github.com/google/syzkaller@v0.0.0-20251211124644-a066d2bc4b02/docs/syzbot.md

# syzbot

`syzbot` system continuously fuzzes main Linux kernel branches and automatically
reports found bugs to kernel mailing lists.
[syzbot dashboard](https://syzkaller.appspot.com) shows current statuses of
bugs. All `syzbot`-reported bugs are also CCed to
[syzkaller-bugs mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/syzkaller-bugs).
Direct all questions to `syzkaller@googlegroups.com`.

<!-- These anchors are used in external links , don't touch, is there a better syntax for this? -->
<div id="bug-status-tracking"/>
<div id="status"/>

## Bug status tracking

`syzbot` needs to know when a bug is fixed in order to (1) verify that it is
in fact fixed and (2) be able to report other similarly-looking crashes
(while a bug is considered open all similarly-looking crashes are merged into
the existing bug). To understand when a bug is fixed `syzbot` needs to know
what commit fixes the bug; once `syzbot` knows the commit it will track when
the commit reaches all kernel builds on all tracked branches. Only when the
commit reaches all builds, the bug is considered closed (new similarly-looking
crashes create a new bug).

## Communication with syzbot

If you fix a bug reported by `syzbot`, please add the provided `Reported-by`
tag to the commit. You can also communicate with `syzbot` by replying
to its emails. The commands are:

- to attach a fixing commit to the bug (if you forgot to add `Reported-by` tag):
```
#syz fix: exact-commit-title
````
It's enough that the commit is merged into any tree or you are reasonably sure
about its final title, in particular, you don't need to wait for the commit to
be merged into upstream tree. `syzbot` only needs to know the title by which
it will appear in tested trees. In case of an error or a title change, you can
override the commit simply by sending another `#syz fix` command.
- to undo a previous fix command and remove any fixing commits:
```
#syz unfix
````
- to mark the bug as a duplicate of another `syzbot` bug:
```
#syz dup: exact-subject-of-another-report
```
- to undo a previous dup command and turn it into an independent bug again:
```
#syz undup
```
- to mark the bug as a one-off invalid report (e.g. induced by a previous memory corruption):
```
#syz invalid
```
**Note**: if the crash happens again, it will cause creation of a new bug report.

**Note**: all commands must start from beginning of the line.

**Note**: please keep at least `syzkaller-bugs@googlegroups.com` mailing list in CC.
It serves as a history of what happened with each bug report. Keeping the main kernel
mailing list (e.g. `linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org `) in CC is useful as well so that
it's searchable in those archives as well.

**Note**: `syzbot` identifies bugs by the `HASH` in the `syzbot+HASH@` receiver email address.
So, strictly saying, you don't need to *reply* to emails (e.g. if you did not receive them),
you can send a new email to the `syzbot+HASH@` email address, which you can find as `Sender`
in email archives or as `Reported-by` email on the dashboard page for each bug.

<div id="testing-patches"/>

## Testing patches

`syzbot` can test patches for bugs *with reproducers*. This can be used for
testing of fix patches, or just for debugging (i.e. adding additional checks to
code and testing with them), or to check if the bug still happens. To test on
a particular git tree and branch reply with:
```
#syz test: git://repo/address.git branch
```
or alternatively, to test on exact commit reply with:
```
#syz test: git://repo/address.git commit-hash
```

You can also completely omit these parameters:
```
#syz test
```

In this case, syzbot will check out the latest commit from the branch where the
issue was detected.

If you also provide a patch with the email, `syzbot` will apply it on top of the
tree before testing. The patch can be provided inline in email text or as
a text attachment (which is more reliable if your email client messes with
whitespaces).

If you want to include the patch directly in the email body, just paste the diff
somewhere under the `#syz test` command line, e.g.

```
#syz test: git://repo/address.git branch

--- a/mm/kasan/kasan.c
+++ b/mm/kasan/kasan.c
-       current->kasan_depth++;
+       current->kasan_depth--;
```

[Here](https://groups.google.com/g/syzkaller-bugs/search?q=%22%23syz%20test%22) are
some real examples of `#syz test` commands for syzbot-reported bugs.

