296  		}(check.scope)
   297  	}
   298  
   299  	inner := ctxt &^ (fallthroughOk | finalSwitchCase)
   300  	switch s := s.(type) {
   301  	case *ast.BadStmt, *ast.EmptyStmt:
   302  		// ignore
   303  
   304  	case *ast.DeclStmt:
   305  		check.declStmt(s.Decl)
   306  
   307  	case *ast.LabeledStmt:
   308  		check.hasLabel = true
   309  		check.stmt(ctxt, s.Stmt)
   310  
   311  	case *ast.ExprStmt:
   312  		// spec: "With the exception of specific built-in functions,
   313  		// function and method calls and receive operations can appear
   314  		// in statement context. Such statements may be parenthesized."
   315  		var x operand
   316  		kind := check.rawExpr(&x, s.X, nil)
   317  		var msg string
   318  		switch x.mode {
   319  		default:
   320  			if kind == statement {
   321  				return
   322  			}
   323  			msg = "is not used"
   324  		case builtin:
   325  			msg = "must be called"
   326  		case typexpr:
   327  			msg = "is not an expression"
   328  		}
   329  		check.errorf(x.pos(), "%s %s", &x, msg)
   330  
   331  	case *ast.SendStmt:
   332  		var ch, x operand
   333  		check.expr(&ch, s.Chan)
   334  		check.expr(&x, s.Value)
   335  		if ch.mode == invalid || x.mode == invalid {
   336  			return
   337  		}
   338  
   339  		tch, ok := ch.typ.Underlying().(*Chan)
   340  		if !ok {
   341  			check.invalidOp(s.Arrow, "cannot send to non-chan type %s", ch.typ)
   342  			return
   343  		}
   344  
   345  		if tch.dir == RecvOnly {
   346  			check.invalidOp(s.Arrow, "cannot send to receive-only type %s", tch)
   347  			return
   348  		}
   349  
   350  		check.assignment(&x, tch.elem, "send")
   351  
   352  	case *ast.IncDecStmt:
   353  		var op token.Token
   354  		switch s.Tok {
   355  		case token.INC:
   356  			op = token.ADD
   357  		case token.DEC:
   358  			op = token.SUB
   359  		default:
   360  			check.invalidAST(s.TokPos, "unknown inc/dec operation %s", s.Tok)
   361  			return
   362  		}
   363  
   364  		var x operand
   365  		check.expr(&x, s.X)
   366  		if x.mode == invalid {
   367  			return
   368  		}
   369  		if !isNumeric(x.typ) {
   370  			check.invalidOp(s.X.Pos(), "%s%s (non-numeric type %s)", s.X, s.Tok, x.typ)
   371  			return
   372  		}
   373  
   374  		Y := &ast.BasicLit{ValuePos: s.X.Pos(), Kind: token.INT, Value: "1"} // use x's position
   375  		check.binary(&x, nil, s.X, Y, op)
   376  		if x.mode == invalid {
   377  			return
   378  		}
   379  		check.assignVar(s.X, &x)
   380  
   381  	case *ast.AssignStmt:
   382  		switch s.Tok {
   383  		case token.ASSIGN, token.DEFINE:
   384  			if len(s.Lhs) == 0 {
   385  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "missing lhs in assignment")
   386  				return
   387  			}
   388  			if s.Tok == token.DEFINE {
   389  				check.shortVarDecl(s.TokPos, s.Lhs, s.Rhs)
   390  			} else {
   391  				// regular assignment
   392  				check.assignVars(s.Lhs, s.Rhs)
   393  			}
   394  
   395  		default:
   396  			// assignment operations
   397  			if len(s.Lhs) != 1 || len(s.Rhs) != 1 {
   398  				check.errorf(s.TokPos, "assignment operation %s requires single-valued expressions", s.Tok)
   399  				return
   400  			}
   401  			op := assignOp(s.Tok)
   402  			if op == token.ILLEGAL {
   403  				check.invalidAST(s.TokPos, "unknown assignment operation %s", s.Tok)
   404  				return
   405  			}
   406  			var x operand
   407  			check.binary(&x, nil, s.Lhs[0], s.Rhs[0], op)
   408  			if x.mode == invalid {
   409  				return
   410  			}
   411  			check.assignVar(s.Lhs[0], &x)
   412  		}
   413  
   414  	case *ast.GoStmt:
   415  		check.suspendedCall("go", s.Call)
   416  
   417  	case *ast.DeferStmt:
   418  		check.suspendedCall("defer", s.Call)
   419  
   420  	case *ast.ReturnStmt:
   421  		res := check.sig.results
   422  		if res.Len() > 0 {
   423  			// function returns results
   424  			// (if one, say the first, result parameter is named, all of them are named)
   425  			if len(s.Results) == 0 && res.vars[0].name != "" {
   426  				// spec: "Implementation restriction: A compiler may disallow an empty expression
   427  				// list in a "return" statement if a different entity (constant, type, or variable)
   428  				// with the same name as a result parameter is in scope at the place of the return."
