github.com/mweagle/Sparta@v1.15.0/docs/reference/operations/profiling/index.html (about) 1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html lang="en" class="js csstransforms3d"> 3 <head> 4 <meta charset="utf-8"> 5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> 6 <meta name="generator" content="Hugo 0.69.2" /> 7 <meta name="description" content="Sparta - AWS Lambda Microservices"> 8 <meta name="author" content="Matt Weagle"> 9 10 <link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon.png" type="image/png"> 11 12 <title>Profiling :: Sparta - AWS Lambda Microservices</title> 13 14 15 <link href="/css/nucleus.css?1588464711" rel="stylesheet"> 16 <link href="/css/fontawesome-all.min.css?1588464711" rel="stylesheet"> 17 <link href="/css/hybrid.css?1588464711" rel="stylesheet"> 18 <link href="/css/featherlight.min.css?1588464711" rel="stylesheet"> 19 <link href="/css/perfect-scrollbar.min.css?1588464711" rel="stylesheet"> 20 <link href="/css/auto-complete.css?1588464711" rel="stylesheet"> 21 <link 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data-search-input id="search-by" type="search" placeholder="Search..."> 62 <span data-search-clear=""><i class="fas fa-times"></i></span> 63 </div> 64 65 <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lunr.min.js?1588464711"></script> 66 <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/auto-complete.js?1588464711"></script> 67 <script type="text/javascript"> 68 69 var baseurl = "\/"; 70 71 </script> 72 <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/search.js?1588464711"></script> 73 74 75 </div> 76 77 <div class="highlightable"> 78 <ul class="topics"> 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 <li data-nav-id="/getting_started/" title="Getting Started" class="dd-item 89 90 91 92 "> 93 <a href="/getting_started/"> 94 Getting Started 95 96 </a> 97 98 99 </li> 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 <li data-nav-id="/example_service/" title="Example Service" class="dd-item 111 112 113 114 "> 115 <a href="/example_service/"> 116 Example Service 117 118 </a> 119 120 121 <ul> 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 <li data-nav-id="/example_service/step1/" title="Overview" class="dd-item "> 136 <a href="/example_service/step1/"> 137 Overview 138 139 </a> 140 </li> 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 <li data-nav-id="/example_service/step2/" title="Details" class="dd-item "> 155 <a href="/example_service/step2/"> 156 Details 157 158 </a> 159 </li> 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 </ul> 168 169 </li> 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 <li data-nav-id="/concepts/" title="Concepts" class="dd-item 181 182 183 184 "> 185 <a href="/concepts/"> 186 Concepts 187 188 </a> 189 190 191 </li> 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 <li data-nav-id="/reference/" title="Reference" class="dd-item 203 parent 204 205 206 "> 207 <a href="/reference/"> 208 Reference 209 210 </a> 211 212 213 <ul> 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/" title="" class="dd-item 230 231 232 233 "> 234 <a href="/reference/apigateway/"> 235 <b>API Gateway</b> 236 237 </a> 238 239 240 <ul> 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/echo_event/" title="Echo" class="dd-item "> 255 <a href="/reference/apigateway/echo_event/"> 256 Echo 257 258 </a> 259 </li> 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/request_params/" title="Request Parameters" class="dd-item "> 274 <a href="/reference/apigateway/request_params/"> 275 Request Parameters 276 277 </a> 278 </li> 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/context/" title="Request Context" class="dd-item "> 293 <a href="/reference/apigateway/context/"> 294 Request Context 295 296 </a> 297 </li> 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/cors/" title="CORS" class="dd-item "> 312 <a href="/reference/apigateway/cors/"> 313 CORS 314 315 </a> 316 </li> 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/slack/" title="Slack SlashCommand" class="dd-item "> 331 <a href="/reference/apigateway/slack/"> 332 Slack SlashCommand 333 334 </a> 335 </li> 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apigateway/s3site/" title="S3 Sites with CORS" class="dd-item "> 350 <a href="/reference/apigateway/s3site/"> 351 S3 Sites with CORS 352 353 </a> 354 </li> 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 </ul> 363 364 </li> 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 <li data-nav-id="/reference/apiv2gateway/" title="" class="dd-item 378 379 380 381 "> 382 <a href="/reference/apiv2gateway/"> 383 <b>API V2 Gateway</b> 384 385 </a> 386 387 388 </li> 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/" title="" class="dd-item 402 403 404 405 "> 406 <a href="/reference/eventsources/"> 407 <b>Event Sources</b> 408 409 </a> 410 411 412 <ul> 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/codecommit/" title="CodeCommit" class="dd-item "> 427 <a