If you don't provide a patch, `syzbot` will test the tree as is.
This is useful if this is your own tree which already contains the patch,
or to check if the bug is already fixed by some recent commit.

After sending an email you should typically get a reply email with results within
an hour.

**Note**: you may send the request only to `syzbot` email address, as patches sent
to some mailing lists (e.g. netdev, netfilter-devel) will trigger patchwork.

**Note**: when testing a patch, syzbot uses the newest reproducer and the matching
kernel config that are listed on the dashboard for this bug. As a result, specifying
a repo, branch or commit id that are different from the ones that were used for
reproducing, can result in false-positive Tested-by responses. For example this
happens, when the bug is not reproducible on a specified kernel tree, with or without
the supplied patch.

**Note**: see [below](#kmsan-bugs) for `KMSAN` bugs testing.

**Note**: see [below](#usb-bugs) for `USB` bugs testing.

## Subsystems

For all its bugs, `syzbot` automatically assigns kernel subsystems tags. For Linux,
the predefined list of kernel subsystems can be found at
https://syzkaller.appspot.com/upstream/subsystems.

By clicking on a name in the subsystem list or by following a tag after a bug's
title, you can get the full list of bugs belonging to the subsystem. For example,
all `nfc` bugs are listed here: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/upstream/s/nfc.

`syzbot` includes subsystem tags into email subject as well, with `?` indicating
that it's an automatic guess: `[syzbot] [ntfs?] kernel BUG in ntfs_iget`.

Over time, as we improve the classification rules or as syzbot obtains more
information about the bug (e.g. finds a reproducer), `syzbot` will update tags.

You can also manually override the automatic guess by replying to the `syzbot` email:

```
#syz set subsystems: net, mm
```

Names of subsystems must be taken from the subsystem list page on the syzbot web
dashboard.

<div id="labels"/>

## Bug labels

It is possible to assign labels to syzkaller-reported bugs. These labels
are displayed near bug titles on the bug lists and on individual bug pages.

There are two types of labels:
* Flags
  * Send `#syz set <label>` to set the flag.
  * Send `#syz unset <label>` to drop the flag.
* Label with values
  * Send `#syz set <label>: <value>[, <value2> ...]`  to overwrite the value list.
  * `#syz unset <label>` would drop the label with all its values.

There's a fixed list of supported labels (*). Most important ones:
| Key | Description | Values | Example |
| - | - | - | - |
| `subsystems` | A comma-separated list of subsystems of the bug | See [the list](https://syzkaller.appspot.com/upstream/subsystems) on the syzbot dashboard | `#syz set subsystems: mm, reiserfs` |
| `prio` | The priority of the bug | One of `low`, `normal`, `high` | `#syz set prio: low`<br>`#syz unset prio` |
| `no-reminders` | Don't include the bug into monthly reminders | No values, just a flag |  `#syz set no-reminders`<br>`#syz unset no-reminders` |

It is also possible to set and unset labels for individual bugs from a monthly
subsystem report. Let's consider an example.

```
Some of the still happening issues:

Ref Crashes Repro Title
<1> 10      No    WARNING in __brelse (2)
                  https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=cd9cb7a620dcfbf46a5eaf201031acaf3aeda28e
<2> 3       No    WARNING in kernfs_get (4)
                  https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=b4278401038872458a20f08210e46f3ab519b786
```

One can send the following email to disable reminders for the first bug and to
change the subsystem of the second bug:

```
#syz set <1> no-reminders
#syz set <2> subsystems: kernfs
```

(*) If you need other labels to facilitate your work, feel free to contact us.

<div id="amend"/>
<div id="linux-next"/>

## Rebuilt trees/amended patches

There are several additional aspects if the tree is rebuilt/rebased or contains
amended/folded patches (namely, `linux-next`).

