github.com/wangchanggan/helm@v0.0.0-20211020154240-11b1b7d5406d/docs/charts_tips_and_tricks.md

# Chart Development Tips and Tricks

This guide covers some of the tips and tricks Helm chart developers have
learned while building production-quality charts.

## Know Your Template Functions

Helm uses [Go templates](https://godoc.org/text/template) for templating
your resource files. While Go ships several built-in functions, we have
added many others.

First, we added almost all of the functions in the
[Sprig library](https://godoc.org/github.com/Masterminds/sprig). We removed two
for security reasons: `env` and `expandenv` (which would have given chart authors
access to Tiller's environment).

We also added two special template functions: `include` and `required`. The `include`
function allows you to bring in another template, and then pass the results to other
template functions.

For example, this template snippet includes a template called `mytpl`, then
lowercases the result, then wraps that in double quotes.

```yaml
value: {{ include "mytpl" . | lower | quote }}
```

The `required` function allows you to declare a particular
values entry as required for template rendering. If the value is empty, the template
rendering will fail with a user submitted error message.

The following example of the `required` function declares an entry for .Values.who
is required, and will print an error message when that entry is missing:

```yaml
value: {{ required "A valid .Values.who entry required!" .Values.who }}
```

When using the `include` function, you can pass it a custom object tree built from the current context by using the `dict` function:

```yaml
{{- include "mytpl" (dict "key1" .Values.originalKey1 "key2" .Values.originalKey2) }}
```

## Quote Strings, Don't Quote Integers

When you are working with string data, you are always safer quoting the
strings than leaving them as bare words:

```yaml
name: {{ .Values.MyName | quote }}
```

But when working with integers _do not quote the values._ That can, in
many cases, cause parsing errors inside of Kubernetes.

```yaml
port: {{ .Values.Port }}
```

This remark does not apply to env variables values which are expected to be string, even if they represent integers:

```yaml
env:
  -name: HOST
    value: "http://host"
  -name: PORT
    value: "1234"
```

## Using the 'include' Function

Go provides a way of including one template in another using a built-in
`template` directive. However, the built-in function cannot be used in
Go template pipelines.

To make it possible to include a template, and then perform an operation
on that template's output, Helm has a special `include` function:

```gotpl
{{- include "toYaml" $value | nindent 2 }}
```

The above includes a template called `toYaml`, passes it `$value`, and
then passes the output of that template to the `nindent` function. Using
the `{{- ... | nindent _n_ }}` pattern makes it easier to read the `include`
in context, because it chomps the whitespace to the left (including the
previous newline), then the `nindent` re-adds the newline and indents
the included content by the requested amount.

Because YAML ascribes significance to indentation levels and whitespace,
this is one great way to include snippets of code, but handle
indentation in a relevant context.

## Using the 'required' function

Go provides a way for setting template options to control behavior
when a map is indexed with a key that's not present in the map. This
is typically set with template.Options("missingkey=option"), where option
can be default, zero, or error. While setting this option to error will
stop execution with an error, this would apply to every missing key in the
map. There may be situations where a chart developer wants to enforce this
behavior for select values in the values.yml file.

The `required` function gives developers the ability to declare a value entry
as required for template rendering. If the entry is empty in values.yml, the
template will not render and will return an error message supplied by the
developer.

For example:

```gotpl
{{ required "A valid foo is required!" .Values.foo }}
```

The above will render the template when .Values.foo is defined, but will fail
to render and exit when .Values.foo is undefined.

## Using the 'tpl' Function

The `tpl` function allows developers to evaluate strings as templates inside a template.
This is useful to pass a template string as a value to a chart or render external configuration files.
Syntax: `{{ tpl TEMPLATE_STRING VALUES }}`

Examples:

```yaml
# values
template: "{{ .Values.name }}"
name: "Tom"

# template
{{ tpl .Values.template . }}

# output
Tom
```

Rendering a external configuration file:

```yaml
# external configuration file conf/app.conf
firstName={{ .Values.firstName }}
lastName={{ .Values.lastName }}

# values
firstName: Peter
lastName: Parker

# template
{{ tpl (.Files.Get "conf/app.conf") . }}

# output
firstName=Peter
lastName=Parker
```

## Creating Image Pull Secrets

Image pull secrets are essentially a combination of _registry_, _username_, and _password_. You may need them in an application you are deploying, but to create them requires running _base64_ a couple of times. We can write a helper template to compose the Docker configuration file for use as the Secret's payload. Here is an example:

