github.com/zebozhuang/go@v0.0.0-20200207033046-f8a98f6f5c5d/src/go/types/stmt.go (about)

     1  // Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  // This file implements typechecking of statements.
     6  
     7  package types
     8  
     9  import (
    10  	"fmt"
    11  	"go/ast"
    12  	"go/constant"
    13  	"go/token"
    14  )
    15  
    16  func (check *Checker) funcBody(decl *declInfo, name string, sig *Signature, body *ast.BlockStmt) {
    17  	if trace {
    18  		if name == "" {
    19  			name = "<function literal>"
    20  		}
    21  		fmt.Printf("--- %s: %s {\n", name, sig)
    22  		defer fmt.Println("--- <end>")
    23  	}
    24  
    25  	// set function scope extent
    26  	sig.scope.pos = body.Pos()
    27  	sig.scope.end = body.End()
    28  
    29  	// save/restore current context and setup function context
    30  	// (and use 0 indentation at function start)
    31  	defer func(ctxt context, indent int) {
    32  		check.context = ctxt
    33  		check.indent = indent
    34  	}(check.context, check.indent)
    35  	check.context = context{
    36  		decl:  decl,
    37  		scope: sig.scope,
    38  		sig:   sig,
    39  	}
    40  	check.indent = 0
    41  
    42  	check.stmtList(0, body.List)
    43  
    44  	if check.hasLabel {
    45  		check.labels(body)
    46  	}
    47  
    48  	if sig.results.Len() > 0 && !check.isTerminating(body, "") {
    49  		check.error(body.Rbrace, "missing return")
    50  	}
    51  
    52  	// spec: "Implementation restriction: A compiler may make it illegal to
    53  	// declare a variable inside a function body if the variable is never used."
    54  	// (One could check each scope after use, but that distributes this check
    55  	// over several places because CloseScope is not always called explicitly.)
    56  	check.usage(sig.scope)
    57  }
    58  
    59  func (check *Checker) usage(scope *Scope) {
    60  	for _, obj := range scope.elems {
    61  		if v, _ := obj.(*Var); v != nil && !v.used {
    62  			check.softErrorf(v.pos, "%s declared but not used", v.name)
    63  		}
    64  	}
    65  	for _, scope := range scope.children {
    66  		check.usage(scope)
    67  	}
    68  }
    69  
    70  // stmtContext is a bitset describing which
    71  // control-flow statements are permissible,
    72  // and provides additional context information
    73  // for better error messages.
    74  type stmtContext uint
    75  
    76  const (
    77  	// permissible control-flow statements
    78  	breakOk stmtContext = 1 << iota
    79  	continueOk
    80  	fallthroughOk
    81  
    82  	// additional context information
    83  	finalSwitchCase
    84  )
    85  
    86  func (check *Checker) simpleStmt(s ast.Stmt) {
    87  	if s != nil {
    88  		check.stmt(0, s)
    89  	}
    90  }
    91  
    92  func trimTrailingEmptyStmts(list []ast.Stmt) []ast.Stmt {
    93  	for i := len(list); i > 0; i-- {
    94  		if _, ok := list[i-1].(*ast.EmptyStmt); !ok {
    95  			return list[:i]
    96  		}
    97  	}
    98  	return nil
    99  }
   100  
   101  func (check *Checker) stmtList(ctxt stmtContext, list []ast.Stmt) {
   102  	ok := ctxt&fallthroughOk != 0
   103  	inner := ctxt &^ fallthroughOk
   104  	list = trimTrailingEmptyStmts(list) // trailing empty statements are "invisible" to fallthrough analysis
   105  	for i, s := range list {
   106  		inner := inner
   107  		if ok && i+1 == len(list) {
   108  			inner |= fallthroughOk
   109  		}
   110  		check.stmt(inner, s)
   111  	}
   112  }
   113  
   114  func (check *Checker) multipleDefaults(list []ast.Stmt) {
   115  	var first ast.Stmt
   116  	for _, s := range list {
   117  		var d ast.Stmt