href="/reference/eventsources/codecommit/"> 428 CodeCommit 429 430 </a> 431 </li> 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/cloudformation/" title="CloudFormation" class="dd-item "> 446 <a href="/reference/eventsources/cloudformation/"> 447 CloudFormation 448 449 </a> 450 </li> 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/cloudwatchevents/" title="CloudWatch Events" class="dd-item "> 465 <a href="/reference/eventsources/cloudwatchevents/"> 466 CloudWatch Events 467 468 </a> 469 </li> 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/cloudwatchlogs/" title="CloudWatch Logs" class="dd-item "> 484 <a href="/reference/eventsources/cloudwatchlogs/"> 485 CloudWatch Logs 486 487 </a> 488 </li> 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/cognito/" title="Cognito" class="dd-item "> 503 <a href="/reference/eventsources/cognito/"> 504 Cognito 505 506 </a> 507 </li> 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/dynamodb/" title="DynamoDB" class="dd-item "> 522 <a href="/reference/eventsources/dynamodb/"> 523 DynamoDB 524 525 </a> 526 </li> 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/kinesis/" title="Kinesis" class="dd-item "> 541 <a href="/reference/eventsources/kinesis/"> 542 Kinesis 543 544 </a> 545 </li> 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/s3/" title="S3" class="dd-item "> 560 <a href="/reference/eventsources/s3/"> 561 S3 562 563 </a> 564 </li> 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/ses/" title="SES" class="dd-item "> 579 <a href="/reference/eventsources/ses/"> 580 SES 581 582 </a> 583 </li> 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/sns/" title="SNS" class="dd-item "> 598 <a href="/reference/eventsources/sns/"> 599 SNS 600 601 </a> 602 </li> 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 <li data-nav-id="/reference/eventsources/sqs/" title="SQS" class="dd-item "> 617 <a href="/reference/eventsources/sqs/"> 618 SQS 619 620 </a> 621 </li> 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 </ul> 630 631 </li> 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/" title="" class="dd-item 645 646 647 648 "> 649 <a href="/reference/archetypes/"> 650 <b>Archetype Constructors</b> 651 652 </a> 653 654 655 <ul> 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/event_bridge/" title="Event Bridge" class="dd-item "> 670 <a href="/reference/archetypes/event_bridge/"> 671 Event Bridge 672 673 </a> 674 </li> 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/codecommit/" title="CodeCommit" class="dd-item "> 689 <a href="/reference/archetypes/codecommit/"> 690 CodeCommit 691 692 </a> 693 </li> 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/cloudwatch/" title="CloudWatch" class="dd-item "> 708 <a href="/reference/archetypes/cloudwatch/"> 709 CloudWatch 710 711 </a> 712 </li> 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/dynamodb/" title="DynamoDB" class="dd-item "> 727 <a href="/reference/archetypes/dynamodb/"> 728 DynamoDB 729 730 </a> 731 </li> 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/kinesis/" title="Kinesis" class="dd-item "> 746 <a href="/reference/archetypes/kinesis/"> 747 Kinesis 748 749 </a> 750 </li> 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/kinesis_firehose/" title="Kinesis Firehose" class="dd-item "> 765 <a href="/reference/archetypes/kinesis_firehose/"> 766 Kinesis Firehose 767 768 </a> 769 </li> 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/rest/" title="REST Service" class="dd-item "> 784 <a href="/reference/archetypes/rest/"> 785 REST Service 786 787 </a> 788 </li> 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/s3/" title="S3" class="dd-item "> 803 <a href="/reference/archetypes/s3/"> 804 S3 805 806 </a> 807 </li> 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 <li data-nav-id="/reference/archetypes/sns/" title="SNS" class="dd-item "> 822 <a href="/reference/archetypes/sns/"> 823 SNS 824 825 </a> 826 </li> 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 </ul> 835 836 </li> 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/" title="" class="dd-item 850 851 852 853 "> 854 <a href="/reference/decorators/"> 855 <b>Build-Time Decorators</b> 856 857 </a> 858 859 860 <ul> 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/application_load_balancer/" title="Application Load Balancer" class="dd-item "> 875 <a href="/reference/decorators/application_load_balancer/"> 876 Application Load Balancer 877 878 </a> 879 </li> 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/cloudmap/" title="CloudMap Service Discovery" class="dd-item "> 894 <a href="/reference/decorators/cloudmap/"> 895 CloudMap Service Discovery 896 897 </a> 898 </li> 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/cloudfront_distribution/" title="CloudFront Distribution" class="dd-item "> 913 <a href="/reference/decorators/cloudfront_distribution/"> 914 CloudFront Distribution 915 916 </a> 917 </li> 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/lambda_versioning/" title="Lambda