   429  				for _, obj := range res.vars {
   430  					if _, alt := check.scope.LookupParent(obj.name, check.pos); alt != nil && alt != obj {
   431  						check.errorf(s.Pos(), "result parameter %s not in scope at return", obj.name)
   432  						check.errorf(alt.Pos(), "\tinner declaration of %s", obj)
   433  						// ok to continue
   434  					}
   435  				}
   436  			} else {
   437  				// return has results or result parameters are unnamed
   438  				check.initVars(res.vars, s.Results, s.Return)
   439  			}
   440  		} else if len(s.Results) > 0 {
   441  			check.error(s.Results[0].Pos(), "no result values expected")
   442  			check.use(s.Results...)
   443  		}
   444  
   445  	case *ast.BranchStmt:
   446  		if s.Label != nil {
   447  			check.hasLabel = true
   448  			return // checked in 2nd pass (check.labels)
   449  		}
   450  		switch s.Tok {
   451  		case token.BREAK:
   452  			if ctxt&breakOk == 0 {
   453  				check.error(s.Pos(), "break not in for, switch, or select statement")
   454  			}
   455  		case token.CONTINUE:
   456  			if ctxt&continueOk == 0 {
   457  				check.error(s.Pos(), "continue not in for statement")
   458  			}
   459  		case token.FALLTHROUGH:
   460  			if ctxt&fallthroughOk == 0 {
   461  				msg := "fallthrough statement out of place"
   462  				if ctxt&finalSwitchCase != 0 {
   463  					msg = "cannot fallthrough final case in switch"
   464  				}
   465  				check.error(s.Pos(), msg)
   466  			}
   467  		default:
   468  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "branch statement: %s", s.Tok)
   469  		}
   470  
   471  	case *ast.BlockStmt:
   472  		check.openScope(s, "block")
   473  		defer check.closeScope()
   474  
   475  		check.stmtList(inner, s.List)
   476  
   477  	case *ast.IfStmt:
   478  		check.openScope(s, "if")
   479  		defer check.closeScope()
   480  
   481  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   482  		var x operand
   483  		check.expr(&x, s.Cond)
   484  		if x.mode != invalid && !isBoolean(x.typ) {
   485  			check.error(s.Cond.Pos(), "non-boolean condition in if statement")
   486  		}
   487  		check.stmt(inner, s.Body)
   488  		// The parser produces a correct AST but if it was modified
   489  		// elsewhere the else branch may be invalid. Check again.
   490  		switch s.Else.(type) {
   491  		case nil, *ast.BadStmt:
   492  			// valid or error already reported
   493  		case *ast.IfStmt, *ast.BlockStmt:
   494  			check.stmt(inner, s.Else)
   495  		default:
   496  			check.error(s.Else.Pos(), "invalid else branch in if statement")
   497  		}
   498  
   499  	case *ast.SwitchStmt:
   500  		inner |= breakOk
   501  		check.openScope(s, "switch")
   502  		defer check.closeScope()
   503  
   504  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   505  		var x operand
   506  		if s.Tag != nil {
   507  			check.expr(&x, s.Tag)
   508  			// By checking assignment of x to an invisible temporary
   509  			// (as a compiler would), we get all the relevant checks.
   510  			check.assignment(&x, nil, "switch expression")
   511  		} else {
   512  			// spec: "A missing switch expression is
   513  			// equivalent to the boolean value true."