   118  		switch c := s.(type) {
   119  		case *ast.CaseClause:
   120  			if len(c.List) == 0 {
   121  				d = s
   122  			}
   123  		case *ast.CommClause:
   124  			if c.Comm == nil {
   125  				d = s
   126  			}
   127  		default:
   128  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "case/communication clause expected")
   129  		}
   130  		if d != nil {
   131  			if first != nil {
   132  				check.errorf(d.Pos(), "multiple defaults (first at %s)", check.fset.Position(first.Pos()))
   133  			} else {
   134  				first = d
   135  			}
   136  		}
   137  	}
   138  }
   139  
   140  func (check *Checker) openScope(s ast.Stmt, comment string) {
   141  	scope := NewScope(check.scope, s.Pos(), s.End(), comment)
   142  	check.recordScope(s, scope)
   143  	check.scope = scope
   144  }
   145  
   146  func (check *Checker) closeScope() {
   147  	check.scope = check.scope.Parent()
   148  }
   149  
   150  func assignOp(op token.Token) token.Token {
   151  	// token_test.go verifies the token ordering this function relies on
   152  	if token.ADD_ASSIGN <= op && op <= token.AND_NOT_ASSIGN {
   153  		return op + (token.ADD - token.ADD_ASSIGN)
   154  	}
   155  	return token.ILLEGAL
   156  }
   157  
   158  func (check *Checker) suspendedCall(keyword string, call *ast.CallExpr) {
   159  	var x operand
   160  	var msg string
   161  	switch check.rawExpr(&x, call, nil) {
   162  	case conversion:
   163  		msg = "requires function call, not conversion"
   164  	case expression:
   165  		msg = "discards result of"
   166  	case statement:
   167  		return
   168  	default:
   169  		unreachable()
   170  	}
   171  	check.errorf(x.pos(), "%s %s %s", keyword, msg, &x)
   172  }
   173  
   174  // goVal returns the Go value for val, or nil.
   175  func goVal(val constant.Value) interface{} {
   176  	// val should exist, but be conservative and check
   177  	if val == nil {
   178  		return nil
   179  	}
   180  	// Match implementation restriction of other compilers.
   181  	// gc only checks duplicates for integer, floating-point
   182  	// and string values, so only create Go values for these
   183  	// types.
   184  	switch val.Kind() {
   185  	case constant.Int:
   186  		if x, ok := constant.Int64Val(val); ok {
   187  			return x
   188  		}
   189  		if x, ok := constant.Uint64Val(val); ok {
   190  			return x
   191  		}
   192  	case constant.Float:
   193  		if x, ok := constant.Float64Val(val); ok {
   194  			return x
   195  		}
   196  	case constant.String:
   197  		return constant.StringVal(val)
   198  	}
   199  	return nil
   200  }
   201  
   202  // A valueMap maps a case value (of a basic Go type) to a list of positions
   203  // where the same case value appeared, together with the corresponding case
   204  // types.
   205  // Since two case values may have the same "underlying" value but different
   206  // types we need to also check the value's types (e.g., byte(1) vs myByte(1))
   207  // when the switch expression is of interface type.
   208  type (
   209  	valueMap  map[interface{}][]valueType // underlying Go value -> valueType
   210  	valueType struct {
   211  		pos token.Pos
   212  		typ Type
   213  	}
   214  )
   215  
   216  func (check *Checker) caseValues(x *operand, values []ast.Expr, seen valueMap) {
   217  L:
   218  	for _, e := range values {
   219  		var v operand
   220  		check.expr(&v, e)
   221  		if x.mode == invalid || v.mode == invalid {
   222  			continue L
   223  		}
   224  		check.convertUntyped(&v, x.typ)
   225  		if v.mode == invalid {
   226  			continue L
   227  		}
   228  		// Order matters: By comparing v against x, error positions are at the case values.