Versioning Decorator" class="dd-item "> 932 <a href="/reference/decorators/lambda_versioning/"> 933 Lambda Versioning Decorator 934 935 </a> 936 </li> 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/publish_outputs/" title="Publishing Outputs" class="dd-item "> 951 <a href="/reference/decorators/publish_outputs/"> 952 Publishing Outputs 953 954 </a> 955 </li> 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/s3_artifact_publisher/" title="S3 Artifact Publisher" class="dd-item "> 970 <a href="/reference/decorators/s3_artifact_publisher/"> 971 S3 Artifact Publisher 972 973 </a> 974 </li> 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 <li data-nav-id="/reference/decorators/dynamic_infrastructure/" title="Dynamic Infrastructure" class="dd-item "> 989 <a href="/reference/decorators/dynamic_infrastructure/"> 990 Dynamic Infrastructure 991 992 </a> 993 </li> 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 </ul> 1002 1003 </li> 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 <li data-nav-id="/reference/interceptors/" title="" class="dd-item 1017 1018 1019 1020 "> 1021 <a href="/reference/interceptors/"> 1022 <b>Runtime Interceptors</b> 1023 1024 </a> 1025 1026 1027 <ul> 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 <li data-nav-id="/reference/interceptors/xray_interceptor/" title="XRayInterceptor" class="dd-item "> 1042 <a href="/reference/interceptors/xray_interceptor/"> 1043 XRayInterceptor 1044 1045 </a> 1046 </li> 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 </ul> 1055 1056 </li> 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 <li data-nav-id="/reference/cli_options/" title="" class="dd-item 1070 1071 1072 1073 "> 1074 <a href="/reference/cli_options/"> 1075 <b>Command Line Options</b> 1076 1077 </a> 1078 1079 1080 </li> 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 <li data-nav-id="/reference/application/" title="" class="dd-item 1094 1095 1096 1097 "> 1098 <a href="/reference/application/"> 1099 <b>Application Customization</b> 1100 1101 </a> 1102 1103 1104 <ul> 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 <li data-nav-id="/reference/application/custom_commands/" title="Custom Commands" class="dd-item "> 1119 <a href="/reference/application/custom_commands/"> 1120 Custom Commands 1121 1122 </a> 1123 </li> 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 <li data-nav-id="/reference/application/custom_flags/" title="Custom Flags" class="dd-item "> 1138 <a href="/reference/application/custom_flags/"> 1139 Custom Flags 1140 1141 </a> 1142 </li> 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 <li data-nav-id="/reference/application/environments/" title="Managing Environments" class="dd-item "> 1157 <a href="/reference/application/environments/"> 1158 Managing Environments 1159 1160 </a> 1161 </li> 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 <li data-nav-id="/reference/application/custom_lambda_resources/" title="CloudFormation Resources" class="dd-item "> 1176 <a href="/reference/application/custom_lambda_resources/"> 1177 CloudFormation Resources 1178 1179 </a> 1180 </li> 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 <li data-nav-id="/reference/application/custom_resources/" title="Custom Resources" class="dd-item "> 1195 <a href="/reference/application/custom_resources/"> 1196 Custom Resources 1197 1198 </a> 1199 </li> 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 </ul> 1208 1209 </li> 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/" title="" class="dd-item 1223 1224 1225 1226 "> 1227 <a href="/reference/step/"> 1228 <b>Step Functions</b> 1229 1230 </a> 1231 1232 1233 <ul> 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/lambda/" title="Lambda" class="dd-item "> 1250 <a href="/reference/step/lambda/"> 1251 Lambda 1252 1253 </a> 1254 </li> 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/fargate/" title="Fargate" class="dd-item "> 1269 <a href="/reference/step/fargate/"> 1270 Fargate 1271 1272 </a> 1273 </li> 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/" title="" class="dd-item 1288 1289 1290 1291 "> 1292 <a href="/reference/step/services/"> 1293 <b>Service Integrations</b> 1294 1295 </a> 1296 1297 1298 <ul> 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/dynamodb/" title="Amazon DynamoDb" class="dd-item "> 1313 <a href="/reference/step/services/dynamodb/"> 1314 Amazon DynamoDb 1315 1316 </a> 1317 </li> 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/sagemaker/" title="Amazon SageMaker" class="dd-item "> 1332 <a href="/reference/step/services/sagemaker/"> 1333 Amazon SageMaker 1334 1335 </a> 1336 </li> 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/sns/" title="Amazon SNS" class="dd-item "> 1351 <a href="/reference/step/services/sns/"> 1352 Amazon SNS 1353 1354 </a> 1355 </li> 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/sqs/" title="Amazon SQS" class="dd-item "> 1370 <a href="/reference/step/services/sqs/"> 