First, adding `Reported-by` tags to amended commits may be misleading.
A `Reported-by` tag suggests that the commit fixes a bug in some previous
commit, but here it's not the case (it only fixes a bug in a previous version
of itself which is not in the tree). In such case it's recommended to include
a `Tested-by` or a `Reviewed-by` tag with the hash instead. Technically,
`syzbot` accepts any tag, so `With-inputs-from` would work too.

Then, if the guilty commit is completely dropped (actually removed from the
tree during rebuild), then there is effectively no fixing commit. There is no
good way to handle such cases at the moment. One possibility is to mark them
with `#syz invalid`. However this needs to be done only when `syzbot` picks up
the new tree in all builds (current kernel commits can be seen on dashboard).
Otherwise, the occurrences of the crash that are still happening in the current
build will immediately create a new bug report. Another possibility is to mark
it as fixed with some unrelated later commit using
`#syz fix: some-later-commit`. This way `syzbot` will wait until the commit
propagates to all tested trees automatically.

In any case the relation between the report and the fix can later be fixed up
using `#syz fix: commit-title` commands.

<div id="bisection"/>

## Bisection

`syzbot` bisects bugs with reproducers to find commit that introduced the bug.
`syzbot` starts with the commit on which the bug was discovered, ensures that it
can reproduce the bug and then goes back release-by-release to find the first
release where kernel does not crash. Once such release is found, `syzbot` starts
bisection on that range. `syzbot` has limitation of how far back in time it can
go (currently `v4.19`), going back in time is [very hard](/pkg/vcs/linux.go)
because of incompatible compiler/linker/asm/perl/make/libc/etc, kernel
build/boot breakages and large amounts of bugs.

The predicate for bisection is binary (crash/doesn't crash), `syzbot` does not
look at the exact crash and does not try to differentiate them. This is
intentional because lots of bugs can manifest in different ways (sometimes 50+
different ways). For each revision `syzbot` repeats testing 10 times and
a single crash marks revision as bad (lots of bugs are due to races and are
hard to trigger).

During bisection `syzbot` uses different compilers depending on kernel revision
(a single compiler can't build all revisions). These compilers are available
[here](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/bisect_bin.tar.gz).
Exact compiler used to test a particular revision is specified in the bisection
log.

Bisection is best-effort and may not find the right commit for multiple reasons,
including:

- hard to reproduce bugs that trigger with very low probability
- bug being introduced before the tool that reliably detects it (LOCKDEP, KASAN,
  FAULT_INJECTION, WARNING, etc);\
  such bugs may be bisection to the addition/improvement of the tool
- kernel build/boot errors that force skipping revisions
- some kernel configs are [disabled](/pkg/vcs/linux.go) as bisection goes back
  in time because they build/boot break release tags;\
  bugs in these subsystems may be bisected to release tags
- reproducers triggering multiple kernel bugs at once
- unrelated kernel bugs that break even simple programs

A single incorrect decision during bisection leads to an incorrect result,
so please treat the results with understanding. You may consult the provided
`bisection log` to see how/why `syzbot` has arrived to a particular commit.
Suggestions and patches that improve bisection quality for common cases are
[welcome](https://github.com/google/syzkaller/issues/1051).

`syzbot` supports cause bisection (find the commit that introduces a bug) and
fix bisection (find the commit that fixes a bug).

The web UI for a specific kernel
(say [upstream linux](https://syzkaller.appspot.com/upstream)) shows the
`Bisected` status for all bugs.

<div id="fix-bisection"/>

### Fix bisection
`syzbot` will perform fix bisection on bugs that meet the following criterion:
- The kernel tree corresponding to the bug has fix bisection enabled (for
instance, fix bisection might be disabled on kernel trees that have commits
which are force pushed).
- The bug must have a reproducer.
- The bug must not have occurred for at least 30 days. If the bug still occurs
on HEAD upon fix bisection, it will be retried in another 30 days.

If you receive an email with fix bisection results you think is correct, please
reply with a `#syz fix: commit-title` so that syzbot can close the bug report.