   229  		res := v // keep original v unchanged
   230  		check.comparison(&res, x, token.EQL)
   231  		if res.mode == invalid {
   232  			continue L
   233  		}
   234  		if v.mode != constant_ {
   235  			continue L // we're done
   236  		}
   237  		// look for duplicate values
   238  		if val := goVal(v.val); val != nil {
   239  			if list := seen[val]; list != nil {
   240  				// look for duplicate types for a given value
   241  				// (quadratic algorithm, but these lists tend to be very short)
   242  				for _, vt := range list {
   243  					if Identical(v.typ, vt.typ) {
   244  						check.errorf(v.pos(), "duplicate case %s in expression switch", &v)
   245  						check.error(vt.pos, "\tprevious case") // secondary error, \t indented
   246  						continue L
   247  					}
   248  				}
   249  			}
   250  			seen[val] = append(seen[val], valueType{v.pos(), v.typ})
   251  		}
   252  	}
   253  }
   254  
   255  func (check *Checker) caseTypes(x *operand, xtyp *Interface, types []ast.Expr, seen map[Type]token.Pos) (T Type) {
   256  L:
   257  	for _, e := range types {
   258  		T = check.typOrNil(e)
   259  		if T == Typ[Invalid] {
   260  			continue L
   261  		}
   262  		// look for duplicate types
   263  		// (quadratic algorithm, but type switches tend to be reasonably small)
   264  		for t, pos := range seen {
   265  			if T == nil && t == nil || T != nil && t != nil && Identical(T, t) {
   266  				// talk about "case" rather than "type" because of nil case
   267  				Ts := "nil"
   268  				if T != nil {
   269  					Ts = T.String()
   270  				}
   271  				check.errorf(e.Pos(), "duplicate case %s in type switch", Ts)
   272  				check.error(pos, "\tprevious case") // secondary error, \t indented
   273  				continue L
   274  			}
   275  		}
   276  		seen[T] = e.Pos()
   277  		if T != nil {
   278  			check.typeAssertion(e.Pos(), x, xtyp, T)
   279  		}
   280  	}
   281  	return
   282  }
   283  
   284  // stmt typechecks statement s.
   285  func (check *Checker) stmt(ctxt stmtContext, s ast.Stmt) {
   286  	// statements cannot use iota in general
   287  	// (constant declarations set it explicitly)
   288  	assert(check.iota == nil)
   289  
   290  	// statements must end with the same top scope as they started with
   291  	if debug {
   292  		defer func(scope *Scope) {
   293  			// don't check if code is panicking
   294  			if p := recover(); p != nil {
   295  				panic(p)
   296  			}
   297  			assert(scope == check.scope)
   298  		}(check.scope)
   299  	}
   300  
   301  	inner := ctxt &^ (fallthroughOk | finalSwitchCase)
   302  	switch s := s.(type) {
   303  	case *ast.BadStmt, *ast.EmptyStmt:
   304  		// ignore
   305  
   306  	case *ast.DeclStmt:
   307  		check.declStmt(s.Decl)
   308  
   309  	case *ast.LabeledStmt:
   310  		check.hasLabel = true
   311  		check.stmt(ctxt, s.Stmt)
   312  
   313  	case *ast.ExprStmt:
   314  		// spec: "With the exception of specific built-in functions,
   315  		// function and method calls and receive operations can appear
   316  		// in statement context. Such statements may be parenthesized."