First, assume that the credentials are defined in the `values.yaml` file like so:

```yaml
imageCredentials:
  registry: quay.io
  username: someone
  password: sillyness
```

We then define our helper template as follows:

```gotpl
{{- define "imagePullSecret" }}
{{- printf "{\"auths\": {\"%s\": {\"auth\": \"%s\"}}}" .Values.imageCredentials.registry (printf "%s:%s" .Values.imageCredentials.username .Values.imageCredentials.password | b64enc) | b64enc }}
{{- end }}
```

Finally, we use the helper template in a larger template to create the Secret manifest:

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: myregistrykey
type: kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson
data:
  .dockerconfigjson: {{ template "imagePullSecret" . }}
```

## Automatically Roll Deployments When ConfigMaps or Secrets change

Often times configmaps or secrets are injected as configuration
files in containers.
Depending on the application a restart may be required should those
be updated with a subsequent `helm upgrade`, but if the
deployment spec itself didn't change the application keeps running
with the old configuration resulting in an inconsistent deployment.

The `sha256sum` function can be used to ensure a deployment's
annotation section is updated if another file changes:

```yaml
kind: Deployment
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        checksum/config: {{ include (print $.Template.BasePath "/configmap.yaml") . | sha256sum }}
[...]
```

See also the `helm upgrade --recreate-pods` flag for a slightly
different way of addressing this issue.

## Tell Tiller Not To Delete a Resource

Sometimes there are resources that should not be deleted when Helm runs a
`helm delete`. Chart developers can add an annotation to a resource to prevent
it from being deleted.

```yaml
kind: Secret
metadata:
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/resource-policy": keep
[...]
```

(Quotation marks are required)

The annotation `"helm.sh/resource-policy": keep` instructs Tiller to skip this
resource during a `helm delete` operation. _However_, this resource becomes
orphaned. Helm will no longer manage it in any way. This can lead to problems
if using `helm install --replace` on a release that has already been deleted, but
has kept resources.

To explicitly opt in to resource deletion, for example when overriding a chart's
default annotations, set the resource policy annotation value to `delete`.

## Using "Partials" and Template Includes

Sometimes you want to create some reusable parts in your chart, whether
they're blocks or template partials. And often, it's cleaner to keep
these in their own files.

In the `templates/` directory, any file that begins with an
underscore(`_`) is not expected to output a Kubernetes manifest file. So
by convention, helper templates and partials are placed in a
`_helpers.tpl` file.

## Complex Charts with Many Dependencies

Many of the charts in the [official charts repository](https://github.com/helm/charts)
are "building blocks" for creating more advanced applications. But charts may be
used to create instances of large-scale applications. In such cases, a single
umbrella chart may have multiple subcharts, each of which functions as a piece
of the whole.

The current best practice for composing a complex application from discrete parts
is to create a top-level umbrella chart that
exposes the global configurations, and then use the `charts/` subdirectory to
embed each of the components.

Two strong design patterns are illustrated by these projects:

**SAP's [Converged charts](https://github.com/sapcc/helm-charts):** These charts
install SAP Converged Cloud a full OpenStack IaaS on Kubernetes. All of the charts are collected
together in one GitHub repository, except for a few submodules.

**Deis's [Workflow](https://github.com/deis/workflow/tree/master/charts/workflow):**
This chart exposes the entire Deis PaaS system with one chart. But it's different
from the SAP chart in that this umbrella chart is built from each component, and
each component is tracked in a different Git repository. Check out the
`requirements.yaml` file to see how this chart is composed by their CI/CD
pipeline.

Both of these charts illustrate proven techniques for standing up complex environments
using Helm.

## YAML is a Superset of JSON

According to the YAML specification, YAML is a superset of JSON. That
means that any valid JSON structure ought to be valid in YAML.

This has an advantage: Sometimes template developers may find it easier
to express a data structure with a JSON-like syntax rather than deal with
YAML's whitespace sensitivity.

As a best practice, templates should follow a YAML-like syntax _unless_
the JSON syntax substantially reduces the risk of a formatting issue.

## Be Careful with Generating Random Values

There are functions in Helm that allow you to generate random data,
cryptographic keys, and so on. These are fine to use. But be aware that
during upgrades, templates are re-executed. When a template run
generates data that differs from the last run, that will trigger an
update of that resource.

## Upgrade a release idempotently

In order to use the same command when installing and upgrading a release, use the following command:

```shell
helm upgrade --install <release name> --values <values file> <chart directory>
```