<div id="syzkaller-reproducers"/>

## Running reproducers

*Detailed instructions on running reproducers can be found [here](/docs/reproducing_crashes.md).*

`syzbot` aims at providing stand-alone C reproducers for all reported bugs.
However, sometimes it can't extract a reproducer at all, or can only extract a
syzkaller reproducer. syzkaller reproducers are programs in a special syzkaller
notation and they can be executed on the target system with a little bit more
effort.

A syskaller program can also give you an idea as to what syscalls with what
arguments were executed (note that some calls can actually be executed in
parallel).

A syzkaller program can be converted to an almost equivalent C source using
`syz-prog2c` utility. `syz-prog2c` has lots of flags in common with
[syz-execprog](/docs/reproducing_crashes.md#from-execution-logs),
e.g. `-threaded` which controls if the syscalls are executed sequentially or
concurrently.

An example invocation:

```
syz-prog2c -prog repro.syz.txt -enable=all -threaded -repeat -procs=8 -sandbox=namespace -segv -tmpdir -waitrepeat
```

However, note that if `syzbot` did not provide a C reproducer, it wasn't able to
trigger the bug using the C program (it might also be the case that the bug is
triggered by a rare race condition).

## Downloadable assets

Syzbot shares links to the bootable disk image, kernel object file and other
relevant files that can be used to reproduce and debug the issue locally.

See [this tutorial](/docs/syzbot_assets.md) on how to use them.

## Crash does not reproduce?

If the provided reproducer does not work for you, most likely it is related to the
fact that you have slightly different setup than `syzbot`. `syzbot` has obtained
the provided crash report on the provided reproducer on a freshly-booted
machine, so the reproducer worked for it somehow.

Note: if the report contains `userspace arch: i386`,
then the program needs to be built with `-m32` flag.

`syzbot` uses GCE VMs for testing, but *usually* it is not important.

If the reproducer exits quickly, try to run it several times, or in a loop.
There can be some races involved.

Sometimes it might be important to build the kernel using the exact same
compiler that was used by syzbot. Normally that information is included in every
email report, e.g.:

```
compiler:       Debian clang version 15.0.6, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.40
```

The latest compilers used by syzbot are contained in the
`gcr.io/syzkaller/syzbot` docker image. For in-tree kernel build in current
directory it can be used as follows:

```
docker pull gcr.io/syzkaller/syzbot
docker run -it --user $(id -u ${USER}):$(id -g ${USER}) \
	--volume "$PWD:/syzkaller/pwd" --workdir /syzkaller/pwd \
	gcr.io/syzkaller/syzbot:latest
make
```

For an out-of-tree build one needs to proxy more host directories using `--volume` flag.

Older compilers used by `syzbot` can be found here:
- [gcc 7.1.1 20170620](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/gcc-7.tar.gz) (245MB)
- [gcc 8.0.1 20180301](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/gcc-8.0.1-20180301.tar.gz) (286MB)
- [gcc 8.0.1 20180412](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/gcc-8.0.1-20180412.tar.gz) (33MB)
- [gcc 9.0.0 20181231](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/gcc-9.0.0-20181231.tar.gz) (30MB)
- [gcc 10.1.0-syz (20200507)](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/gcc-10.1.0-syz.tar.xz) (220MB)
- [gcc 10.2.0](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/gcc-10.2.0.tar.gz) (165MB)
- [clang 7.0.0 (trunk 329060)](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/clang-kmsan-329060.tar.gz) (44MB)
- [clang 7.0.0 (trunk 334104)](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/clang-kmsan-334104.tar.gz) (44MB)
- [clang 8.0.0 (trunk 343298)](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/clang-kmsan-343298.tar.gz) (45MB)
- [clang 10.0.0 (c2443155)](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/clang_install_c2443155.tar.gz)
- [clang 11.0.0 (git ca2dcbd030e)](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/clang-11-prerelease-ca2dcbd030e.tar.xz) (682MB)
- [clang 11.0.1](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/tag/llvmorg-11.0.1)