   317  		var x operand
   318  		kind := check.rawExpr(&x, s.X, nil)
   319  		var msg string
   320  		switch x.mode {
   321  		default:
   322  			if kind == statement {
   323  				return
   324  			}
   325  			msg = "is not used"
   326  		case builtin:
   327  			msg = "must be called"
   328  		case typexpr:
   329  			msg = "is not an expression"
   330  		}
   331  		check.errorf(x.pos(), "%s %s", &x, msg)
   332  
   333  	case *ast.SendStmt:
   334  		var ch, x operand
   335  		check.expr(&ch, s.Chan)
   336  		check.expr(&x, s.Value)
   337  		if ch.mode == invalid || x.mode == invalid {
   338  			return
   339  		}
   340  
   341  		tch, ok := ch.typ.Underlying().(*Chan)
   342  		if !ok {
   343  			check.invalidOp(s.Arrow, "cannot send to non-chan type %s", ch.typ)
   344  			return
   345  		}
   346  
   347  		if tch.dir == RecvOnly {
   348  			check.invalidOp(s.Arrow, "cannot send to receive-only type %s", tch)
   349  			return
   350  		}
   351  
   352  		check.assignment(&x, tch.elem, "send")
   353  
   354  	case *ast.IncDecStmt:
   355  		var op token.Token
   356  		switch s.Tok {
   357  		case token.INC:
   358  			op = token.ADD
   359  		case token.DEC:
   360  			op = token.SUB
   361  		default:
   362  			check.invalidAST(s.TokPos, "unknown inc/dec operation %s", s.Tok)
   363  			return
   364  		}
   365  
   366  		var x operand
   367  		check.expr(&x, s.X)
   368  		if x.mode == invalid {
   369  			return
   370  		}
   371  		if !isNumeric(x.typ) {
   372  			check.invalidOp(s.X.Pos(), "%s%s (non-numeric type %s)", s.X, s.Tok, x.typ)
   373  			return
   374  		}
   375  
   376  		Y := &ast.BasicLit{ValuePos: s.X.Pos(), Kind: token.INT, Value: "1"} // use x's position
   377  		check.binary(&x, nil, s.X, Y, op)
   378  		if x.mode == invalid {
   379  			return
   380  		}
   381  		check.assignVar(s.X, &x)
   382  
   383  	case *ast.AssignStmt:
   384  		switch s.Tok {
   385  		case token.ASSIGN, token.DEFINE:
   386  			if len(s.Lhs) == 0 {
   387  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "missing lhs in assignment")
   388  				return
   389  			}
   390  			if s.Tok == token.DEFINE {
   391  				check.shortVarDecl(s.TokPos, s.Lhs, s.Rhs)
   392  			} else {
   393  				// regular assignment
   394  				check.assignVars(s.Lhs, s.Rhs)
   395  			}
   396  
   397  		default:
   398  			// assignment operations
   399  			if len(s.Lhs) != 1 || len(s.Rhs) != 1 {
   400  				check.errorf(s.TokPos, "assignment operation %s requires single-valued expressions", s.Tok)
   401  				return
   402  			}
   403  			op := assignOp(s.Tok)
   404  			if op == token.ILLEGAL {
   405  				check.invalidAST(s.TokPos, "unknown assignment operation %s", s.Tok)
   406  				return
   407  			}
   408  			var x operand
   409  			check.binary(&x, nil, s.Lhs[0], s.Rhs[0], op)
   410  			if x.mode == invalid {
   411  				return
   412  			}
   413  			check.assignVar(s.Lhs[0], &x)
   414  		}
   415  
   416  	case *ast.GoStmt:
   417  		check.suspendedCall("go", s.Call)
   418  
   419  	case *ast.DeferStmt:
   420  		check.suspendedCall("defer", s.Call)
   421  
   422  	case *ast.ReturnStmt:
   423  		res := check.sig.results
   424  		if res.Len() > 0 {
   425  			// function returns results
   426  			// (if one, say the first, result parameter is named, all of them are named)
   427  			if len(s.Results) == 0 && res.vars[0].name != "" {
   428  				// spec: "Implementation restriction: A compiler may disallow an empty expression
   429  				// list in a "return" statement if a different entity (constant, type, or variable)
   430  				// with the same name as a result parameter is in scope at the place of the return."
   431  				for _, obj := range res.vars {
   432  					if _, alt := check.scope.LookupParent(obj.name, check.pos); alt != nil && alt != obj {
   433  						check.errorf(s.Pos(), "result parameter %s not in scope at return", obj.name)
   434  						check.errorf(alt.Pos(), "\tinner declaration of %s", obj)
   435  						// ok to continue
   436  					}
   437  				}
   438  			} else {
   439  				// return has results or result parameters are unnamed
   440  				check.initVars(res.vars, s.Results, s.Return)
   441  			}
   442  		} else if len(s.Results) > 0 {
   443  			check.error(s.Results[0].Pos(), "no result values expected")
   444  			check.use(s.Results...)