   514  			x.mode = constant_
   515  			x.typ = Typ[Bool]
   516  			x.val = constant.MakeBool(true)
   517  			x.expr = &ast.Ident{NamePos: s.Body.Lbrace, Name: "true"}
   518  		}
   519  
   520  		check.multipleDefaults(s.Body.List)
   521  
   522  		seen := make(valueMap) // map of seen case values to positions and types
   523  		for i, c := range s.Body.List {
   524  			clause, _ := c.(*ast.CaseClause)
   525  			if clause == nil {
   526  				check.invalidAST(c.Pos(), "incorrect expression switch case")
   527  				continue
   528  			}
   529  			check.caseValues(&x, clause.List, seen)
   530  			check.openScope(clause, "case")
   531  			inner := inner
   532  			if i+1 < len(s.Body.List) {
   533  				inner |= fallthroughOk
   534  			} else {
   535  				inner |= finalSwitchCase
   536  			}
   537  			check.stmtList(inner, clause.Body)
   538  			check.closeScope()
   539  		}
   540  
   541  	case *ast.TypeSwitchStmt:
   542  		inner |= breakOk
   543  		check.openScope(s, "type switch")
   544  		defer check.closeScope()
   545  
   546  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   547  
   548  		// A type switch guard must be of the form:
   549  		//
   550  		//     TypeSwitchGuard = [ identifier ":=" ] PrimaryExpr "." "(" "type" ")" .
   551  		//
   552  		// The parser is checking syntactic correctness;
   553  		// remaining syntactic errors are considered AST errors here.
   554  		// TODO(gri) better factoring of error handling (invalid ASTs)
   555  		//
   556  		var lhs *ast.Ident // lhs identifier or nil
   557  		var rhs ast.Expr
   558  		switch guard := s.Assign.(type) {
   559  		case *ast.ExprStmt:
   560  			rhs = guard.X
   561  		case *ast.AssignStmt:
   562  			if len(guard.Lhs) != 1 || guard.Tok != token.DEFINE || len(guard.Rhs) != 1 {
   563  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   564  				return
   565  			}
   566  
   567  			lhs, _ = guard.Lhs[0].(*ast.Ident)
   568  			if lhs == nil {
   569  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   570  				return
   571  			}
   572  
   573  			if lhs.Name == "_" {
   574  				// _ := x.(type) is an invalid short variable declaration
   575  				check.softErrorf(lhs.Pos(), "no new variable on left side of :=")
   576  				lhs = nil // avoid declared but not used error below
   577  			} else {
   578  				check.recordDef(lhs, nil) // lhs variable is implicitly declared in each cause clause
   579  			}
   580  
   581  			rhs = guard.Rhs[0]
   582  
   583  		default:
   584  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   585  			return
   586  		}
   587  
   588  		// rhs must be of the form: expr.(type) and expr must be an interface
   589  		expr, _ := rhs.(*ast.TypeAssertExpr)
   590  		if expr == nil || expr.Type != nil {
   591  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   592  			return
   593  		}
   594  		var x operand
   595  		check.expr(&x, expr.X)
   596  		if x.mode == invalid {
   597  			return
   598  		}
   599  		xtyp, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Interface)
   600  		if xtyp == nil {
   601  			check.errorf(x.pos(), "%s is not an interface", &x)
   602  			return
   603  		}
   604  
   605  		check.multipleDefaults(s.Body.List)
   606  
   607  		var lhsVars []*Var               // list of implicitly declared lhs variables
   608  		seen := make(map[Type]token.Pos) // map of seen types to positions
   609  		for _, s := range s.Body.List {
   610  			clause, _ := s.(*ast.CaseClause)
   611  			if clause == nil {
   612  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect type switch case")
   613  				continue
   614  			}
   615  			// Check each type in this type switch case.
   616  			T := check.caseTypes(&x, xtyp, clause.List, seen)
   617  			check.openScope(clause, "case")
   618  			// If lhs exists, declare a corresponding variable in the case-local scope.
   619  			if lhs != nil {
   620  				// spec: "The TypeSwitchGuard may include a short variable declaration.
   621  				// When that form is used, the variable is declared at the beginning of
   622  				// the implicit block in each clause. In clauses with a case listing
   623  				// exactly one type, the variable has that type; otherwise, the variable
   624  				// has the type of the expression in the TypeSwitchGuard."