A QEMU-suitable Debian Stretch image can be found
[here](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/images/stretch-amd64.img.gz) (241 MB).
A reference `qemu` command line to run it is as follows:
```
qemu-system-x86_64 -smp 2 -m 4G -enable-kvm -cpu host \
    -net nic -net user,hostfwd=tcp::10022-:22 \
    -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage -nographic \
    -device virtio-scsi-pci,id=scsi \
    -device scsi-hd,bus=scsi.0,drive=d0 \
    -drive file=stretch-amd64.img,format=raw,if=none,id=d0 \
    -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0 earlyprintk=serial"
```
And then you can ssh into it using:
```
ssh -p 10022 root@localhost
```

Note: before March 25th 2020 Debian Wheezy image was used for testing, so some of the bugs reported before that date
might only be reproducible on Wheezy. That image is [here](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/wheezy.img)
and the key for it is [here](https://storage.googleapis.com/syzkaller/wheezy.img.key).

## No reproducer at all?

Reproducers are best-effort. `syzbot` always tries to create reproducers, and
once it has one it adds it to the bug. If there is no reproducer referenced in a
bug, a reproducer does not exist. There are multiple reasons why `syzbot` can
fail to create a reproducer: some crashes are caused by subtle races and are
very hard to reproduce in general; some crashes are caused by global accumulated
state in kernel (e.g. lockdep reports); some crashes are caused by
non-reproducible coincidences (e.g. an integer `0x12345` happened to reference an
existing IPC object) and there is long tail of other reasons.

## Moderation queue

Bugs with reproducers are automatically reported to kernel mailing lists.
Bugs without reproducers are first staged in moderation queue to filter out
invalid, unactionable or duplicate reports. Staged bugs are shown on dashboard
in [moderation](https://syzkaller.appspot.com/upstream#moderation2) section
and mailed to
[syzkaller-upstream-moderation](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/syzkaller-upstream-moderation)
mailing list. Staged bugs accept all commands supported for reported bugs
(`fix`, `dup`, `invalid`) with a restriction that bugs reported upstream
can't be `dup`-ed onto bugs in moderation queue. Additionally, staged bugs
accept upstream command:
```
#syz upstream
```
which sends the bug to kernel mailing lists.

## KMSAN bugs

`KMSAN` is a dynamic, compiler-based tool (similar to `KASAN`) that detects
uses of uninitialized values. As compared to (now deleted) `KMEMCHECK` which
simply detected loads of non-stored-to memory, `KMSAN` tracks precise
propagation of uninitialized values through memory and registers and only flags
actual eventual uses of uninitialized values. For example, `KMSAN` will detect
a branch on or a `copy_to_user()` of values that transitively come from
uninitialized memory created by heap/stack allocations. This ensures
/theoretical/ absence of both false positives and false negatives (with some
implementation limitations of course). Note that `KMSAN` requires `clang` compiler.

`KMSAN` is not upstream yet, though, we want to upstream it later. For now,
it lives in [github.com/google/kmsan](https://github.com/google/kmsan) and is
based on a reasonably fresh upstream tree. As the result, any patch testing
requests for `KMSAN` bugs need to go to `KMSAN` tree
(`https://github.com/google/kmsan.git` repo, `master` branch).
A standard way for triggering the test with `KMSAN` tree is to send an
email to `syzbot+HASH` address containing the following line:
```
#syz test: https://github.com/google/kmsan.git master
```
and attach/inline your test patch in the same email.

Report explanation. The first call trace points to the `use` of the uninit value
(which is usually a branching or copying it to userspace). Then there are 0 or
more "Uninit was stored to memory at:" stacks which denote how the unint value
traveled through memory. Finally there is a "Uninit was created at:"
section which points either to a heap allocation or a stack variable which
is the original source of uninitialized-ness.