1371 Amazon SQS 1372 1373 </a> 1374 </li> 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/batch/" title="AWS Batch" class="dd-item "> 1389 <a href="/reference/step/services/batch/"> 1390 AWS Batch 1391 1392 </a> 1393 </li> 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/fargate/" title="AWS Fargate" class="dd-item "> 1408 <a href="/reference/step/services/fargate/"> 1409 AWS Fargate 1410 1411 </a> 1412 </li> 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 <li data-nav-id="/reference/step/services/glue/" title="AWS Glue" class="dd-item "> 1427 <a href="/reference/step/services/glue/"> 1428 AWS Glue 1429 1430 </a> 1431 </li> 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 </ul> 1440 1441 </li> 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 </ul> 1449 1450 </li> 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 <li data-nav-id="/reference/discovery/" title="Discovery Service" class="dd-item "> 1464 <a href="/reference/discovery/"> 1465 Discovery Service 1466 1467 </a> 1468 </li> 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 <li data-nav-id="/reference/docker/" title="Docker" class="dd-item "> 1483 <a href="/reference/docker/"> 1484 Docker 1485 1486 </a> 1487 </li> 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 <li data-nav-id="/reference/hybrid_topologies/" title="Hybrid Topologies" class="dd-item "> 1502 <a href="/reference/hybrid_topologies/"> 1503 Hybrid Topologies 1504 1505 </a> 1506 </li> 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/" title="" class="dd-item 1521 parent 1522 1523 1524 "> 1525 <a href="/reference/operations/"> 1526 <b>Operations</b> 1527 1528 </a> 1529 1530 1531 <ul> 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/magefile/" title="Magefiles" class="dd-item "> 1546 <a href="/reference/operations/magefile/"> 1547 Magefiles 1548 1549 </a> 1550 </li> 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/cloudwatch_alarms/" title="CloudWatch Alarms" class="dd-item "> 1565 <a href="/reference/operations/cloudwatch_alarms/"> 1566 CloudWatch Alarms 1567 1568 </a> 1569 </li> 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/cloudwatch_dashboard/" title="CloudWatch Dashboard" class="dd-item "> 1584 <a href="/reference/operations/cloudwatch_dashboard/"> 1585 CloudWatch Dashboard 1586 1587 </a> 1588 </li> 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/codedeploy_service_update/" title="CodeDeploy Service Update" class="dd-item "> 1603 <a href="/reference/operations/codedeploy_service_update/"> 1604 CodeDeploy Service Update 1605 1606 </a> 1607 </li> 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/cicd/" title="CI/CD" class="dd-item "> 1622 <a href="/reference/operations/cicd/"> 1623 CI/CD 1624 1625 </a> 1626 </li> 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/deployment_strategies/" title="Deployment Strategies" class="dd-item "> 1641 <a href="/reference/operations/deployment_strategies/"> 1642 Deployment Strategies 1643 1644 </a> 1645 </li> 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/metrics_publisher/" title="Metrics Publisher" class="dd-item "> 1660 <a href="/reference/operations/metrics_publisher/"> 1661 Metrics Publisher 1662 1663 </a> 1664 </li> 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 <li data-nav-id="/reference/operations/profiling/" title="Profiling" class="dd-item active"> 1679 <a href="/reference/operations/profiling/"> 1680 Profiling 1681 1682 </a> 1683 </li> 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 </ul> 1692 1693 </li> 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 <li data-nav-id="/reference/testing/" title="Testing" class="dd-item "> 1707 <a href="/reference/testing/"> 1708 Testing 1709 1710 </a> 1711 </li> 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 <li data-nav-id="/reference/supporting_packages/" title="Supporting Packages" class="dd-item "> 1726 <a href="/reference/supporting_packages/"> 1727 Supporting Packages 1728 1729 </a> 1730 </li> 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 <li data-nav-id="/reference/limitations/" title="Limitations" class="dd-item "> 1745 <a href="/reference/limitations/"> 1746 Limitations 1747 1748 </a> 1749 </li> 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 <li data-nav-id="/reference/faq/" title="FAQ" class="dd-item "> 1764 <a href="/reference/faq/"> 1765 FAQ 1766 1767 </a> 1768 </li> 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 </ul> 1777 1778 </li> 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 <li data-nav-id="/presentations/" title="Presentations" class="dd-item 1790 1791 1792 1793 "> 1794 <a href="/presentations/"> 1795 Presentations 1796 1797 </a> 1798 1799 1800 </li> 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 <li data-nav-id="/meta/" title="Meta" class="dd-item 1812 1813 1814 1815 "> 1816 <a href="/meta/"> 1817 Meta 1818 1819 </a> 1820 1821 1822 </li> 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 <li