   445  		}
   446  
   447  	case *ast.BranchStmt:
   448  		if s.Label != nil {
   449  			check.hasLabel = true
   450  			return // checked in 2nd pass (check.labels)
   451  		}
   452  		switch s.Tok {
   453  		case token.BREAK:
   454  			if ctxt&breakOk == 0 {
   455  				check.error(s.Pos(), "break not in for, switch, or select statement")
   456  			}
   457  		case token.CONTINUE:
   458  			if ctxt&continueOk == 0 {
   459  				check.error(s.Pos(), "continue not in for statement")
   460  			}
   461  		case token.FALLTHROUGH:
   462  			if ctxt&fallthroughOk == 0 {
   463  				msg := "fallthrough statement out of place"
   464  				if ctxt&finalSwitchCase != 0 {
   465  					msg = "cannot fallthrough final case in switch"
   466  				}
   467  				check.error(s.Pos(), msg)
   468  			}
   469  		default:
   470  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "branch statement: %s", s.Tok)
   471  		}
   472  
   473  	case *ast.BlockStmt:
   474  		check.openScope(s, "block")
   475  		defer check.closeScope()
   476  
   477  		check.stmtList(inner, s.List)
   478  
   479  	case *ast.IfStmt:
   480  		check.openScope(s, "if")
   481  		defer check.closeScope()
   482  
   483  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   484  		var x operand
   485  		check.expr(&x, s.Cond)
   486  		if x.mode != invalid && !isBoolean(x.typ) {
   487  			check.error(s.Cond.Pos(), "non-boolean condition in if statement")
   488  		}
   489  		check.stmt(inner, s.Body)
   490  		// The parser produces a correct AST but if it was modified
   491  		// elsewhere the else branch may be invalid. Check again.
   492  		switch s.Else.(type) {
   493  		case nil, *ast.BadStmt:
   494  			// valid or error already reported
   495  		case *ast.IfStmt, *ast.BlockStmt:
   496  			check.stmt(inner, s.Else)
   497  		default:
   498  			check.error(s.Else.Pos(), "invalid else branch in if statement")
   499  		}
   500  
   501  	case *ast.SwitchStmt:
   502  		inner |= breakOk
   503  		check.openScope(s, "switch")
   504  		defer check.closeScope()
   505  
   506  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   507  		var x operand
   508  		if s.Tag != nil {
   509  			check.expr(&x, s.Tag)
   510  			// By checking assignment of x to an invisible temporary
   511  			// (as a compiler would), we get all the relevant checks.
   512  			check.assignment(&x, nil, "switch expression")
   513  		} else {
   514  			// spec: "A missing switch expression is
   515  			// equivalent to the boolean value true."
   516  			x.mode = constant_
   517  			x.typ = Typ[Bool]
   518  			x.val = constant.MakeBool(true)
   519  			x.expr = &ast.Ident{NamePos: s.Body.Lbrace, Name: "true"}
   520  		}
   521  
   522  		check.multipleDefaults(s.Body.List)
   523  
   524  		seen := make(valueMap) // map of seen case values to positions and types
   525  		for i, c := range s.Body.List {
   526  			clause, _ := c.(*ast.CaseClause)
   527  			if clause == nil {
   528  				check.invalidAST(c.Pos(), "incorrect expression switch case")
   529  				continue
   530  			}
   531  			check.caseValues(&x, clause.List, seen)
   532  			check.openScope(clause, "case")
   533  			inner := inner
   534  			if i+1 < len(s.Body.List) {
   535  				inner |= fallthroughOk
   536  			} else {
   537  				inner |= finalSwitchCase
   538  			}
   539  			check.stmtList(inner, clause.Body)
   540  			check.closeScope()
   541  		}
   542  
   543  	case *ast.TypeSwitchStmt:
   544  		inner |= breakOk
   545  		check.openScope(s, "type switch")
   546  		defer check.closeScope()
   547  
   548  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   549  
   550  		// A type switch guard must be of the form:
   551  		//
   552  		//     TypeSwitchGuard = [ identifier ":=" ] PrimaryExpr "." "(" "type" ")" .