   625  				if len(clause.List) != 1 || T == nil {
   626  					T = x.typ
   627  				}
   628  				obj := NewVar(lhs.Pos(), check.pkg, lhs.Name, T)
   629  				scopePos := clause.Pos() + token.Pos(len("default")) // for default clause (len(List) == 0)
   630  				if n := len(clause.List); n > 0 {
   631  					scopePos = clause.List[n-1].End()
   632  				}
   633  				check.declare(check.scope, nil, obj, scopePos)
   634  				check.recordImplicit(clause, obj)
   635  				// For the "declared but not used" error, all lhs variables act as
   636  				// one; i.e., if any one of them is 'used', all of them are 'used'.
   637  				// Collect them for later analysis.
   638  				lhsVars = append(lhsVars, obj)
   639  			}
   640  			check.stmtList(inner, clause.Body)
   641  			check.closeScope()
   642  		}
   643  
   644  		// If lhs exists, we must have at least one lhs variable that was used.
   645  		if lhs != nil {
   646  			var used bool
   647  			for _, v := range lhsVars {
   648  				if v.used {
   649  					used = true
   650  				}
   651  				v.used = true // avoid usage error when checking entire function
   652  			}
   653  			if !used {
   654  				check.softErrorf(lhs.Pos(), "%s declared but not used", lhs.Name)
   655  			}
   656  		}
   657  
   658  	case *ast.SelectStmt:
   659  		inner |= breakOk
   660  
   661  		check.multipleDefaults(s.Body.List)
   662  
   663  		for _, s := range s.Body.List {
   664  			clause, _ := s.(*ast.CommClause)
   665  			if clause == nil {
   666  				continue // error reported before
   667  			}
   668  
   669  			// clause.Comm must be a SendStmt, RecvStmt, or default case
   670  			valid := false
   671  			var rhs ast.Expr // rhs of RecvStmt, or nil
   672  			switch s := clause.Comm.(type) {
   673  			case nil, *ast.SendStmt:
   674  				valid = true
   675  			case *ast.AssignStmt:
   676  				if len(s.Rhs) == 1 {
   677  					rhs = s.Rhs[0]
   678  				}
   679  			case *ast.ExprStmt:
   680  				rhs = s.X
   681  			}
   682  
   683  			// if present, rhs must be a receive operation
   684  			if rhs != nil {
   685  				if x, _ := unparen(rhs).(*ast.UnaryExpr); x != nil && x.Op == token.ARROW {
   686  					valid = true
   687  				}
   688  			}
   689  
   690  			if !valid {
   691  				check.error(clause.Comm.Pos(), "select case must be send or receive (possibly with assignment)")
   692  				continue
   693  			}
   694  
   695  			check.openScope(s, "case")
   696  			if clause.Comm != nil {
   697  				check.stmt(inner, clause.Comm)
   698  			}
   699  			check.stmtList(inner, clause.Body)
   700  			check.closeScope()
   701  		}
   702  
   703  	case *ast.ForStmt:
   704  		inner |= breakOk | continueOk
   705  		check.openScope(s, "for")
   706  		defer check.closeScope()
   707  
   708  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   709  		if s.Cond != nil {
   710  			var x operand
   711  			check.expr(&x, s.Cond)
   712  			if x.mode != invalid && !isBoolean(x.typ) {
   713  				check.error(s.Cond.Pos(), "non-boolean condition in for statement")
   714  			}
   715  		}
   716  		check.simpleStmt(s.Post)
   717  		// spec: "The init statement may be a short variable
   718  		// declaration, but the post statement must not."