## USB bugs

syzkaller has an ability to perform fuzzing of the Linux kernel USB stack, see
the details [here](/docs/linux/external_fuzzing_usb.md). As of now all kernel
changes required for USB fuzzing have been merged into the mainline (the last one
during the 5.8-rc1 merge window), so the USB fuzzing instance has been switched
to target the [usb-testing](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/usb.git/log/?h=usb-testing) tree.

Testing kernel patches on the USB instance follows the same principle as on the
mainline instances, with a few caveats:

1. You may specify any kernel tree for `syz test` as long as it includes all
mainline patches up to 5.8-rc1.

2. Some of the bugs have reproducers generated on kernel versions with custom
kernel (when fuzzing was performed with non-yet-mainlined kernel patches), thus
those reproducers might no longer work. The recommended workflow is to: first,
execute a `syz test` command on a target tree to make sure that the bug
reproduces, and then execute a `syz test` command with a fix/debug patch.

If the bug was triggered on the `KMSAN` tree, follow the [instructions above](#kmsan-bugs),
with the exception that you must also use `commit-hash` instead of the `master`
branch when testing patches.

## Memory leaks

`syzbot` uses `KMEMLEAK` to find memory leaks in the Linux kernel.
`KMEMLEAK` kernel config is stored [here](/dashboard/config/linux/upstream-leak.config).
See `KMEMLEAK` [docs](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/dev-tools/kmemleak.html)
for general info, algorithm overview and usage instructions.

Memory leaks may be tricky to debug because we have only the allocation stack,
but we don't see where kernel code forgot to free the object or drop a reference.
`KMEMLEAK` can have some false positives on tricky kernel code that hides
pointers to live objects and due to memory scanning non-atomicity.
But don't write off everything to false positives right away, the rate of
false positives is observed to be very low. In particular, `KMEMLEAK` is
[not confused](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.2-rc1/source/mm/kmemleak.c#L1426)
by pointers stored in a middle of another object; and it's
[not confused](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.2-rc1/source/mm/kmemleak.c#L440)
if several pointer low bits are used as flags because a pointer into
a middle of an object also marks the target as reachable.

A useful litmus test is to remove `KMEMLEAK` code from the reproducer
and run it for longer and/or multiple times. If memory consumption and number
of live objects in `/proc/slabinfo` steadily grow, most likely the leak is real.

## KCSAN bugs

[The Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer (KCSAN)](https://github.com/google/ktsan/wiki/KCSAN)
is a dynamic data-race detector. Reproduction of data-races is currently
unsupported, and syzbot is unable to test patches.

## No custom patches

While `syzbot` can test patches that fix bugs, it does not support applying
custom patches during fuzzing. It always tests vanilla unmodified git trees.
There are several reasons for this:

- custom patches may not apply tomorrow
- custom patches may not apply to all of the tested git trees
- it's hard to communicate exact state of the code with bug reports (not just hash anymore)
- line numbers won't match in reports (which always brings suspicion as to the quality of reports)
- custom patches can also introduce bugs, and even if they don't a developer may (rightfully)
  question validity of and may not want to spend time on reports obtained
  with a number of out-of-tree patches
- order of patch application generally matters, and at some point patches
  need to be removed, there is nobody to manage this

We've experimented with application of custom patches in the past and it lead
to unrecoverable mess. If you want `syzbot` to pick up patches sooner,
ask tree maintainers for priority handling.

However, syzbot kernel config always includes `CONFIG_DEBUG_AID_FOR_SYZBOT=y` setting,
which is not normally present in kernel. What was used for particularly elusive bugs in the past
is temporary merging some additional debugging code into `linux-next` under this config setting
(e.g. more debug checks and/or debug output) and waiting for new crash reports from syzbot.

One can also always run syzkaller locally on any kernel for better stress testing
of a particular subsystem and/or patch.

## Kernel configs

Kernel configs, sysctls and command line arguments that `syzbot` uses are available in [/dashboard/config](/dashboard/config).

## Is syzbot code available?

Yes, it is [here](/dashboard/app).