   553  		//
   554  		// The parser is checking syntactic correctness;
   555  		// remaining syntactic errors are considered AST errors here.
   556  		// TODO(gri) better factoring of error handling (invalid ASTs)
   557  		//
   558  		var lhs *ast.Ident // lhs identifier or nil
   559  		var rhs ast.Expr
   560  		switch guard := s.Assign.(type) {
   561  		case *ast.ExprStmt:
   562  			rhs = guard.X
   563  		case *ast.AssignStmt:
   564  			if len(guard.Lhs) != 1 || guard.Tok != token.DEFINE || len(guard.Rhs) != 1 {
   565  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   566  				return
   567  			}
   568  
   569  			lhs, _ = guard.Lhs[0].(*ast.Ident)
   570  			if lhs == nil {
   571  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   572  				return
   573  			}
   574  
   575  			if lhs.Name == "_" {
   576  				// _ := x.(type) is an invalid short variable declaration
   577  				check.softErrorf(lhs.Pos(), "no new variable on left side of :=")
   578  				lhs = nil // avoid declared but not used error below
   579  			} else {
   580  				check.recordDef(lhs, nil) // lhs variable is implicitly declared in each cause clause
   581  			}
   582  
   583  			rhs = guard.Rhs[0]
   584  
   585  		default:
   586  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   587  			return
   588  		}
   589  
   590  		// rhs must be of the form: expr.(type) and expr must be an interface
   591  		expr, _ := rhs.(*ast.TypeAssertExpr)
   592  		if expr == nil || expr.Type != nil {
   593  			check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect form of type switch guard")
   594  			return
   595  		}
   596  		var x operand
   597  		check.expr(&x, expr.X)
   598  		if x.mode == invalid {
   599  			return
   600  		}
   601  		xtyp, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Interface)
   602  		if xtyp == nil {
   603  			check.errorf(x.pos(), "%s is not an interface", &x)
   604  			return
   605  		}
   606  
   607  		check.multipleDefaults(s.Body.List)
   608  
   609  		var lhsVars []*Var               // list of implicitly declared lhs variables
   610  		seen := make(map[Type]token.Pos) // map of seen types to positions
   611  		for _, s := range s.Body.List {
   612  			clause, _ := s.(*ast.CaseClause)
   613  			if clause == nil {
   614  				check.invalidAST(s.Pos(), "incorrect type switch case")
   615  				continue
   616  			}
   617  			// Check each type in this type switch case.
   618  			T := check.caseTypes(&x, xtyp, clause.List, seen)
   619  			check.openScope(clause, "case")
   620  			// If lhs exists, declare a corresponding variable in the case-local scope.
   621  			if lhs != nil {
   622  				// spec: "The TypeSwitchGuard may include a short variable declaration.
   623  				// When that form is used, the variable is declared at the beginning of
   624  				// the implicit block in each clause. In clauses with a case listing
   625  				// exactly one type, the variable has that type; otherwise, the variable
   626  				// has the type of the expression in the TypeSwitchGuard."
   627  				if len(clause.List) != 1 || T == nil {
   628  					T = x.typ
   629  				}
   630  				obj := NewVar(lhs.Pos(), check.pkg, lhs.Name, T)
   631  				scopePos := clause.Pos() + token.Pos(len("default")) // for default clause (len(List) == 0)
   632  				if n := len(clause.List); n > 0 {
   633  					scopePos = clause.List[n-1].End()
   634  				}
   635  				check.declare(check.scope, nil, obj, scopePos)
   636  				check.recordImplicit(clause, obj)
   637  				// For the "declared but not used" error, all lhs variables act as
   638  				// one; i.e., if any one of them is 'used', all of them are 'used'.