   719  		if s, _ := s.Post.(*ast.AssignStmt); s != nil && s.Tok == token.DEFINE {
   720  			check.softErrorf(s.Pos(), "cannot declare in post statement")
   721  			check.use(s.Lhs...) // avoid follow-up errors
   722  		}
   723  		check.stmt(inner, s.Body)
   724  
   725  	case *ast.RangeStmt:
   726  		inner |= breakOk | continueOk
   727  		check.openScope(s, "for")
   728  		defer check.closeScope()
   729  
   730  		// check expression to iterate over
   731  		var x operand
   732  		check.expr(&x, s.X)
   733  
   734  		// determine key/value types
   735  		var key, val Type
   736  		if x.mode != invalid {
   737  			switch typ := x.typ.Underlying().(type) {
   738  			case *Basic:
   739  				if isString(typ) {
   740  					key = Typ[Int]
   741  					val = universeRune // use 'rune' name
   742  				}
   743  			case *Array:
   744  				key = Typ[Int]
   745  				val = typ.elem
   746  			case *Slice:
   747  				key = Typ[Int]
   748  				val = typ.elem
   749  			case *Pointer:
   750  				if typ, _ := typ.base.Underlying().(*Array); typ != nil {
   751  					key = Typ[Int]
   752  					val = typ.elem
   753  				}
   754  			case *Map:
   755  				key = typ.key
   756  				val = typ.elem
   757  			case *Chan:
   758  				key = typ.elem
   759  				val = Typ[Invalid]
   760  				if typ.dir == SendOnly {
   761  					check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot range over send-only channel %s", &x)
   762  					// ok to continue
   763  				}
   764  				if s.Value != nil {
   765  					check.errorf(s.Value.Pos(), "iteration over %s permits only one iteration variable", &x)
   766  					// ok to continue
   767  				}
   768  			}
   769  		}
   770  
   771  		if key == nil {
   772  			check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot range over %s", &x)
   773  			// ok to continue
   774  		}
   775  
   776  		// check assignment to/declaration of iteration variables
   777  		// (irregular assignment, cannot easily map to existing assignment checks)
   778  
   779  		// lhs expressions and initialization value (rhs) types
   780  		lhs := [2]ast.Expr{s.Key, s.Value}
   781  		rhs := [2]Type{key, val} // key, val may be nil
   782  
   783  		if s.Tok == token.DEFINE {
   784  			// short variable declaration; variable scope starts after the range clause
   785  			// (the for loop opens a new scope, so variables on the lhs never redeclare
   786  			// previously declared variables)
   787  			var vars []*Var
   788  			for i, lhs := range lhs {
   789  				if lhs == nil {
   790  					continue
   791  				}
   792  
   793  				// determine lhs variable
   794  				var obj *Var
   795  				if ident, _ := lhs.(*ast.Ident); ident != nil {
   796  					// declare new variable
   797  					name := ident.Name
   798  					obj = NewVar(ident.Pos(), check.pkg, name, nil)
   799  					check.recordDef(ident, obj)
   800  					// _ variables don't count as new variables
   801  					if name != "_" {
   802  						vars = append(vars, obj)
   803  					}
   804  				} else {
   805  					check.errorf(lhs.Pos(), "cannot declare %s", lhs)
   806  					obj = NewVar(lhs.Pos(), check.pkg, "_", nil) // dummy variable
   807  				}
   808  
   809  				// initialize lhs variable
   810  				if typ := rhs[i]; typ != nil {
   811  					x.mode = value
   812  					x.expr = lhs // we don't have a better rhs expression to use here
   813  					x.typ = typ
   814  					check.initVar(obj, &x, "range clause")
   815  				} else {
   816  					obj.typ = Typ[Invalid]
   817  					obj.used = true // don't complain about unused variable
   818  				}
   819  			}
   820  
   821  			// declare variables
   822  			if len(vars) > 0 {
   823  				scopePos := s.X.End()
   824  				for _, obj := range vars {
   825  					// spec: "The scope of a constant or variable identifier declared inside
   826  					// a function begins at the end of the ConstSpec or VarSpec (ShortVarDecl
   827  					// for short variable declarations) and ends at the end of the innermost
   828  					// containing block."
   829  					check.declare(check.scope, nil /* recordDef already called */, obj, scopePos)
   830  				}
   831  			} else {
   832  				check.error(s.TokPos, "no new variables on left side of :=")
   833  			}
   834  		} else {
   835  			// ordinary assignment
   836  			for i, lhs := range lhs {
   837  				if lhs == nil {
   838  					continue
   839  				}
   840  				if typ := rhs[i]; typ != nil {
   841  					x.mode = value
   842  					x.expr = lhs // we don't have a better rhs expression to use here
   843  					x.typ = typ
   844  					check.assignVar(lhs, &x)
   845  				}
   846  			}
   847  		}
   848  
   849  		check.stmt(inner, s.Body)
   850  
   851  	default:
   852  		check.error(s.Pos(), "invalid statement")
   853  	}
   854  }