data-nav-id="/credits/" title="Credits" class="dd-item 1834 1835 1836 1837 "> 1838 <a href="/credits/"> 1839 Credits 1840 1841 </a> 1842 1843 1844 </li> 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 </ul> 1851 1852 1853 1854 <section id="shortcuts"> 1855 <h3>More</h3> 1856 <ul> 1857 1858 <li> 1859 <a class="padding" href="https://github.com/mweagle/Sparta"><i class='fab fa-fw fa-github'></i> Github repo</a> 1860 </li> 1861 1862 <li> 1863 <a class="padding" href="https://github.com/mweagle?utf8=%E2%9C%93&tab=repositories&q=Sparta&type=&language="><i class='fas fa-fw fa-camera'></i> Showcases</a> 1864 </li> 1865 1866 <li> 1867 <a class="padding" href="https://github.com/mweagle/Sparta/blob/master/CHANGES.md"><i class='fas fa-fw fa-signal'></i> Release History</a> 1868 </li> 1869 1870 </ul> 1871 </section> 1872 1873 1874 1875 <section id="footer"> 1876 1877 Build: <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/mweagle/Sparta/commit/46463572">46463572</a><p/> 1878 Date: 2020-05-02T17:11:51-07:00 1879 1880 1881 <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/matcornic/hugo-theme-learn"><i class="fas fa-heart"></i></a> from <a href="http://getgrav.org">Grav</a> and <a href="http://gohugo.io/">Hugo</a></p> 1882 1883 </section> 1884 </div> 1885 </nav> 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 <section id="body"> 1892 <div id="overlay"></div> 1893 <div class="padding highlightable"> 1894 1895 <div> 1896 <div id="top-bar"> 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 <div id="top-github-link"> 1902 <a class="github-link" title='Edit this page' href="https://github.com/mweagle/Sparta/tree/docs/content/reference/operations/profiling.md" target="blank"> 1903 <i class="fas fa-code-branch"></i> 1904 <span id="top-github-link-text">Edit this page</span> 1905 </a> 1906 </div> 1907 1908 1909 1910 <div id="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> 1911 <span id="sidebar-toggle-span"> 1912 <a href="#" id="sidebar-toggle" data-sidebar-toggle=""> 1913 <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> 1914 </a> 1915 </span> 1916 1917 <span id="toc-menu"><i class="fas fa-list-alt"></i></span> 1918 1919 <span class="links"> 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 <a href='/'></a> > <a href='/reference/'>Reference</a> > <a href='/reference/operations/'></a> > Profiling 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 </span> 1948 </div> 1949 1950 <div class="progress"> 1951 <div class="wrapper"> 1952 <nav id="TableOfContents"> 1953 <ul> 1954 <li><a href="#enabling-profiling">Enabling Profiling</a> 1955 <ul> 1956 <li><a href="#profiling-implementation">Profiling Implementation</a></li> 1957 </ul> 1958 </li> 1959 <li><a href="#deploying">Deploying</a></li> 1960 <li><a href="#generating-load">Generating Load</a></li> 1961 <li><a href="#visualizing-profiles">Visualizing Profiles</a></li> 1962 </ul> 1963 </nav> 1964 </div> 1965 </div> 1966 1967 1968 </div> 1969 </div> 1970 1971 <div id="head-tags"> 1972 1973 </div> 1974 1975 <div id="body-inner"> 1976 1977 <h1> 1978 1979 Profiling 1980 </h1> 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 <p>One of Lambda’s biggest strengths, its ability to automatically scale across ephemeral containers in response to increased load, also creates one of its biggest problems: observability. The traditional set of <a href="https://jvns.ca/">tools</a> used to identify performance bottlenecks are no longer valid, as there is no host into which one can SSH and interactively interrogate. Identifying performance bottlenecks is even more significant due to the Lambda <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/pricing/">pricing model</a>, where idle time often directly translates into increased costs.</p> 1988 <p>However, Go offers the excellent <a href="https://rakyll.org/pprof-ui/">pprof</a> tool to visualize and cost allocate program execution. Beginning with <a href="https://github.com/mweagle/Sparta/blob/master/CHANGES.md#v0204">Sparta 0.20.4</a>, it’s possible to enable per-lambda instance snapshotting which can be locally visualized. This documentation provides an overview of how to enable profiling. The full source is available at the <a href="https://github.com/mweagle/SpartaPProf">SpartaPProf</a> repo.