   639  				// Collect them for later analysis.
   640  				lhsVars = append(lhsVars, obj)
   641  			}
   642  			check.stmtList(inner, clause.Body)
   643  			check.closeScope()
   644  		}
   645  
   646  		// If lhs exists, we must have at least one lhs variable that was used.
   647  		if lhs != nil {
   648  			var used bool
   649  			for _, v := range lhsVars {
   650  				if v.used {
   651  					used = true
   652  				}
   653  				v.used = true // avoid usage error when checking entire function
   654  			}
   655  			if !used {
   656  				check.softErrorf(lhs.Pos(), "%s declared but not used", lhs.Name)
   657  			}
   658  		}
   659  
   660  	case *ast.SelectStmt:
   661  		inner |= breakOk
   662  
   663  		check.multipleDefaults(s.Body.List)
   664  
   665  		for _, s := range s.Body.List {
   666  			clause, _ := s.(*ast.CommClause)
   667  			if clause == nil {
   668  				continue // error reported before
   669  			}
   670  
   671  			// clause.Comm must be a SendStmt, RecvStmt, or default case
   672  			valid := false
   673  			var rhs ast.Expr // rhs of RecvStmt, or nil
   674  			switch s := clause.Comm.(type) {
   675  			case nil, *ast.SendStmt:
   676  				valid = true
   677  			case *ast.AssignStmt:
   678  				if len(s.Rhs) == 1 {
   679  					rhs = s.Rhs[0]
   680  				}
   681  			case *ast.ExprStmt:
   682  				rhs = s.X
   683  			}
   684  
   685  			// if present, rhs must be a receive operation
   686  			if rhs != nil {
   687  				if x, _ := unparen(rhs).(*ast.UnaryExpr); x != nil && x.Op == token.ARROW {
   688  					valid = true
   689  				}
   690  			}
   691  
   692  			if !valid {
   693  				check.error(clause.Comm.Pos(), "select case must be send or receive (possibly with assignment)")
   694  				continue
   695  			}
   696  
   697  			check.openScope(s, "case")
   698  			if clause.Comm != nil {
   699  				check.stmt(inner, clause.Comm)
   700  			}
   701  			check.stmtList(inner, clause.Body)
   702  			check.closeScope()
   703  		}
   704  
   705  	case *ast.ForStmt:
   706  		inner |= breakOk | continueOk
   707  		check.openScope(s, "for")
   708  		defer check.closeScope()
   709  
   710  		check.simpleStmt(s.Init)
   711  		if s.Cond != nil {
   712  			var x operand
   713  			check.expr(&x, s.Cond)
   714  			if x.mode != invalid && !isBoolean(x.typ) {
   715  				check.error(s.Cond.Pos(), "non-boolean condition in for statement")
   716  			}
   717  		}
   718  		check.simpleStmt(s.Post)
   719  		// spec: "The init statement may be a short variable
   720  		// declaration, but the post statement must not."