</p> 1989 <p>To learn more about <code>pprof</code> itself, please visit:</p> 1990 <ul> 1991 <li><a href="https://twitter.com/rakyll" class="fas fas-twitter">@rakyll’s</a> <a href="https://rakyll.org/">blog</a></li> 1992 <li><a href="https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/09/24/profiling-go-with-pprof/">Profiling Go programs with pprof</a></li> 1993 <li><a href="https://medium.com/@tjholowaychuk/profiling-golang-851db2d9ae24">Profiling Golang</a></li> 1994 <li><a href="http://artem.krylysov.com/blog/2017/03/13/profiling-and-optimizing-go-web-applications/">Profiling and optimizing Go web programs</a></li> 1995 </ul> 1996 <h2 id="enabling-profiling">Enabling Profiling</h2> 1997 <p>To enable profiling add a reference to <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/mweagle/Sparta#ScheduleProfileLoop">ScheduleProfileLoop</a> 1998 in your <code>main()</code> function as in:</p> 1999 <div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:2;-o-tab-size:2;tab-size:2"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">sparta.ScheduleProfileLoop(<span style="color:#00f">nil</span>, 2000 5*time.Second, 2001 30*time.Second, 2002 <span style="color:#a31515">"goroutine"</span>, 2003 <span style="color:#a31515">"heap"</span>, 2004 <span style="color:#a31515">"threadcreate"</span>, 2005 <span style="color:#a31515">"block"</span>, 2006 <span style="color:#a31515">"mutex"</span>) 2007 </code></pre></div><p>This function accepts the following arguments:</p> 2008 <ul> 2009 <li><code>s3Bucket</code>: The S3 bucket to which profile snapshots should be written. If <code>nil</code>, the bucket used to host the original ZIP code archive is used.</li> 2010 <li><code>snapshotInterval</code> - The interval between each snapshot.</li> 2011 <li><code>cpuProfileDuration</code> - The duration for the <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/pprof/#StartCPUProfile">CPUProfile</a> sample.</li> 2012 <li><code>profileNames...</code> - The profile types to snapshot. In addition to the <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/pprof/#Profile">standard profiles</a>, Sparta includes a “cpu” profile iff the <code>cpuProfileDuration</code> is non-zero.</li> 2013 </ul> 2014 <h3 id="profiling-implementation">Profiling Implementation</h3> 2015 <p>During the <code>provision</code> step, the <code>ScheduleProfileLoop</code> adds an <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/mweagle/Sparta#IAMRolePrivilege">IAMRolePrivilege</a> <em>Allow</em> entry (if possible) to each Lambda function’s IAM policy. This policy extension is a minimal privilege and only enables <code>s3:PutObject</code> against the Sparta managed key prefix (see below).</p> 2016 <p>The <code>provision</code> implementation also annotates the Lambda’s <a href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/aws-resource-lambda-function.html#cfn-lambda-function-environment">Environment</a> map so that the publishing loop knows where to publish snapshots.</p> 2017 <p>During the <code>execute</code> step when the Sparta binary is executing in AWS Lambda, the <code>ScheduleProfileLoop</code> installs the requested sampling and publishing steps so that profile snapshots, serialized as <a href="https://github.com/google/pprof/blob/master/proto/profile.proto">proto</a> files, are properly saved to S3. Profiles are published to a reserved location in S3 with the form:</p> 2018 <p>s3:://{BUCKET_NAME}/sparta/pprof/{STACK_NAME}/profiles/{PROFILE_TYPE}/{SNAPSHOT_INDEX}-{PROFILE_TYPE}.λ-{INSTANCE_ID}.profile</p> 2019 <p>To manage profile sprawl, each lambda instance uses a rolling <code>SNAPSHOT_INDEX</code> to maintain a fixed size window. The new <code>profile</code> command is responsible for aggregating them into a single local, consolidated profile that can be visualized using the existing tools.</p> 2020 <h2 id="deploying">Deploying</h2> 2021 <p>With profiling enabled, the next step is to deploy the <em>SpartaPProf</em> service using the <code>provision</code> command:</p> 2022 <div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:2;-o-tab-size:2;tab-size:2"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">$ go run main.go provision --s3Bucket MY-S3-BUCKET 2023 INFO[0000] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2024 INFO[0000] ╔═╗╔═╗╔═╗╦═╗╔╦╗╔═╗ Version : 1.4.0 2025 INFO[0000] ╚═╗╠═╝╠═╣╠╦╝ ║ ╠═╣ SHA : 8f199e1 2026 INFO[0000] ╚═╝╩ ╩ ╩╩╚═ ╩ ╩ ╩ Go : go1.11.1 2027 INFO[0000] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2028 INFO[0000] Service: SpartaPProf-mweagle LinkFlags= Option=provision UTC="2018-10-11T14:59:48Z" 2029 INFO[0000] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2030 INFO[0000] Using `git` SHA for StampedBuildID Command="git rev-parse HEAD" SHA=c3fbe8c289c3184efec842dca56b9bf541f39d21 2031 INFO[0000] Provisioning service BuildID=c3fbe8c289c3184efec842dca56b9bf541f39d21 CodePipelineTrigger= InPlaceUpdates=false NOOP=false Tags= 2032 INFO[0000] Verifying IAM Lambda execution roles 2033 INFO[0000] IAM roles verified Count=2 2034 INFO[0000] Checking S3 versioning Bucket=MY-S3-BUCKET VersioningEnabled=true 2035 INFO[0000] Checking S3 region Bucket=MY-S3-BUCKET Region=us-west-2 2036 INFO[0000] Running `go generate` 2037 INFO[0000] Compiling binary Name=Sparta.lambda.amd64 2038 INFO[0002] Creating code ZIP archive for upload TempName=./.sparta/SpartaPProf_mweagle-code.zip 2039 INFO[0002] Lambda code archive size Size="17 MB" 2040 INFO[0002] Uploading local file to S3 Bucket=MY-S3-BUCKET Key=SpartaPProf-mweagle/SpartaPProf_mweagle-code.zip Path=./.sparta/SpartaPProf_mweagle-code.zip Size="17 MB" 2041 INFO[0009] Calling WorkflowHook ServiceDecoratorHook= WorkflowHookContext="map[]" 2042 INFO[0009] Uploading local file to S3 Bucket=MY-S3-BUCKET Key=SpartaPProf-mweagle/SpartaPProf_mweagle-cftemplate.json Path=./.sparta/SpartaPProf_mweagle-cftemplate.json Size="7.1 kB" 2043 INFO[0010] Issued CreateChangeSet request StackName=SpartaPProf-mweagle 2044 INFO[0013] Issued ExecuteChangeSet request StackName=SpartaPProf-mweagle 2045 INFO[0026] CloudFormation Metrics ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 2046 INFO[0026] Operation duration Duration=11.71s Resource=SpartaPProf-mweagle Type="AWS::CloudFormation::Stack" 2047 INFO[0026] Operation duration Duration=1.60s Resource=HelloWorldLambda7d01d27fe422d278bcc652b4a989528718eb88af Type="AWS::Lambda::Function" 2048 INFO[0026] Operation duration Duration=1.33s Resource=KinesisLogConsumerLambda275ace0435c45228161570811178ce06fbcb359c Type="AWS::Lambda::Function" 2049 INFO[0026] Stack Outputs ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 2050 INFO[0026] HelloWorldFunctionARN Description="Hello World Lambda ARN" Value="arn:aws:lambda:us-west-2:123412341234:function:SpartaPProf-mweagle_Hello_World" 2051 INFO[0026] KinesisLogConsumerFunctionARN Description="KinesisLogConsumer Lambda ARN" Value="arn:aws:lambda:us-west-2:123412341234:function:SpartaPProf-mweagle_KinesisLogConsumer" 2052 INFO[0026] Stack provisioned CreationTime="2018-10-03 23:34:21.142 +0000 UTC" StackId="arn:aws:cloudformation:us-west-2:123412341234:stack/SpartaPProf-mweagle/da781540-c764-11e8-9bf1-0aceeffcea3c" StackName=SpartaPProf-mweagle 2053 INFO[0026] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2054 INFO[0026] SpartaPProf-mweagle Summary 2055 INFO[0026] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2056 INFO[0026] Verifying IAM roles Duration (s)=0 2057 INFO[0026] Verifying AWS preconditions Duration (s)=1 2058 INFO[0026] Creating code bundle Duration (s)=2 2059 INFO[0026] Uploading code Duration (s)=8 2060 INFO[0026] Ensuring CloudFormation stack Duration (s)=17 2061 INFO[0026] Total elapsed time Duration (s)=27</code></pre></div> 2062 <h2 id="generating-load">Generating Load</h2> 2063 <p>While the <strong>SpartaPProf</strong> binary does include functions that are likely to generate profiling data, we still need to issue a sufficient series of events to produce a non-empty profile data set. <strong>SpartaPProf</strong> includes a simple tool (<em>cmd/load.go</em>) that directly calls the provisioned lambda function on a regular interval. It accepts a single command line argument, the <em>ARN</em> of the lambda function listed as a <em>Stack output</em> in the log output:</p> 2064 <div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:2;-o-tab-size:2;tab-size:2"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">INFO[0058] FunctionARN Description="Lambda function ARN" Value="arn:aws:lambda:us-west-2:123412341234:function:SpartaPProf_mweagle_Hello_World"</code></pre></div> 2065 <p>Run the simple load generation script with the ARN value as in:</p> 2066 <div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:2;-o-tab-size:2;tab-size:2"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">$ cd cmd 2067 $ go run load.go arn:aws:lambda:us-west-2:012345678910:function:SpartaPProf-mweagle-Hello_World 2068 Lambda response (0 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2069 Lambda response (1 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2070 Lambda response (2 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2071 Lambda response (3 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2072 Lambda response (4 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2073 Lambda response (5 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2074 Lambda response (6 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2075 Lambda response (7 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2076 Lambda response (8 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2077 Lambda response (9 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2078 Lambda response (10 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2079 Lambda response (11 of 60): "Hi there 🌍" 2080 ...</code></pre></div> 2081 <p>After all the requests have completed for this sample against a stack provisioned in <code>us-west-2</code>, a set of named profiles was published. Since each container’s instance id is randomly assigned, the profile names you see will have slightly different names</p> 2082 <div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:2;-o-tab-size:2;tab-size:2"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">--------------------------------------------------------------- 2083 S3 bucket: s3://weagle/sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles 2084 --------------------------------------------------------------- 2085 2017-11-26 11:32:28 41 Bytes sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/block/0-block.λ-3838737145763622974.profile 2086 2017-11-26 11:32:27 1.8 KiB sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/cpu/0-cpu.