   721  		if s, _ := s.Post.(*ast.AssignStmt); s != nil && s.Tok == token.DEFINE {
   722  			check.softErrorf(s.Pos(), "cannot declare in post statement")
   723  			check.use(s.Lhs...) // avoid follow-up errors
   724  		}
   725  		check.stmt(inner, s.Body)
   726  
   727  	case *ast.RangeStmt:
   728  		inner |= breakOk | continueOk
   729  		check.openScope(s, "for")
   730  		defer check.closeScope()
   731  
   732  		// check expression to iterate over
   733  		var x operand
   734  		check.expr(&x, s.X)
   735  
   736  		// determine key/value types
   737  		var key, val Type
   738  		if x.mode != invalid {
   739  			switch typ := x.typ.Underlying().(type) {
   740  			case *Basic:
   741  				if isString(typ) {
   742  					key = Typ[Int]
   743  					val = universeRune // use 'rune' name
   744  				}
   745  			case *Array:
   746  				key = Typ[Int]
   747  				val = typ.elem
   748  			case *Slice:
   749  				key = Typ[Int]
   750  				val = typ.elem
   751  			case *Pointer:
   752  				if typ, _ := typ.base.Underlying().(*Array); typ != nil {
   753  					key = Typ[Int]
   754  					val = typ.elem
   755  				}
   756  			case *Map:
   757  				key = typ.key
   758  				val = typ.elem
   759  			case *Chan:
   760  				key = typ.elem
   761  				val = Typ[Invalid]
   762  				if typ.dir == SendOnly {
   763  					check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot range over send-only channel %s", &x)
   764  					// ok to continue
   765  				}
   766  				if s.Value != nil {
   767  					check.errorf(s.Value.Pos(), "iteration over %s permits only one iteration variable", &x)
   768  					// ok to continue
   769  				}
   770  			}
   771  		}
   772  
   773  		if key == nil {
   774  			check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot range over %s", &x)
   775  			// ok to continue
   776  		}
   777  
   778  		// check assignment to/declaration of iteration variables
   779  		// (irregular assignment, cannot easily map to existing assignment checks)
   780  
   781  		// lhs expressions and initialization value (rhs) types
   782  		lhs := [2]ast.Expr{s.Key, s.Value}
   783  		rhs := [2]Type{key, val} // key, val may be nil
   784  
   785  		if s.Tok == token.DEFINE {
   786  			// short variable declaration; variable scope starts after the range clause
   787  			// (the for loop opens a new scope, so variables on the lhs never redeclare
   788  			// previously declared variables)
   789  			var vars []*Var
   790  			for i, lhs := range lhs {
   791  				if lhs == nil {
   792  					continue
   793  				}
   794  
   795  				// determine lhs variable
   796  				var obj *Var
   797  				if ident, _ := lhs.(*ast.Ident); ident != nil {
   798  					// declare new variable
   799  					name := ident.Name
   800  					obj = NewVar(ident.Pos(), check.pkg, name, nil)
   801  					check.recordDef(ident, obj)
   802  					// _ variables don't count as new variables
   803  					if name != "_" {
   804  						vars = append(vars, obj)
   805  					}
   806  				} else {
   807  					check.errorf(lhs.Pos(), "cannot declare %s", lhs)
   808  					obj = NewVar(lhs.Pos(), check.pkg, "_", nil) // dummy variable
   809  				}
   810  
   811  				// initialize lhs variable
   812  				if typ := rhs[i]; typ != nil {
   813  					x.mode = value
   814  					x.expr = lhs // we don't have a better rhs expression to use here
   815  					x.typ = typ
   816  					check.initVar(obj, &x, "range clause")
   817  				} else {
   818  					obj.typ = Typ[Invalid]
   819  					obj.used = true // don't complain about unused variable
   820  				}
   821  			}
   822  
   823  			// declare variables
   824  			if len(vars) > 0 {
   825  				scopePos := s.X.End()
   826  				for _, obj := range vars {
   827  					// spec: "The scope of a constant or variable identifier declared inside
   828  					// a function begins at the end of the ConstSpec or VarSpec (ShortVarDecl
   829  					// for short variable declarations) and ends at the end of the innermost
   830  					// containing block."
   831  					check.declare(check.scope, nil /* recordDef already called */, obj, scopePos)
   832  				}
   833  			} else {
   834  				check.error(s.TokPos, "no new variables on left side of :=")
   835  			}
   836  		} else {
   837  			// ordinary assignment
   838  			for i, lhs := range lhs {
   839  				if lhs == nil {
   840  					continue
   841  				}
   842  				if typ := rhs[i]; typ != nil {
   843  					x.mode = value
   844  					x.expr = lhs // we don't have a better rhs expression to use here
   845  					x.typ = typ
   846  					check.assignVar(lhs, &x)
   847  				}
   848  			}
   849  		}
   850  
   851  		check.stmt(inner, s.Body)
   852  
   853  	default:
   854  		check.error(s.Pos(), "invalid statement")
   855  	}
   856  }