λ-3838737145763622974.profile 2087 2017-11-26 11:32:28 1.8 KiB sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/goroutine/0-goroutine.λ-3838737145763622974.profile 2088 2017-11-26 11:32:28 2.2 KiB sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/heap/0-heap.λ-3838737145763622974.profile 2089 2017-11-26 11:32:28 54 Bytes sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/mutex/0-mutex.λ-3838737145763622974.profile 2090 2017-11-26 11:32:30 200 Bytes sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/threadcreate/0-threadcreate.λ-3838737145763622974.profile</code></pre></div> 2091 <h2 id="visualizing-profiles">Visualizing Profiles</h2> 2092 <p>Sparta delegates to the pprof <a href="https://github.com/google/pprof">webui</a> to visualize profile snapshots. Ensure you have the latest version of this by running <code>go get -u -v go get github.com/google/pprof</code> first.</p> 2093 <p>The final step is to provide the profile snapshots to <code>pprof</code>. Sparta exposes a <code>profile</code> command that accomplishes this, by fetching and consolidating all published profiles for a single type.</p> 2094 <div class="highlight"><pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:2;-o-tab-size:2;tab-size:2"><code class="language-plain" data-lang="plain">$ go run main.go profile --s3Bucket weagle 2095 INFO[0000] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2096 INFO[0000] ╔═╗┌─┐┌─┐┬─┐┌┬┐┌─┐ Version : 1.0.2 2097 INFO[0000] ╚═╗├─┘├─┤├┬┘ │ ├─┤ SHA : b37b93e 2098 INFO[0000] ╚═╝┴ ┴ ┴┴└─ ┴ ┴ ┴ Go : go1.9.2 2099 INFO[0000] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2100 INFO[0000] Service: SpartaPProf-mweagle LinkFlags= Option=profile UTC="2018-01-29T15:23:18Z" 2101 INFO[0000] ════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2102 ? Which stack would you like to profile: SpartaPProf-mweagle 2103 ? What type of profile would you like to view? heap 2104 ? What profile snapshot(s) would you like to view? Download new snapshots from S3 2105 ? Please select a heap profile type: alloc_space 2106 INFO[0028] Refreshing cached profiles CacheRoot=.sparta/profiles/SpartaPProf-mweagle/heap ProfileRootKey=sparta/pprof/SpartaPProf-mweagle/profiles/heap S3Bucket=MY-S3-BUCKET StackName=SpartaPProf-mweagle Type=heap 2107 INFO[0028] Aggregating profile Input=".sparta/profiles/SpartaPProf-mweagle/heap/0-heap.λ-8850662459689822644.profile" 2108 INFO[0028] Consolidating profiles ProfileCount=1 2109 INFO[0028] Creating consolidated profile ConsolidatedProfile=.sparta/heap.consolidated.profile 2110 INFO[0028] Starting pprof webserver on http://localhost:8080. Enter Ctrl+C to exit.</code></pre></div> 2111 <p>The <code>profile</code> command downloads the published profiles and consolidates them into a single cached version in the <em>./sparta</em> directory with a name of the form:</p> 2112 <p>./.sparta/{PROFILE_TYPE}.consolidated.profile</p> 2113 <p>You can choose to use the cached file if it exists.</p> 2114 <p>For this sample run, the <em>heap</em> profile output is made available to the <code>pprof</code> webserver which produces the following layout:</p> 2115 <p><img src="/images/profiling/main_alloc_space.jpg" alt="Main Alloc Space"></p> 2116 <p>The latest <code>pprof</code> also includes flamegraph support to help identify issues:</p> 2117 <p><img src="/images/profiling/main_alloc_space_flamegraph.jpg" alt="Main Alloc Space Flamegraph"></p> 2118 <p>To view another profile type, enter <code>Ctrl+C</code> to exit the blocking web ui loop and launch another <code>profile</code> session.</p> 2119 <h1 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h1> 2120 <p>Go includes a very powerful set of tools that can help diagnose performance bottlenecks. With the Sparta <code>profile</code> command, it’s possible to bring that same visibility to bear to AWS Lambda, despite running on ephemeral, (typically) unaddressable hosts. Get started optimizing today! And also, don’t forget to disable the profiling loop before pushing to production.</p> 2121 <h1 id="notes">Notes</h1> 2122 <ul> 2123 <li><a href="http://www.brendangregg.com/FlameGraphs/cpuflamegraphs.html">CPU Flame Graphs</a> provides a great overview.</li> 2124 <li>It’s not currently possible to use <a href="https://medium.com/@cep21/creating-custom-go-profiles-with-pprof-b737dfc58e11">custom profiles</a></li> 2125 <li>Lambda instances are limited to a window size of 3 rolling snapshots</li> 2126 <li>The <code>explore</code> command also exposes the <code>pprof</code> <a href="https://github.com/mweagle/Sparta/blob/ead2872585dc0da81f222577a898707c6a486ab1/execute_utils.go#L35">web handlers</a> for local exploration as well.</li> 2127 </ul> 2128 2129 2130 <footer class="footline"> 2131 2132 </footer> 2133 2134 2135 </div> 2136 2137 2138 </div> 2139 2140 <div id="navigation"> 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 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